Hasil untuk "English literature"

H. Sacks, J. Berrier, D. Reitman et al.

Raymond Williams

R. Hawkins, Cecilia Yuet Hung Chan

H. Maclay, C. Osgood

Marissa K. Constand, J. Macdermid, V. D. Dal Bello-Haas et al.

BackgroundThe purpose of this scoping review was to describe how three tenants of patient-centered care provision: communication, partnership, and health promotion are addressed in patient-centered care models/frameworks across the literature.MethodsA scoping review of literature published in English since 1990 was conducted using Medline, CINAHL, and EMBASE. A key term search strategy was employed using “patient-centered care”, “client-centered care”, “framework” and “model” to identify relevant studies.ResultsApplication of the search strategy resulted in a hit total of 101 articles. Nineteen articles met inclusion criteria, of which 12 were review articles; 5 were qualitative research papers; one was a randomized control trial; and one was a prospective study. From these articles, 25 different patient-centered care frameworks/models were identified.ConclusionsThe fact that all identified approaches to patient-centered care incorporated strategies to achieve effective communication, partnership, and health promotion indicates that clinicians can select a patient-centered approach from the literature that best suits their patient’s needs, and be confident that it will satisfy the three core elements of patient-centered care provision. While empirical literature on specific patient-centric frameworks and models was limited, much empiric evidence was sourced for the most consistently defined component of patient-centered care, communication.

E. Browne

The classic work on the subject, A Literary History of Persia is still the standard work in the English language on Persia and her literature. It spans four volumes (2256 pages) and took about twenty-five years to write. Although it concentrates on Persian literature, it also surveys all aspects of Persian culture from Iranian pre-history to the twentieth century. The remarkable freshness and liveliness of Browne's prose will astonish readers. In addition to being a work of reference it is book which may be read strictly for pleasure. J T P De Bruijn's new introduction surveys the history, significance and continued value of the work.

Hsiao-Yu Chen, J. Boore

Mohammad Mohammadamini, Daban Q. Jaff, Josep Crego et al.

We present KUTED, a speech-to-text translation (S2TT) dataset for Central Kurdish, derived from TED and TEDx talks. The corpus comprises 91,000 sentence pairs, including 170 hours of English audio, 1.65 million English tokens, and 1.40 million Central Kurdish tokens. We evaluate KUTED on the S2TT task and find that orthographic variation significantly degrades Kurdish translation performance, producing nonstandard outputs. To address this, we propose a systematic text standardization approach that yields substantial performance gains and more consistent translations. On a test set separated from TED talks, a fine-tuned Seamless model achieves 15.18 BLEU, and we improve Seamless baseline by 3.0 BLEU on the FLEURS benchmark. We also train a Transformer model from scratch and evaluate a cascaded system that combines Seamless (ASR) with NLLB (MT).

A. V. NESMYANOVYCH, Т. V. KALINICHENKO

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26565/2074-8922-2025-85-08 The article is dedicated to a retrospective analysis of the historical formation and development of information design, with the identification of guiding principles for its application in the activities of pedagogical workers within the domestic education system. The methods employed included: a historical-logical analysis of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, and specialized literature on the problems of design development, as well as the systematization and generalization of the obtained information. In a situation of constant updating of educational content and the need for rational use of time in preparing learners, pedagogical design becomes a universal model of action. The main foundation for pedagogical design is information design. Information design, in its formation and development, has gone through certain stages and phases that can be characterized as "proto-design." However, in 1907, an industrial union of leading artists, engineers, and industrialists was founded in Germany. In fact, from this year, the rapid development of design began, which in the 1970s led to the emergence of the English term «information design», introduced to denote an interdisciplinary field of human research and practical activity. The application of information design in education and the development of multimedia educational products allows educators to: add illustrations to ready-made educational material to ensure more successful understanding and retention of this material and to motivate learners; activate the cognitive function of material presented in multimedia form, encouraging learners to participate in scientific research, independent information gathering, and the discovery of new knowledge. The principles of information design are vital for the effective transmission and understanding of educational information because they help create a clear and easy-to-use design, improve orientation within the information field, and simplify the comprehension of educational content. The guiding principles for information design are: emphasis (or highlighting), contrast, balance, alignment, repetition, and usability. Further research could consider the selection and classification of information design methods, as well as the development of organizational and pedagogical conditions for implementing information design into pedagogical practice. In cites: Nesmyanovych A. V., Kalinichenko T. V.  (2025). Theoretical bases of information design: history of formation and the principles of application in education. Problems of Engineering Pedagogic Education, (85), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.26565/2074-8922-2025-85-08  (in Ukrainian)

Doris Hambuch, Moza Al Tenaijy, Aisha Khamis Aldarmaki et al.

This study investigates the motivations of Emirati creative writers to choose the global language, English, rather than the UAE’s official language, Arabic, for their literary texts. Much scholarship has been dedicated to the role of English in the Gulf region, but hardly any of this research focusses on the arts. Drawing upon studies of anglophone literature from other countries where English is not an official language, content analysis, and a case study, this article identifies the reach for international audiences as the main motivation, followed by personal language command. Literary influence and genre selection are minor reasons causing Emirati writers to published in English. Situating the small but steadily growing translingual, or exophonic Emirati canon within the short local literary history as well as within a global anglophone context, the article also demonstrates that innovative uses of language may occur. Regional efforts to promote local authors along with changing publishing conditions will likely lead to an expansion of the studied canon in the near future.

Neelakanta J Sajjanar, Gajanana Hegde

Prediabetes a condition marked by elevated blood glucose levels that do not yet meet the threshold for Type 2 diabetes is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide and is projected to affect an estimated 470 million people by 2030. Without timely intervention many individuals with prediabetes may progress to diabetes increasing the risk of severe complications. This narrative review examines the role of Ayurveda in prediabetes by analyzing eight peer-reviewed studies selected through an extensive literature search across databases such as ScienceDirect PubMed and EBSCO with a focus on recent English-language publications up to March 2024. The chosen studies encompass a variety of Ayurvedic approaches including diagnostics purification therapies polyherbal formulations immune modulation and dietary considerations in the care of prediabetes. Notable findings include Ayurvedic diagnostic indicators that may signal early-stage diabetes and the use of Vamana Karma combined with Darvyadi Kwatha which demonstrated improved glycaemic control and overall well-being. The Nisha-Amalaki formulation enhanced insulin sensitivity and glycaemic balance and the immune-modulating formulation Kal-1 showed potential for managing blood glucose and inflammation in a preclinical study. Additionally a dietary preclinical survey revealed that prolonged fermentation of curd may have a negative impact on metabolic health in prediabetic conditions. Collectively these studies underline Ayurvedas potential in delaying or preventing the onset of Type 2 diabetes through holistic and preventive strategies providing a complementary approach to modern healthcare practices.

Colin Scheibner, Lindsay M. Smith, William Bialek

We use large language models (LLMs) to uncover long-ranged structure in English texts from a variety of sources. The conditional entropy or code length in many cases continues to decrease with context length at least to $N\sim 10^4$ characters, implying that there are direct dependencies or interactions across these distances. A corollary is that there are small but significant correlations between characters at these separations, as we show from the data independent of models. The distribution of code lengths reveals an emergent certainty about an increasing fraction of characters at large $N$. Over the course of model training, we observe different dynamics at long and short context lengths, suggesting that long-ranged structure is learned only gradually. Our results constrain efforts to build statistical physics models of LLMs or language itself.

Runtao Zhou, Guangya Wan, Saadia Gabriel et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning tasks, leading to their widespread deployment. However, recent studies have highlighted concerning biases in these models, particularly in their handling of dialectal variations like African American English (AAE). In this work, we systematically investigate dialectal disparities in LLM reasoning tasks. We develop an experimental framework comparing LLM performance given Standard American English (SAE) and AAE prompts, combining LLM-based dialect conversion with established linguistic analyses. We find that LLMs consistently produce less accurate responses and simpler reasoning chains and explanations for AAE inputs compared to equivalent SAE questions, with disparities most pronounced in social science and humanities domains. These findings highlight systematic differences in how LLMs process and reason about different language varieties, raising important questions about the development and deployment of these systems in our multilingual and multidialectal world. Our code repository is publicly available at https://github.com/Runtaozhou/dialect_bias_eval.

Rania Al-Sabbagh

This paper introduces PEACH, a sentence-aligned parallel English-Arabic corpus of healthcare texts encompassing patient information leaflets and educational materials. The corpus contains 51,671 parallel sentences, totaling approximately 590,517 English and 567,707 Arabic word tokens. Sentence lengths vary between 9.52 and 11.83 words on average. As a manually aligned corpus, PEACH is a gold-standard corpus, aiding researchers in contrastive linguistics, translation studies, and natural language processing. It can be used to derive bilingual lexicons, adapt large language models for domain-specific machine translation, evaluate user perceptions of machine translation in healthcare, assess patient information leaflets and educational materials' readability and lay-friendliness, and as an educational resource in translation studies. PEACH is publicly accessible.

Nisar Hussain, Amna Qasim, Gull Mehak et al.

The use of derogatory terms in languages that employ code mixing, such as Roman Urdu, presents challenges for Natural Language Processing systems due to unstated grammar, inconsistent spelling, and a scarcity of labeled data. In this work, we propose a QLoRA based fine tuning framework to improve offensive language detection in Roman Urdu-English text. We translated the Roman Urdu-English code mixed dataset into English using Google Translate to leverage English LLMs, while acknowledging that this translation reduces direct engagement with code mixing features. Our focus is on classification performance using English translated low resource inputs. We fine tuned several transformers and large language models, including Meta LLaMA 3 8B, Mistral 7B v0.1, LLaMA 2 7B, ModernBERT, and RoBERTa, with QLoRA for memory efficient adaptation. Models were trained and evaluated on a manually annotated Roman Urdu dataset for offensive vs non offensive content. Of all tested models, the highest F1 score of 91.45 was attained by Meta LLaMA 3 8B, followed by Mistral 7B at 89.66, surpassing traditional transformer baselines. These results demonstrate the efficacy of QLoRA in fine tuning high performing models for low resource environments such as code mixed offensive language detection, and confirm the potential of LLMs for this task. This work advances a scalable approach to Roman Urdu moderation and paves the way for future multilingual offensive detection systems based on LLMs.

Olga K. Logvinova, Galina P. Ivanova, Habibullah Pathan

Scientific interest in the problem considered in the article is due to the nation al policy aimed at improving the competitiveness of Russian higher education and, as a consequence, increasing the share of international postgraduate students, including those studying at Russian universities in English. The purpose of the study was to analyze and summarize the experience of designing and implementing the Course on Pedagogy of Higher Education for international postgraduate students, identifying its didactic features and considering the students’ educational request regarding this course. The authors analyzed scientific literature, summarized relevant pedagogical experience, and conducted a survey. The anonymous survey involved 124 course participants, including international postgraduate students from countries in Asia, Africa, South America and Europe, studying at the RUDN University in English-language educational programs in Philology, Economics, Law, Construction and Architecture, Ecology, Pedagogy, etc. It has been shown that the design and implementation features of the Course on Pedagogy of Higher Education are determined by both the specifics of the target audience (international postgraduate students with different socio-cultural and academic backgrounds) and the teaching conditions (using the English Medium Instruction (EMI) programs in the Russian-language educational environment). The results of the study suggest that the main factors determining the relevance and effectiveness of the course include the dynamism and interactivity of the learning process, practice-oriented and variable assignments, and the use of the potential of a multicultural environment. The e-learning Course on Pedagogy of Higher Education complements in-class teaching and provides flexibility of the learning process and its adaptation to the individual needs of postgraduate students. The current problems of mastering the course include the timely updating of didactic teaching aids in English, the arrangement of the postgraduates’ efficient independent work in the conditions of a limited number of hours, the choice of effective control/assessment procedures taking into account both the course participants’ socio-cultural and academic backgrounds and the specifics of the digital educational environment. The obtained results are of pedagogical interest and can serve as a basis for the development and improvement of curricula for relevant courses, teaching aids and materials within the framework of postgraduate education programs in English.

Christopher D. Manko, Benjamin J. Apple, Alexander R. Chang et al.

Rationale & Objective: While the use of telemedicine has increased dramatically across disciplines, patient perspectives on telemedicine related to chronic kidney disease are not well understood. We systematically reviewed qualitative studies on patients with chronic kidney disease as well as those with kidney transplant to better understand these patients’ perspectives related to telemedicine. Study Design: Qualitative meta-analysis. Setting & Participants: Pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease and kidney transplant patients that used telemedicine. Selection Criteria for Studies: English language studies published in the year 2000 and beyond that investigated patient perspectives in a qualitative manner. Works that were not qualitative or did not focus on provider-patient interactive modes of telemedicine were excluded. Data Extraction: 375 articles were pulled from PubMed, Embase, and Academic Science Premier. After filtering, 8 final articles were selected. These articles were critically appraised for quality and were used in the final analysis. Analytical Approach: We used a grounded theory approach to develop a codebook to systematically review each of the selected articles through a qualitative meta-analysis of the included literature. Results: Telemedicine was seen by patients to have notable strengths as well as weaknesses. These characteristics can be organized into 4 primary themes (autonomy, logistics, privacy/confidentiality, and trust). Within each primary theme, we identified subthemes. Universally, all articles included the subtheme “fewer trips to the health care facility” as a beneficial factor of telemedicine within the primary theme “logistics.” A majority (6 of 8) of the articles included positive patient perspectives on the primary theme “autonomy” in terms of telemedicine promoting the subtheme of “engagement.” Patients’ views on telemedicine were mixed regarding the primary themes of “privacy/confidentiality” and “trust” related to telemedicine. Limitations: Lack of provider perspectives, non-English studies, and studies published before the year 2000. Articles published after the start of data extraction were also not included. Conclusions: Telemedicine should continue to be offered to patients with chronic kidney disease and kidney transplant patients to facilitate access. Additional research should focus on ways to decrease negative factors experienced by some patients such as difficulty using the technology. Plain Language Summary: Telemedicine is the ability to do medical visits using technology such as telephone and video calls. For this study, we researched the experiences and perspectives of patients with chronic kidney disease or kidney transplant, who often require complex, coordinated care. We found 8 articles on this topic from 6 different countries and analyzed the text of these publications to see if there were any common themes across the articles. We found 4 major themes: autonomy, logistics, privacy/confidentiality, and trust. Within each of these themes, there were positive and negative connotations to telemedicine. Overall, we feel that telemedicine should continue to be available for interested patients, and more research should be done to remove barriers to telemedicine.

Aubree Anderson, Rebecca G Theophanous

<h4>Background/objectives</h4>Technological developments in point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), particularly with portable devices, are transforming POCUS use in austere, resource-limited environments (RLS) distinct from typical hospital or medical settings. POCUS has potential to improve diagnostic accuracy in military combat zones, low-resource environments such as the desert or tropics, microgravity, and high altitudes. Our updated narrative scoping review describes POCUS use in these global settings.<h4>Methods</h4>Using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, two ultrasound-trained emergency physicians searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science on August 6, 2024 for "point-of-care ultrasound in austere environments" and each individual category. Study titles and abstracts were independently screened, then full manuscripts, and data was abstracted with a data collection table. 324 articles met inclusion criteria: research studies describing POCUS in austere environments; involving healthcare professionals; and in English. We excluded abstracts, studies not involving POCUS in austere environments, and non-clinical studies. Reviewers critically appraised studies using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) Quality Assessment Tool.<h4>Results</h4>There were 39 military or conflict zone studies, 101 prehospital, 148 in RLS including low- and middle-income countries, 12 outer space, 15 high altitude, and 32 involving POCUS use in multiple austere environments. There were 6 randomized-control trials, 11 systematic/scoping reviews, 13 narrative reviews, 112 prospective observational/cohort, 34 prospective cross-sectional studies, 23 retrospective, 6 feasibility, 45 case reports, 13 case series, and 5 educational curriculum studies. GRADE study quality was variable, with 74 high quality, 129 moderate, 82 low, and 56 very low.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The existing literature is mixed with variability in study settings, design, and POCUS examination types, providing an initial understanding of POCUS applications. Most studies are in RLS or prehospital settings. Additional high-quality studies are needed to guide POCUS training, disseminate use in non-hospital settings, and maximize impact for improved clinical outcomes in diverse austere environments.

Xiang Geng, Ming Zhu, Jiahuan Li et al.

The scarcity of non-English data limits the development of non-English large language models (LLMs). Transforming English-centric LLMs to non-English has been identified as an effective and resource-efficient method. Previous works start from base LLMs and perform knowledge distillation (KD) with data generated by stronger LLMs, e.g. GPT-4. Compared to base LLMs, chat LLMs are further optimized for advanced abilities, e.g. multi-turn conversation and human preference alignment, and thus more powerful in both helpfulness and safety. However, transforming a chat LLM involves two critical issues: (1) How can we effectively transfer advanced abilities without their supervised data? (2) How can we prevent the original knowledge from catastrophic forgetting during transformation? We target these issues by introducing a simple framework called TransLLM. For the first issue, TransLLM divides the transfer problem into some common sub-tasks with the translation chain-of-thought, which uses the translation as the bridge between English and non-English step-by-step. We further enhance the performance of sub-tasks with publicly available data. For the second issue, we propose a method comprising two synergistic components: low-rank adaptation for training to maintain the original LLM parameters, and recovery KD, which utilizes data generated by the chat LLM itself to recover the original knowledge from the frozen parameters. In the experiments, we transform the LLaMA-2-chat-7B to the Thai language. Our method, using only single-turn data, outperforms strong baselines and ChatGPT on multi-turn benchmark MT-bench. Furthermore, our method, without safety data, rejects more harmful queries of safety benchmark AdvBench than both ChatGPT and GPT-4. Code is available at https://github.com/hy5468/TransLLM.

Jaekwon Park, Jiyoung Bae, Unggi Lee et al.

This study investigates the design, development, and evaluation of a Large Language Model (LLM)-based chatbot for teaching English conversations in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. Employing the Design and Development Research (DDR), we analyzed needs, established design principles, and iteratively refined a chatbot through experimenting various LLMs and alignment methods. Through both quantitative and qualitative evaluations, we identified the most effective LLM and its prompt combination to generate high-quality, contextually appropriate responses. Interviews with teachers provided insights into desirable system features, potential educational applications, and ethical considerations in the development and deployment of the chatbots. The design iterations yielded the importance of feedback mechanisms and customizable AI personas. Future research should explore adaptive feedback strategies, collaborative approaches with various stakeholders, and the integration of insights from human-computer interaction (HCI) and user experience (UX) design. This study contributes to the growing body of research on applying LLMs in language education, providing insights and recommendations for the design, development, and evaluation of LLM-based chatbots for EFL conversation practice. As the field evolves, ongoing research and collaboration among educators, AI engineers, and other stakeholders will be essential to harness the potential of these technologies to enhance language learning experiences.