Hasil untuk "Commercial geography. Economic geography"

Pierre-Alexandre Balland, David Rigby

Etienne Capron, Raphaël Suire

VĂDUVA MARIA

Insurance technology derives, on the one hand, from detailed legal provisions and therefore from the specifics of a certain contract, and, on the other hand, it derives from the existence of certain mechanisms, practices and operating procedures that embody economic efficiency, prudence, but also responsibility. A premium is the amount paid by an individual or company for an insurance policy. Premiums cover health, auto, home and life insurance. Once earned, the premiums are income for the insurance company, but also a liability because the insurance company must provide coverage for claims made against the policy. Non-payment of premiums by an individual or company leads to cancellation of the policy. Insurance compensation refers to the idea of returning the victim to the condition of the property before the damage and returning the property lost due to traffic accidents or cases insured by the victim, so that his property reaches what it would have been if the illegal act had not was committed.

SLIMANE LAOUCINE, Redouane BERREDJEM, Abd El Nacer GUEDRI

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على اهمية الخدمات الاجتماعية في تحقيق الرضا الوظيفي ومعرفة  مساهمة الخدمات الاجتماعية في جانبها الاجتماعي والصحي والمعنوي للمعاملين بالمؤسسة الرياضية ومحاولة إلقاء نظرة على طبيعة الخدمات التي تقدمها المؤسسة الرياضية، تم استخدم المنهج الوصفي بالأسلوب المسحي لملائمته طبيعة المشكلة، وإعداد استبيان وتحليله، وأهم النتائج المتوصل إليها، ان  لخدمات تهدف إلى تلبية واشباع حاجيات العامل المتعددة من جهة وتقوية علاقته بالمؤسسة من جهة أخرى This study aims to identify the importance of social services in achieving job satisfaction and to know the contribution of social services in its social, health and moral aspect to the employees of the sports institution and to try to look at the nature of the services provided by the sports institution. And the most important results reached, that the services aim to meet and satisfy the multiple needs of the worker on the one hand and strengthen his relationship with the institution on the other hand.

Benjamin J. Lough, Alyssa McFadden

Abstract This study analyzes transcripts derived from 183 podcast interviews that ask successful entrepreneurs whether luck or skill and hard work account for their success. It quantitatively disaggregates founders’ answers to this standard question based on differences in their gender, race, and geography of their birth. Qualitative analysis further considers the degree to which founders’ perspectives might be associated with an internalized locus of control and their social positioning, alongside their identities and belief systems. Results indicate differences across gender, but no strong evidence of difference was evident by race and geography. Thematic analysis of transcripts revealed several additional determinants that founders attributed to their success. By investigating the lived experiences of successful founders disaggregated by gender, race, and geography, this study sheds light on how diverse founders attribute their success to various internal and external forces.

Abderrazak KADI

This study aims to explain the importance of e-consumer participation in the process of building brand awareness through social media, and this study used an online questionnaire as well as an offline questionnaire to conduct experimental research, collected and analyzed the data of 394 samples through the approach of modeling structural equations (SEM) The study found that social media users who have a positive attitude towards the brand are the most contributing to building brand awareness.

HALIL D. KAYA, ENGKU N. ENGKUCHIK

This paper investigates the impact of the 2008-2009 Crisis on retailers and core industry firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Utilizing the World Bank’s BEEPS IV (for pre-Crisis) and V (for post-Crisis) survey data, we look at the timing of payment of fixed assets purchased as well as how these firms paid for their purchases of fixed assets, i.e., financing by internal funds, financing by owner’s contribution, and financing by supplier credit. We find that the percentage of customers of retailers and core industry firms paying after delivery had declined post-Crisis. Such finding suggests that these firms had tightened up their credit policies which resulted in more customers paying before deliveries. We also find that the use of internal funds by both retailers and core industry firms significantly increased post-Crisis. As such, we also find that the use of owner’s distribution (new shares) and supplier credit significantly decreased post-Crisis, for both retailers and core industry firms. These findings are consistent with prior studies which suggest more stringent credit requirements following a crisis. This results in a change in firms’ capital structure.

Marion Rey P. Parilla, Antonio P. Abamo, Merlita D. Veloso

This study carries out snowball sampling technique to document supply chain map and determine its performance in terms of efficiency and responsiveness of the goat industry supply chain in Northwestern Leyte. Results revealed that there were three chains identified in the area, namely: individual farmers who market their produced goats to a terminal goat market, the two registered associations, Tabango Integrated Goat Entrepreneurs and Raisers (TIGER) and Villaba Association of Goat Entrepreneurs (VILLAGE). Detailed supply chain mapping shows that goats from the farmers’ point are brought to different places such as Cebu, Eastern Samar, Hinunangan Southern Leyte and Palompon, Leyte. Supply chain in the associations is generally simple, as it only constitutes direct seller-buyer market, while auction-market driven is a distinct configuration. Goat trading formally takes place once a week in the identified terminal market which were participated by processors, assembler-traders and end consumers. A simple supply and demand analysis revealed that there is a lack of the volume requirements by institutional and contract buyers, indicating an unmet demand and shortage of supply. This unmet demand opens a door of opportunity for goat production intensification in the area. Although profit margins were generated, logistical issues suggest production inefficiencies along the supply chain. Hence, this baseline information on goat supply chain provides empirical evidence on the need for improvement in the production to consumption in order to enhance the productivity of the goat industry in Northwestern Leyte, Philippines.

JELENA IGNJATOVIĆ, GORAN STOJIĆEVIĆ, BORISLAV KOLARIĆ et al.

The service sector has seen exceptional growth in recent decades, especially in the second half of the 20th century. The major turbulence caused by the COVID-19 pandemic had a strong, negative impact on the hotel industry and, therefore, on the tourism sector in Serbia. Due to the cancellation of tourist visits by foreign and domestic tourists during the pandemic, the hotel industry is one of the most severely affected service industries in Serbia. Small commercial hoteliers are in danger of losing their assets precisely because of the ongoing recession and the rising costs of travel companies. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of promoting the hotel industry, which is one of the key factors for the development of the tourism sector in the Republic of Serbia. In addition to the introduction, this paper is divided into four parts. The first part of the paper indicates the importance of the organizational structure in the hotel industry, while the second part follows the development and evolution of this part of the economic sector. The third part deals with the current structure of hotel facilities in the Republic of Serbia, while the fourth part of the paper indicates the importance of hotel promotion. Finally, concluding remarks are given.

P. Moreno, S. Ambrós, M. R. Albiach-Martí et al.

E. Cerin, D. van Dyck, Casper J. P. Zhang et al.

Background Many studies have examined neighbourhood environmental correlates of older adults’ physical activity (PA) but only a few focused on sedentary time (ST). Only a small proportion of these studies used objective measures of PA/ST, such as accelerometer-assessed PA/ST, and only a couple employed accelerometer cut-points appropriate for older adults. Furthermore, although older adults experience declines in physical function as they age, there is a dearth of information on the impact of the neighbourhood environment on PA/ST in individuals with different levels of physical function. Methods We used data from two extant cross-sectional studies conducted in Hong Kong (China) and Ghent (Belgium) ( N  = 829). Participants were recruited from pre-selected administrative units stratified by socio-economic status and walkability. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and ST were assessed for 7 days using accelerometers and cut-points developed for older adults. Objective neighbourhood environmental attributes within 400 m and 1 km buffers surrounding participants’ homes were quantified using Geographic Information Systems data. Lower extremity physical function was objectively assessed. Socio-demographic information was collected via interviews. Total, direct and indirect (mediated) effects of environmental attributes on MVPA and ST were estimated using generalised additive mixed models and the joint-significant test. Results Commercial/civic destination density and number of parks within 1 km from home showed positive total and direct effects on MVPA, and public transport density showed negative total and direct effects on ST, which were consistent across cities and physical function levels. The total and direct effects of residential density on MVPA depended on physical function, and those of residential density on ST differed by city. A complex network of potential inconsistent pathways linking all environmental attributes to MVPA and ST in the whole sample or in subgroups of participants was revealed. Discussion Access to parks and commercial/civic destinations appear to support older adults’ MVPA in different geographical and cultural contexts and irrespective of their physical function level. By supporting MVPA, these characteristics also contribute to a reduction in ST. The potential effects of public transport, recreational facilities and residential density are less straightforward and point at inconsistent effects that may depend on the geographical context and level of physical function.

Julian Carter, Eric R. Louderback, Derek Vildosola et al.

N. Markov

А survey on the territorial location of commercial sites is presented. The aim is to investigate the shopping areas that have been formed within the individual residential areas and to determine the degree of their concentration, as well as to identify the potential reasons behind it. The survey uses geographic information systems in order to map the trade activity, including for the performing of subsequent analytical operations. Such research could have a practical application in the field of regional economy and in the process of opening new areas for the physical location of economic activities, as well as in the optimization of existing one.

Catherine T. Kwantes

LEADERSHIP AND FOLLOWERSHIP While the focus of understanding leadership has typically been understanding who a leader is, what characteristics are possessed by the leader, what a leader does, and the match between leadership behaviour and the situation, a more recent trend in the leadership literature is to understand that leadership does not function in isolation - rather, it is part of a dyadic relationship with followership. The leader comes to rely on those who provide this support, which in turn can provide a positive exchange for both leader and follower. [...]followership can actually direct leadership through its expectations and can also, in part, explain leadership behaviours and effectiveness (Wang, Van Iddekinge, Zhang, & Bishoff, 2018). Sometimes leadership is given based on an expectation that there will be a reward provided for following a particular individual; or alternatively, in some cases, leadership is given through fear that there will be punishment or retribution if followership is not provided. [...]expectations inherent in particular situations can impact who is chosen to be a leader and the extent to which others are willing to follow that individual. LEARNING ABOUT LEADERSHIP AND FOLLOWERSHIP While every individual holds implicit ideas of what leadership is and is not, and what makes leadership a success or a failure, examining leadership through the lens of research helps to establish more generalized views of leadership, and can also aid in understanding how followership develops, and the role of followership in developing leadership.

GÎNŢA ANCA IOANA

Although banks have been conducting credit lending activities for centuries by using traditional credit risk assessment methods, the scientific art of credit risk management has evolved over the last few years along with the Basel agreement. The risks to which banks are being exposed when they fund societies keen on creative accounting techniques are considerable, the misleading attempts and the "production" of financial statements for a successful image in front of the bank in order to convince with a view to obtaining funding are often common practice. The consequences are particularly severe for the financing institution that will mark losses on the transaction concluded on the basis of these glossed over economic realities. That is why it is very important to look beyond this picture, to compare the image presented by the client with images of other reporting periods in order to identify changes in the accounting records techniques. It is best to understand the film of the last 2 or 3 years to grasp the reality of a society and not just the image that it has been thoroughly prepared to be shown to the bank in order to get credits.

Rachid BOUKSANI, Nacima OUKIL

السوق النقدية، هي الســوق التي يتم فيها تداول أوراق مالية قصيرة الأجل، وتهدف الى تحقيق استقرار الأسعار الفوائد وتحقيق التوازن في ميزان المدفوعات وتحقيقالتشغيل الكامل من أجل الوصول تحقيق معدل النمو الاقتصادي. وترجع أهمية السوق النقدية بشكل أساسي إلى دورها في إعادة تجديد سيولات البنوك التجــــارية في تلبية متطلبات الاقتصاد بصفة عامةوتؤمن السيولة النقدية وتوفير أدوات الدفع للجهاز المصرفي، حيث يتمكن الجهاز المصرفي من تمويل النشاط الاقتصادي الجاري من تجارة صناعة واستهلاك. ومن أهم التطورات التي عرفتها الأسواق النقدية للدول المغاربية خلال 2017 سعيها إلى تحديث الأطر التشغيلية للسياسة النقدية لضمان كفاءتها وفاعليتها في دعم الاستقرار السعري وحفز النمو الاقتصادي.   The money market, is the market in which short-term securities are traded, and aims to stabilize interest rates andBalance the balance of payments and achieve full operation in order to reach the economic growth rate. The importance of the money market is mainly due to its role in renewing commercial bank liquidity in meeting the requirements of the economy in general and providing liquidity and providing payment tools to the banking system. The banking system can finance the current economic activity from manufacturing and consumption trade. One of the most important developments in the monetary markets of the Maghreb countries during 2017 is to modernize the operational frameworks of monetary policy to ensure their efficiency and effectiveness in supporting price stability and stimulate economic growth.

T. Russo, I. Bitetto, P. Carbonara et al.

The new Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is designed to represent an appropriate response to the uncertainties and challenges facing the fisheries sector. It also adopts a holistic approach to fisheries management, considering all factors driving fishers’ behavior, and ultimately, the long-term maintenance of living resources. The most reliable way to pursue these aims could be represented by a change in the exploitation pattern, in order to guarantee the sustainability of fisheries without compromising their socioeconomic viability. In this paper, the demersal fisheries of the Ionian Sea (Geographic Sub-area [GSA] 19) were analyzed with respect to their spatial, temporal, economic, and biological characteristics in terms of four key species for fisheries, namely European hake, red mullet, giant red shrimp, and deep-water rose shrimp. Specifically, 1) a quantitative procedure was applied to break down the whole system (including small-scale fleet components) into a series of fishing grounds using input data about fishing efforts; 2) the different fleet segments were defined as a combination of main gear and fishing grounds; 3) the effort and production by fleet segment were derived according to biological samplings of commercial data (Data Collection Framework for the collection and management of fisheries data, DCF), information on localization of nursery and spawning grounds, and expert knowledge; and 4) all this information was used to feed a bioeconomic modelling tool (BEMTOOL), and to explore alternative exploitation patterns. A series of scenarios including the status quo were defined, starting from the actual management approach based on temporal fishing closure. The results showed that significant improvements in the exploitation pattern could be achieved by setting up spatial and/or temporal gear-specific bans of the fishing activity. More specifically, scenarios based on a 3-month fishing ban for trawlers are expected to provide high rebuilding of the spawning stock biomass (SSB) for all target stocks, and at the same time, result in a remarkable reduction of discards. When combined with a seasonal fishing ban for small-scale fleets equipped with nets and longlines, this approach could lead to a significant improvement in all indicators, but especially the SSB of the exploited species.

E. Slager

ENEA CONSTANTA

In tourism, as in any other industry, information plays an extremely important role. If until now some years planning a holiday was made only at the offices of travel agencies, now we have the alternative internet. The multitude of portals, last minute offers, early booking and city breaks can help plan a much dreamed vacation. All at a distance from a few clicks. You just need to be patient and willing to read a lot because the forums are filled with opinions and comments of those who have been in one place or another. Internal and external tourism recorded significant increases amid constant existence of an increasingly number of tourists and diversification of existing offers. According, investigations, this growth is the Internet, which managed to turn aggressive competition and prices. Based on various information about all destinations, routes and accommodation, tourists are increasingly demanding internet site allowing them to "visualize" holiday, and thus obliges travel agencies and hoteliers to provide better service better even at lower prices. This paper highlights the changes made in the tourism sector with remarkable developments of the computer era, and the Internet in particular.

VĂDUVA CECILIA ELENA, VĂDUVA MARIA

The foundation for future firm development is investment. Agents have a risk aversion requiring higher returns as the risks associated with the project will be greater. The investment decision determines the market firm's affirmation, increasing the market share, dominating the market. Making an investment at a certain point will determine certain cash flows throughout the life of the project, and a residual value can be obtained when it is taken out of service. The flows and payments for the investment project can be more easily tracked if we are proposing a constant update rate. We will be able to analyze, based on various factors, three techniques for determining the discount rate for investment projects: the opportunity cost, the risk-free rate, and a series of risk premiums, the weighted average cost of capital. People without financial training make value judgments for investment projects based on other market opportunities, comparing the returns that any investment offers to other pay options. An investor has a sum of money he wants to make - if he does not invest in a project, he will invest in another, that will bring him a certain amount of money, choosing the most advantageous project by comparison. All projects are characterized by identical risks, and the agents are considered indifferent to the risks. The answer given by financial theory and practice to the disadvantage of rates in the opportunity cost category is the discount rate calculated as a sum of the risk-free rate and a risk premium, defining the risk as a factor whose action may cause a possible decrease in cash of the available flows. Higher objectivity is presented by the opportunity cost update rates of update because it refers to known variables but cannot be perfectly matched to the performance of the investment process.