La primera etapa del MERCOSUR se caracterizó por implementar una zona de libre comercio mediante un rápido programa de reducción arancelaria que dio lugar a un incremento del comercio principalmente entre Argentina y Brasil. Este trabajo analiza la mirada de la Unión Industrial Argentina, la principal asociación de empresarios industriales, ante los efectos del proceso de integración. Al igual que con el programa de convertibilidad monetaria aplicado por esos tiempos, apoyaron el proceso para luego negociar situaciones específicas derivadas de la apertura rápida. Dudas e incertidumbres sobre el MERCOSUR se combinaron con el sueño poder exportar al gigante sudamericano.
Latin America. Spanish America, Economic history and conditions
O presente artigo busca resumir o estado da arte em matéria de conceitos e modelos de histerese, conforme desenvolvidos a partir dos argumentos de endogeneidade e descontinuidades heterogêneas. Se buscará aclarar a definição e o uso do termo, bem como demonstrar como se construir o modelo canônico de dinâmica histerética, fundamentado em retransmissões não ideais. Os atributos particulares que distinguem histerese de outros conceitos relacionados a path dependence serão também delineados, e sua mecânica básica, baseada em não-linearidades, seletividade e remanência, será geometricamente ilustrada. O objetivo final do artigo é se valer do ferramental histerético para propor uma rota de interpretação nova, sensível às causas estruturais, acerca da estagnação brasileira.
Economic theory. Demography, Economic history and conditions
Conflict of Interest declaration is the default way to mitigate the risk of harm of unconscious or deliberate promotion of self-interest causing misinformation or wrong decision-making. Public attention to the disclosure of interests caused by private sources of research funding results in a routine procedure now. At the same time, very strong interests caused by taxpayer-covered Governmental funding of research are generally badly underestimated. Researchers generally have no idea that taking public funding and promoting policy advice to provide more funds should be declared as a conflict of interest: Promotion of more funds and power under the control of bureaucratic bodies or entities is anticipated to bring more funding for the researchers themselves. For example, the COVID-19 response of most democratic governments, based on the use of emergency powers, enjoys broad support from publicly funded research – though the effectiveness of such a response is not supported by the history of previous pandemics. The explicit requirement to disclose public funding as a potential Conflict of Interest, at least in case the authors promote more power and more funds for the Government, will mitigate risks of one of the potentially dangerous biases both in research and in decision-making.
Economics as a science, Economic history and conditions
Mariusz Niekurzak, Agnieszka Brelik, Wojciech Lewicki
The article aims to assess the economic recovery and recycling of silicon PV cells and the non-ferrous metals contained in them, taking into account the analysis of costs, benefits and factors: legal, ecological, technical, technological and social. The research methodology was based on statistical measures related to the analysis of PV structure and changes in individual years of operation. For the designated structures, the current state of knowledge and legal status in the field of recycling methods of exploited PV installations were defined. In addition, an analysis of the Polish market about selected developed countries concerning the recycling sector was performed, and the identification of key factors and barriers to the development of the analysed sector was presented. On this basis, the possibilities and directions of support for the PV recycling sector were indicated, and a SWOT analysis of possible methods of its support was made.
Objective: Theoretical increase in the use of information technology has led to economic growth, and a strong network is a prerequisite for increasing economic growth, and also in recent years, the transformation of has played an important role in the country's economic growth and development. This paper examines the linkages between the development of telecommunications infrastructure, economic growth. Methods: To investigate the matter, used four key indicators of operation of a macroeconomy variables: gross capital formation, foreign direct investment inflows, urbanization rates, and trade openness. By studying the MENA countries over the period 1990–2016 and employing a panel vector auto-regressive model for estimating. Findings Unexpectedly it finds the results indicate that the development of telecommunication infrastructure has a negative effect on economic growth, and economic growth has a positive and significant effect on the development of telecommunication infrastructure. Results: The impact of developing telecommunications infrastructure on economic growth is not significant, so policy changes need to be made. If we want to develop telecommunications infrastructure to economic growth, we need to change the relevant policies in this area.
Economic history and conditions, Economic growth, development, planning
Este trabajo glosa el análisis maltusiano sobre la política social sustentada en las “Leyes de fábrica” y las “Leyes de pobres”, y describe la trayectoria de su influencia más allá de Inglaterra en autores como Garnier.
Economic history and conditions, Economic theory. Demography
Serhii Kolodii, Inna Kochuma, Anatoly Marenych
et al.
Introduction. Almost thirty years in the modern history of Ukraine were marked by modest economic and social outcomes. Extremely low rates of economic growth, price and exchange rate instability, technological backwardness of the majority of domestic enterprises, their mass closing, degradation of production and social infrastructure, as well as human capital, low incomes of the vast majority of the population and their significant differentiation, deformations in the work of democratic mechanisms led to the need to revise the existing paradigm of socio-economic development.
The purpose of the research is to study the theoretical and practical features of forming and functioning of national model of resource economics.
Results. The main methodological approaches for assessing the nature and features of the functioning of the domestic economy are outlined. It is determined that Ukrainian export and GDP are highly dependent on the production and export of hard and soft resources, with the latter replacing the former. We can conclude that there is a long-term trend in the structure of commodity export to the replacement of hard resources export by the export of soft resources, and the calculated correlation coefficient is 0.95. There have been positive trends towards a gradual increase in the gross production of grain, including through the increased productivity of production and labour, which will facilitate medium-term economic growth.
Conclusions. The creation of a modern model of competitive economics can help to catch up the level of social and economic development of the leading countries of the world. However, in the medium term, the reform of the national economic model with minimal transformation costs is possible only under the conditions of further development, primarily, of agrarian production, which will act as a medium-term development driver and at the same time will ensure certain macroeconomic stability.
La teoría económica rehúye las explicaciones de tipo causal y adopta relaciones funcionales y soluciones de equilibrio que suponen alguna forma de simetría entre las variables involucradas. Sin embargo, la causalidad es un supuesto inherente a toda política o decisión económica, que se defiende y adopta solo porque se espera de ella un determinado efecto. La desconfianza proviene de que, en ausencia de un método experimental que aísle unos fenómenos de su entorno y garantice su repetibilidad, es posible imaginar numerosas causas, incluso teleológicas, que interfieren mutuamente y ofrecen un exceso de explicaciones alternativas, sin un criterio claro para escoger entre ellas. Pero existen circunstancias que permiten deducir regularidades de tipo causal en un contexto de cambio dinámico, innovación y desequilibrio permanente. Este artículo desarrolla varios ejemplos sencillos que tienen consecuencias importantes para la teoría económica y sugieren ajustes de fondo en algunas políticas.
Economic history and conditions, Economic theory. Demography
Jorge Brito, Carlos E. Guanziroli, Daniel Ribeiro de Oliveira
et al.
Dentre os diversos projetos industriais de grande porte em curso no país, o Complexo Petroquímico do Rio de Janeiro (COMPERJ) destaca-se como o maior investimento industrial da Petrobras em andamento no país, com impactos potenciais sobre o mercado de trabalho local extremamente relevantes. O artigo estrutura-se de modo a atingir dois objetivos. O primeiro deles, de natureza mais geral, compreende a caracterização do contexto socioeconômico da região impactada pelo COMPERJ, de forma identificar aspectos que constituem estímulos e entraves ao processo de desenvolvimento local, a partir dos impactos dos investimentos previstos para a região. O segundo objetivo, de natureza mais específica, contempla uma análise dos determinantes dos níveis de emprego e pobreza na região impactada pelo COMPERJ, com base numa pesquisa primária de caráter domiciliar e no tratamento econométrico das informações levantadas
Economic history and conditions, Economic theory. Demography
Divorce is one of the phenomena of interest to all human societies throughout history has been the trauma of divorce; Methodology: the divorce has been a significant range of issues. Divorce is somewhat compensated for the physical problems but mental problems, Results: not only individuals but communities and families will have suffered from a psychological perspective, the major mood disorders, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorders are important consequences of violence and divorce That will continue for years after the divorce, Conclusion: and on the individual, social relations, economic and cultural conditions he will have a great impact Or will they feel the bitter taste of events with intense fear, helplessness and horror is, patients with traumatic events such as constant nightmares, memories or refresh their memories to recall as much as possible and also try to prevent we are repeating the experience.
As comparações entre as trajetórias históricas do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos há tempos vêm povoando tanto os devaneios e o imaginário de nossas elites como as reflexões de nossos intelectuais. Trata-se de um assunto do qual a historiografia econômica e das empresas não poderiam estar ausentes. Dando nossa contribuição ao estudo do tema, publicamos neste número três artigos que o evocam diretamente, e mais dois que também poderão vir a ser utilizados nesse tipo de exercício.
The present work has as its purpose to comprehend the historical, social and economic context and the psychosocial aspects that are related to the adhesion to the traffic of drugs. Through researches that have taken place at the prision environment, by listening to the life history of people envolved in the traffic, we tried to understand the relationship of this context to the individual choise. Characterized by precarious working conditions, unemployment and consumism seduction as a result of the new liberal economic, there has been a situation of social exclusion and a citizenship exclusion.There for, the traffic has been shown as an economical activity that allows the person to be included, even though in a marginal way, in the capitalism order. An option to be made among limited choices.