Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Nasara Cabrera Abu

El objetivo del presente artículo es comprender cómo la segunda generación de saharauis en Canarias experimenta y define la identidad colectiva (saharaui) desde los estudios diaspóricos. La metodología empleada ha sido la teoría fundamentada, adecuada para parcelas de la realidad poco exploradas, a través de historias de vida y entrevistas narrativas a 28 saharauis de segunda generación residentes en Canarias. El análisis muestra cómo se desarrollan los procesos de construcción identitaria de estos jóvenes en función de sus identificaciones con los grupos de referencia y pertenencia (sociedad de origen, de acogida y connacionales en Canarias). Todo ello en relación con el significado que estos atribuyen a la identidad colectiva y las consecuencias que dichos significados revisten en sus vidas e interacciones sociales. El estudio concluye que estos jóvenes manifiestan identidades múltiples a través de tres registros identitarios: étnico, asimilado e híbrido, contribuyendo a redefinir y contestar la identidad colectiva tradicional saharaui.

Sima Attar-Khorasani, Lincoln Sherpa, Matthias Lieber et al.

Live migration, a technology enabling seamless transition of operational computational entities between various hosts while preserving continuous functionality and client connectivity, has been the subject of extensive research. However, existing reviews often overlook critical technical aspects and practical challenges integral to the usage of live migration techniques in real-world scenarios. This work bridges this gap by integrating the aspects explored in existing reviews together with a comprehensive analysis of live migration technologies across multiple dimensions, with focus on migration techniques, migration units, and infrastructure characteristics. Despite efforts to make live migration widely accessible, its reliance on multiple system factors can create challenges. In certain cases, the complexities and resource demands outweigh the benefits, making its implementation hard to justify. The focus of this work is mainly on container based and virtual machine-based migration technologies, examining the current state of the art and the disparity in adoption between these two approaches. Furthermore, this work explores the impact of migration objectives and operational constraints on the usability and efficacy of existing technologies. By outlining current technical challenges and providing guidelines for future research and development directions, this work serves a dual purpose: first, to equip enthusiasts with a valuable resource on live migration, and second, to contribute to the advancement of live migration technologies and their practical implementation across diverse computing environments.

Pascal David

In geography and, to a lesser extent, in urban planning and development, the topic of Public Procurement (PP) has received little consideration from the French and international scientific community. This observation must be set against the abundant scientific literature from the other related disciplines (management sciences, economics and legal sciences). In France, no thesis on this subject has ever been defended in Geography, a few articles and no books have been published on this interaction between PP and "territories". This observation challenges geographers, policy designers and planners, even though, beyond the question of the law that frames it, PP has always been a major instrument of public policies and their implementation. This research project focuses on how PP is taken into account in the analysis of the dynamics of territorial innovation.In particular, it will enrich our understanding of the dynamics of proximity and territorial intermediation processes, which have become key issues in economic geography and Regional Science. The aim is to understand how, on a territorial scale, public procurement enables coordination and matching between the players involved in these territorial innovation dynamics. The smart city perspective is introduced as a relevant analytical framework for studying the manufacture of urban innovation, focusing on the way in which public procurement facilitates exchanges and interactions between stakeholders with sometimes conflicting objectives and differing timeframes. The text describes a research methodology based on a case study of the Toulouse scene engaged in proactive programs to support innovation since 2014, with a protocol incorporating a complete literature review, a systemic analysis, a data collection via semi-structured interviews, and a comparative approach with other similar territorial scenes.

Elisa Leonardelli, Sara Tonelli

The online diffusion of information related to Europe and migration has been little investigated from an external point of view. However, this is a very relevant topic, especially if users have had no direct contact with Europe and its perception depends solely on information retrieved online. In this work we analyse the information circulating online about Europe and migration after retrieving a large amount of data from social media (Twitter), to gain new insights into topics, magnitude, and dynamics of their diffusion. We combine retweets and hashtags network analysis with geolocation of users, linking thus data to geography and allowing analysis from an "outside Europe" perspective, with a special focus on Africa. We also introduce a novel approach based on cross-lingual quotes, i.e. when content in a language is commented and retweeted in another language, assuming these interactions are a proxy for connections between very distant communities. Results show how the majority of online discussions occurs at a national level, especially when discussing migration. Language (English) is pivotal for information to become transnational and reach far. Transnational information flow is strongly unbalanced, with content mainly produced in Europe and amplified outside. Conversely Europe-based accounts tend to be self-referential when they discuss migration-related topics. Football is the most exported topic from Europe worldwide. Moreover, important nodes in the communities discussing migration-related topics include accounts of official institutions and international agencies, together with journalists, news, commentators and activists.

Angelina Kussy, Ester Serra Mingot

This article explores through qualitative methods how structural inequalities and weak welfare states push women to migrate in their old age to piece together their pension across different countries. Based on in-depth interviews, observations, and ethnographic conversations conducted with Romanian women in Spain, it explores how they navigate the European Union’s (UE) law on Social Security to aggregate social insurance periods from the work performed in different member states and therefore get entitled to a state pension. We analyze how the accumulation of vulnerabilities (related to class, gender, age, and ethnicity) shape the trajectories of these aging women in a context of structurally unequal welfare systems. The paper thus contributes to the transnational social protection field with a timely focus on old age formal arrangements within the EU and use of life-course approach to understand the reasons of related with social protection older migrant’s im/mobilities.

Nicola Espinosa Anaya, Leda M. Pérez

El presente artículo analiza la experiencia laboral de las mujeres venezolanas migrantes y su participación en el mercado laboral peruano afectado por la pandemia por covid-19 y las medidas cautelares del Estado peruano desde marzo de 2020. Sostenemos que el caso venezolano en Perú es una muestra más de cómo la migración coloca a las mujeres en posiciones laborales segmentadas por género y condición de migrante. Asimismo, identificamos que por la crisis económica —como consecuencia de la pandemia— los efectos laborales para la población migrante están diferenciados por género.

Ermanda Dekaj, Erida Gjini

Modern molecular technologies have revolutionized our understanding of bacterial epidemiology, but reported data across different settings remain under-integrated in common theoretical frameworks. Pneumococcus serotype co-colonization, caused by the polymorphic bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, has been increasingly investigated in recent years. While the global genomic diversity and serotype distribution of S. pneumoniae are well-characterized, there is limited information on how co-colonization patterns vary globally, critical for understanding bacterial evolution and dynamics. Gathering a rich dataset of cross-sectional pneumococcal colonization studies in the literature, we quantified patterns of transmission intensity and co-colonization prevalence in children populations across 17 geographic locations. Fitting these data to an SIS model with co-colonization under the assumption of similarity among interacting strains, our analysis reveals strong patterns of negative co-variation between transmission intensity ($R_0$) and susceptibility to co-colonization ($k$). In support of the stress-gradient hypothesis in ecology (SGH), pneumococcus serotypes appear to compete more in high-transmission settings and less in low-transmission settings, a trade-off which ultimately leads to a conserved ratio of single to co-colonization $μ=1/(R_0-1)k$. Within our mathematical model, such conservation suggests preservation of 'stability-diversity-complexity' regimes in multi-strain coexistence. We find no major study differences in serotype composition, pointing to underlying adaptation of the same set of serotypes across environments. Our work highlights that understanding pneumococcus transmission patterns from global epidemiological data can benefit from simple analytical approaches that account for quasi-neutrality among strains, co-colonization, as well as variable environmental adaptation.

Aline Lazarotto, Camila Serafim Daminelli, Elisangela da Silva Machieski et al.

Dabesaki Mac-Ikemenjima , Helen Gebregiorgis

Over the last decade, Eritrea has received significant analyses from the mainstream media and some scholars, due to the mass international migration of its citizens, estimated at 5,000 individuals monthly, especially youth. The aim of this paper is to explore factors that explain the mass migration of Eritrean youth, with a focus on the potential roles of aspirations and opportunities. Much of the literature suggests that young Eritreans are emigrating due to their country’s national service program. We analyse the literature on the factors driving Eritrean youth migration vis-à-vis push factors for migration from subSaharan Africa. Based on our analysis of various bodies of work related to Eritrean migration and aspirations, we conclude that three main factors explain youth migration from Eritrea: 1) tensions between individual and national aspirations; 2) limited opportunities for transition from education to employment; and 3) limited rights and freedoms.

Boraso, Silvia

Roy, F.J. (2019). Les chiens. Montreuil : Le Temps des Cerises éditions, 232 pp.

R. Bhattacharyya, Partha Konar

The basic Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model is extended to include effects of progressive social awareness, lockdowns and anthropogenic migration. It is found that social awareness can effectively contain the spread by lowering the basic reproduction rate $R_0$. Interestingly, the awareness is found to be more effective in a society which can adopt the awareness faster compared to the one having a slower response. The paper also separates the mortality fraction from the clinically recovered fraction and attempts to model the outcome of lockdowns, in absence and presence of social awareness. It is seen that staggered exits from lockdowns are not only economically beneficial but also helps to curb the infection spread. Moreover, a staggered exit strategy with progressive social awareness is found to be the most efficient intervention. The paper also explores the effects of anthropogenic migration on the dynamics of the epidemic in a two-zone scenario. The calculations yield dissimilar evolution of different fractions in different zones. Such models can be convenient to strategize the division of a large zone into smaller sub-zones for a disproportionate imposition of lockdown, or, an exit from one. Calculations are done with parameters consistent with the SARS-COV-2 pathogen in the Indian context.

John Aoga, Juhee Bae, Stefanija Veljanoska et al.

A growing attention in the empirical literature has been paid to the incidence of climate shocks and change in migration decisions. Previous literature leads to different results and uses a multitude of traditional empirical approaches. This paper proposes a tree-based Machine Learning (ML) approach to analyze the role of the weather shocks towards an individual's intention to migrate in the six agriculture-dependent-economy countries such as Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal. We perform several tree-based algorithms (e.g., XGB, Random Forest) using the train-validation-test workflow to build robust and noise-resistant approaches. Then we determine the important features showing in which direction they are influencing the migration intention. This ML-based estimation accounts for features such as weather shocks captured by the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for different timescales and various socioeconomic features/covariates. We find that (i) weather features improve the prediction performance although socioeconomic characteristics have more influence on migration intentions, (ii) country-specific model is necessary, and (iii) international move is influenced more by the longer timescales of SPEIs while general move (which includes internal move) by that of shorter timescales.

E. Lega, R. P. Nelson, A. Morbidelli et al.

Type-II migration of giant planets has a speed proportional to the disc's viscosity for values of the alpha viscosity parameter larger than 1.e-4 . At lower viscosities previous studies, based on 2D simulations have shown that migration can be very chaotic and often characterized by phases of fast migration. The reason is that in low-viscosity discs vortices appear due to the Rossby-wave instability at the edges of the gap opened by the planet. Migration is then determined by vortex-planet interactions. Our aim is to study migration in low viscosity 3D discs. We performed numerical simulations using 2D (including self-gravity) and 3D codes. After selecting disc masses for which self-gravity is not important, 3D simulations without self-gravity can be safely used. In our nominal simulation only numerical viscosity is present. We then performed simulations with prescribed viscosity to assess the threshold below which the new migration processes appear. We show that for alpha viscosity <= 1.e-5 two migration modes are possible which differ from classical Type-II migration, in the sense that they are not proportional to the disc's viscosity. The first occurs when the gap opened by the planet is not very deep. This occurs in 3D simulations and/or when a big vortex forms at the outer edge of the planetary gap, diffusing material into the gap. We call this type of migration "vortex-driven migration". This migration is very slow and cannot continue indefinitely, because eventually the vortex dissolves. The second migration mode occurs when the gap is deep so that the planet's eccentricity grows to a value ~0.2 due to inefficient eccentricity damping by corotation resonances. This second, faster migration mode appears to be typical of 2D models in discs with slower damping of temperature's perturbations.

Angelique K. Dwyer

This creative non-fiction piece written in Spanglish is called "Simón.” The overarching themes of this story are death, spirituality, animals and pets in a non-conventional American family raised in Mexico. The narrative voice in this piece provides a unique perspective broadening dialogue(s) on Mexican American identity.

Samira Peruchi Moretto

Gustavo da Silva Machado, Allyne Fernandes Oliveira Barros, Lucienne Martins Borges

Resumo As migrações representam modificações nos territórios geográfico e subjetivo que precisam de acolhida e suporte para manutenção do fio de condução entre o sujeito que migra e sua própria história. Este artigo apresenta reflexões sobre a construção de um Serviço de Psicologia dentro de um Centro de Referência de Atendimento a Imigrantes, em Santa Catarina, na cidade de Florianópolis, e a utilização da escuta psicológica como ferramenta na qualificação da acolhida e integração de imigrantes e refugiados nesta região.

David B. Brückner, Alexandra Fink, Joachim O. Rädler et al.

Cell-to-cell variability is inherent to numerous biological processes, including cell migration. Quantifying and characterizing the variability of migrating cells is challenging, as it requires monitoring many cells for long time windows under identical conditions. Here, we observe the migration of single human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in confining two-state micropatterns. To describe the stochastic dynamics of this confined migration, we employ a dynamical systems approach. We identify statistics to measure the behavioural variance of the migration, which significantly exceed those predicted by a population-averaged stochastic model. This additional variance can be explained by the combination of an 'aging' process and population heterogeneity. To quantify population heterogeneity, we decompose the cells into subpopulations of slow and fast cells, revealing the presence of distinct classes of dynamical systems describing the migration, ranging from bistable to limit cycle behaviour. Our findings highlight the breadth of migration behaviours present in cell populations.

Jonas Fritzsch, Justus Bogner, Stefan Wagner et al.

To remain competitive in a fast changing environment, many companies started to migrate their legacy applications towards a Microservices architecture. Such extensive migration processes require careful planning and consideration of implications and challenges likewise. In this regard, hands-on experiences from industry practice are still rare. To fill this gap in scientific literature, we contribute a qualitative study on intentions, strategies, and challenges in the context of migrations to Microservices. We investigated the migration process of 14 systems across different domains and sizes by conducting 16 in-depth interviews with software professionals from 10 companies. We present a separate description of each case and summarize the most important findings. As primary migration drivers, maintainability and scalability were identified. Due to the high complexity of their legacy systems, most companies preferred a rewrite using current technologies over splitting up existing code bases. This was often caused by the absence of a suitable decomposition approach. As such, finding the right service cut was a major technical challenge, next to building the necessary expertise with new technologies. Organizational challenges were especially related to large, traditional companies that simultaneously established agile processes. Initiating a mindset change and ensuring smooth collaboration between teams were crucial for them. Future research on the evolution of software systems will in particular profit from the individual cases presented.

Matija Vidmar

For a continuous-time Bienaymé-Galton-Watson process, $X$, with immigration and culling, $0$ as an absorbing state, call $X^q$ the process that results from killing $X$ at rate $q\in (0,\infty)$, followed by stopping it on extinction or explosion. Then an explicit identification of the relevant harmonic functions of $X^q$ allows to determine the Laplace transforms (at argument $q$) of the first passage times downwards and of the explosion time for $X$. Strictly speaking, this is accomplished only when the killing rate $q$ is sufficiently large (but always when the branching mechanism is not supercritical or if there is no culling). In particular, taking the limit $q\downarrow 0$ (whenever possible) yields the passage downwards and explosion probabilities for $X$. A number of other consequences of these results are presented.

Maria Fernanda DJonsiles, Gustavo Ernesto Galizzi, Andres Ezequiel Dolinko et al.

Currently, the detection of endophytic fungi is determined mostly by invasive methods, including direct isolation of fungal organismsfrom plant tissue in growth media, molecular detection of endophyticfungi DNA from plant material by PCR, or evaluation under microscopy techniques.In this work we explore the potential of laser biospeckle activity (LBSA) to be usedfor the detection of endophytic colonization of leaves of a promising energy crop, Jatropha curcas L. We compared the laser biospeckle activityof endophyte infected and uninfected J. curcas leaves. The differences between blade and veins (including midrib) of the studied leaves was validated and growth parameters of the studied plants were also analyzed using the normalized weigthed generalized differencescoefficient (nWGD). The obtained results showeda relationship between the endophytic burden of leaves and the LBS, suggesting that LSBA is a useful tools to detect endophytic colonization in situ.Also, the increasedwater movements inside leaves promoted by endophytic colonizationcould be explainby the obtained data.