Hasil untuk "Cartography"

Marco Marsili, Marco Marsili

This article examines how Soviet and post-Soviet forms of Russian nationalism used ethnic engineering – above all mass deportations and demographic reshuffling – to transform ethno-national diversity into a structural source of conflict. Building on a qualitative, historical-comparative design, the study combines close reading of Soviet constitutional and legal texts with secondary literature on deportations and “frozen conflicts” to trace mechanisms linking Stalin-era policies to contemporary wars in the post-Soviet space. Archival decrees, census data and administrative cartography are analysed through thematic coding (e.g., “collective punishment,” “demographic engineering,” “border manipulation”) and compared across key episodes such as the deportation of Chechens and Ingush, Crimean Tatars and Volga Germans. The article then connects these historical patterns to post-1991 conflicts in the Caucasus, Crimea/Donbas and Central Asia, showing how earlier deportations and territorial rearrangements created asymmetric republics, competing memories of victimhood and territorially embedded grievances. Rather than treating Russian nationalism as a purely ideological phenomenon, the analysis conceptualizes it as a repertoire of state practices that combine coercive removal, selective rehabilitation and later “protection” of co-nationals abroad. The findings challenge accounts that explain post-Soviet conflicts solely through democratization failure or great-power rivalry, arguing instead that ethnic wars in the region are rooted in a long genealogy of state-led population politics. The article concludes by discussing the broader implications for theories of ethnofederalism and for contemporary debates on how authoritarian regimes manage diversity through forced mobility rather than inclusive citizenship.

Lin Qi, Yi Zhang, Yu Liu et al.

The pedestrian tracking and motion detection system (P-TMDS) using distributed inertial sensors has broad application potential toward many emerging fields, such as motion tracking, emergency rescue, and others, due to its advanced autonomous navigation capabilities under signal-denied scenarios. The performance of current P-TMDS is constrained by the cumulative error of low-cost sensors, low accuracy of human motion detection, and lack of effective multi-sensor integration algorithms. This paper proposes a motion-constrained P-TMDS based on the adaptive integration of distributed inertial sensors and ultrasonic ranging (MP-TMDS). An enhanced position–attitude update algorithm is developed for the single-sensor module, which integrates the inertial navigation system (INS) mechanization with multi-level constraints and observations. In addition, a bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) structure is adopted to detect the outlier in ultrasonic ranging results and provide accurate distance observations for dual sensor module-based positioning systems. For the overall MP-TMDS, the measurements provided by distributed sensor modules and ultrasonic ranging are adopted as the input vector of designed spatial–temporal network training for human motion detection and walking speed estimation, and the detected human motion modes are further applied as the constraints for multi-module position–attitude update. Finally, an enhanced data and model dual-driven structure is proposed to adaptively integrate motion features acquired from distributed sensor modules and results of velocity and motion detection provided by spatial–temporal network. Real-world experiments in complex scenes represent that the developed MP-TMDS effectively increases the precision of traditional P-TMDS and outperforms existing algorithms under both positioning and motion detection accuracy indexes, and the estimated accuracy improvement is more than 18.4% compared with state-of-the-art algorithms.

Jianshu Wang, Jianzhong Lu, Liang Zheng et al.

The global terrestrial ecosystem environment is undergoing significant changes. Among them, vegetation greenness (VG) and land use/cover changes (LUCC) and their impacts are particularly prominent. This has a significant impact on the gross primary productivity (GPP) of ecosystems. In order to reveal the relationship between GPP and key coupling elements on a large spatial and temporal scale, this study simulated and validated the GPP of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) from 1983−2020 based on improved water-carbon coupling model. In addition, we quantitatively analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of VG, LUCC and GPP over the past four decades. The effects of VG and LUCC on GPP were also evaluated. The results showed that the VG in the YRB showed a significant upward trend, with a total increase of 25.57%. The enhancement in VG, largely driven by climatic factors, was associated with an additional 1.92% increase in GPP compared to a low-greening baseline scenario. The LUCC primarily characterized by the expansion of forests and impervious surfaces and the shrinkage of farmland, shrubs and grasslands. The area of change accounted for 13.88% of the total watershed area (about 251200 km2). Simulations isolating the effect of LUCC suggested a potential 0.84% decrease in GPP. The comprehensive analysis revealed that the positive effect associated with vegetation greening outweighed the negative effect associated with LUCC in our simulations. This is consistent with the net increase in GPP (growth rate of 0.76 g C m−2 yr−1) observed in the baseline simulation that incorporated both dynamic drivers. This study deepens the knowledge of the coupling relationship between LUCC, VG and GPP from the hydrological perspective, It provides an important scientific basis for the sustainable management of the watershed.

A. Murtiyoso, J. Markiewicz, A. K. Karwel et al.

In recent years novel 3D reconstruction methods have been developed to improve the conventional image-based point cloud generation techniques. These novel methods generally attempt to address various challenges encountered in conventional methods, namely, the reconstruction of reflective surfaces and the amount of processing time required, both of which are major bottlenecks in heritage documentation and especially those related to large and complex objects. In this paper, we identified three types of 3D image-based reconstruction techniques and tested their usage on heritage datasets, namely (1) conventional multi-view stereo (MVS), (2) learning-based MVS, and (3) neural radiance fields (NeRF). The aim of this study is to determine the capabilities of these methods in reconstruction of three different heritage-related datasets with different challenges. Our results show that conventional MVS is nowadays a reliable solution for 3D reconstruction, in many instances recording good results relative to the reference terrestrial laser scans (TLS) when properly deployed. When applied to a challenging highly reflective scene, conventional MVS fared well using the PatchMatch algorithm (reaching an object completeness rate of 99.05%), while NeRF’s best performance was 99.98%. However, NeRF suffered from noisy data, some of which may stem from its radiance field-to-point cloud conversion method. The results show that there is great potential in using specific methods for specific cases, and research in combining them may yield interesting results in the future.

A. Zinzani

<p>In recent years, the eco-climate crisis has intensified the institutional debate on sustainable environmental futures and the need to boost green transition policies. Scholars in critical geography and political ecology have discussed the controversial nature of these policies and argued that structural transformation is needed, focused specifically on environmental conservation. However, little attention has been paid to mountain environments, which today are significantly affected by the eco-climate crisis and characterized by controversial trajectories of development, conservation and valorization. Therefore, by bringing together the political ecology of conservation and mountain geographies, this contribution reflects on the environmental futures of the Dolomites, in the eastern Alps, through an analysis of governance processes, conservation visions and rising environmental struggles. The Dolomites show the contested nature of environmental futures and their politicization, between ideas of accumulation by sustainability and radical environmental visions. Moreover, they encompass experiences and practices that envision a convivial conservation perspective with the potential to advance the political ecology of the mountain, with specific reference to the Global North.</p>

Yu. A. Kashaeva

The article gives a description of the repositories of cartographic sources of the Perm region — archives, museums and libraries. The issues of acquisition of cartographic funds are studied, the sources are described by thematic composition, chronological framework, technique of execution. The history of the cartographic archive of Ivan Yakovlevich Krivoshchekov, a Ural geographer and cartographer of the late 19th — early 20th centuries, is revealed, which includes documents on the territory of the Perm province and, in a small amount, Russia. Transferred in 1918 to the library of the Perm State University, the archive was subsequently divided into three repositories and, unfortunately, has not been preserved in full. In 2017, the preserved maps and plans from I. Ya.Krivoshchekov’s archive was digitized and became publicly available on the website of the project “Preservation, study and popularization of the heritage of the Ural cartographers of the mid-18th — early 20th centuries”. The article focuses on the use of maps and plans in digital projects of Russian researchers aimed at empowering users to gain access to documents. The exhibition activity of museums, archives and libraries, including that in virtual space, is presented. The publishing activity of custodian institutions is a rare practice due to a number of reasons, primarily the lack of financial and human resources. The composition of the cartographic collections of large repositorie — the State Archives of the Perm Territory and the Perm Museum of Local Lore — is considered in more detail. The article defines the prospects for further introduction into scientific circulation of cartographic sources from the funds of institutions in the Perm region.

Lécio Alves Nascimento, William Rodrigo Dal Poz, Krisley Xavier Soares de Freitas

O IBGE-PPP, serviço de Posicionamento por Ponto Preciso (PPP) online, estima coordenadas originalmente referenciadas às materializações do ITRF (IGS) e então as compatibiliza para o SIRGAS2000 com a aplicação da transformação de Helmert e seus respectivos parâmetros de transformação. Em 17 de maio de 2020 o IBGE-PPP passou a utilizar um novo conjunto de parâmetros (P2), descontinuando o conjunto antigo (P1). Nesse contexto, este trabalho se propõe a avaliar os impactos dos novos parâmetros na compatibilização de referenciais e redução de coordenadas utilizados pelo IBGE-PPP, fundamentando-se em análise de séries temporais de dados de duas estações da RBMC, NAUS e AMCO. Analisando as séries temporais SIRGAS2000 compatibilizadas com P1 (SCP1) e P2 (SCP2) para as duas estações, observou-se que as séries de componentes norte (Δn) SCP1 apresentaram mudanças de nível (diferenças) de aproximadamente ±0,017 m e –0,013 m em relação a SCP2, nos períodos referentes às materializações do ITRF2005 (IGS05) e ITRF2014 (IGS14). As séries de componentes leste (Δe) e vertical (Δu) SCP1 também apresentaram diferenças quando comparadas à SCP2, porém com magnitudes entre 0,001 m e 0,006m e 0,004 m e 0,012 m, respectivamente. Considerando os conjuntos de parâmetros de transformação entre as materializações ITRF (IGS) e SIRGAS2000, pôde-se observar que as séries SCP2 apresentaram resultados mais consistentes quando comparadas às séries SCP1, diminuindo os impactos causados pelas trocas de referenciais ocorridas ao longo do tempo. Ademais, as séries SCP2 foram compatíveis com as séries referenciadas ao ITRF2014 (IGS) ao nível menor ou igual a 0,002 m.

Lixia Chu, Yuting Zou, Dainius Masiliūnas et al.

Construction of transportation infrastructure is a vital step in boosting economic and societal opportunities and often results in land use changes. In this study, we focus on the land use dynamics of the urban agglomeration around Hangzhou Bay, where the Qiantang River flows into the East China Sea. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge crosses the bay since 2008. We used Interrupted Time Series Analysis (ITSA) to analyze the influence of the bridge on the land use and land cover (LULC) time series of the surrounding areas and on socio-economic indicators. We applied the Random Forest method to classify Landsat imagery from 2000 to 2017, thus enabling us to quantify LULC changes before and after the construction of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used for data acquisition, pre-processing, and classification. The results showed that during the period from 2000 to 2017, impervious surface areas expanded rapidly at the expense of agricultural land, and this transformation continued even more rapidly after 2008. ITSA showed that the driver behind the impervious surface area expansion switched from residential and industrial area growth in 2000–2008, to exclusively infrastructure area growth in 2008–2017. The construction of the bridge accelerated the expansion of impervious surface in the joint area of the bridge-connected cities of Ningbo and Jiaxing. With the Hangzhou Bay Bridge connection, various socio-economic factors, including tourism, GDP, tertiary industry, real estate investment, and highway freight, increased rapidly. The outcomes of this research could contribute to policymaking and impact assessments for sustainable urban development and land management. The methods used in this study are universal and therefore can also be used to assess the effect of any notable event that may impact LULC change.

Y. Dorosh, S. Ibatullin, A. Tarnopolskyi

The goals and objectives of land monitoring and quality control are substantiated soils, including monitoring the economic and legal status of lands, their circulation and quality of soils, assessment and forecast of changes to ensure the organs public administration and local government relevant information for development of proposals and implementation of measures to prevent negative phenomena and trends in land use. The need to introduce a land monitoring system is due to: systematic deterioration of the quantitative accounting of lands, the actual lack of accounting quality of land, the requirements for the development of market land relations. The necessity of taking into account the principles and standards of the national is substantiated geospatial data infrastructure. The directions in which the results are formed are formed land monitoring can be used to regulate land relations and making management decisions regarding land use and the formation of turnover land plots. Among the key issues to consider when creating a system land monitoring, identified: the need for information technology, list of monitoring objects; attribute data of monitoring objects; unified standards and data formats; credibility and updating tools data, including by detecting anomalies and correcting errors in the data; mechanisms of information interaction between all participants of the monitoring process.

Javier Valencia, Ángel Luis Muñoz

Este artículo es un resumen de la tesis doctoral desarrollada sobre la situación actual de las IDE con respecto a la tercera dimensión, abordando líneas de investigación a futuro y analizando las necesidades y debilidades que se presentan. Tras profundizar en los conocimientos sobre IDE y, tras comprobar tanto la necesidad como la convergencia de diversas ramas técnico-científicas en materia de gestión de información geográfica (IG) tridimensional, se decide, a través de este trabajo desarrollar un proyecto de investigación centrado en las IDE 3D. Siguiendo un enfoque cualitativo en el desarrollo de la metodología de investigación, se hace patente la importancia de lo que supone la tercera dimensión espacial para el desempeño de las actividades cotidianas del ser humano en nuestros tiempos. Finalmente, se definen los elementos necesarios para poder implementar una IDE tridimensional, teniendo en cuenta todos los parámetros de desarrollo, tanto técnicos como legales, necesarios para cumplir con los actuales marcos tecnológicos, normativos, jerárquicos y legales. A través del trabajo desarrollado, se ha constatado que, por lo general, la adaptación de la tercera dimensión por parte de las IDE está en fase germinal, con muchas posibilidades de avance y aporte de contribuciones científicas y tecnológicas. Este documento intenta ser una de esas contribuciones.

Cynthia S.A. Wallace, Prasad Thenkabail, Jesus R. Rodriguez et al.

An important metric to monitor for optimizing water use in agricultural areas is the amount of cropland left fallowed, or unplanted. Fallowed croplands are difficult to model because they have many expressions; for example, they can be managed and remain free of vegetation or be abandoned and become weedy if the climate for that season permits. We used 250 m, 8-day composite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer normalized difference vegetation index data to develop an algorithm that can routinely map cropland status (planted or fallowed) with over 75% user’s and producer’s accuracies. The Fallow-land Algorithm based on Neighborhood and Temporal Anomalies (FANTA) compares the current greenness of a cultivated pixel to its historical greenness and to the greenness of all cultivated pixels within a defined spatial neighborhood, and is therefore transportable across space and through time. This article introduces FANTA and applies it to California from 2001 to 2015 as a case study for use in data-poor places and for use in historical modeling. Timely and accurate knowledge of the extent of fallowing can provide decision makers with insights and knowledge to mitigate the impacts of drought and provide a scientific basis for effective management response. This study is part of the WaterSMART (Sustain and Manage America’s Resources for Tomorrow) project, an interdisciplinary and collaborative research effort focused on improving water conservation and optimizing water use.

Mahesh Rao, Zachary Silber-Coats, Sharon Powers et al.

Recent droughts and the profound effects they have on ecosystems, agriculture, and forests in California highlighted a critical need to understand drought impacts and develop remote sensing-based methods for drought monitoring. The objectives of this work were to evaluate drought-affected areas of northern and central California using remote sensing and aid in drought mitigation and prediction efforts for sustainable forest resource management and planning. Remote sensing provides direct measurement of spectral properties at moderate spatial resolution (30 m with Landsat) as compared to modeled environmental variables at 800 m spatial resolution, scaled to 270 m. Modified Perpendicular Drought Index derived from Landsat data and long term Climatic Water Deficit (CWD) data for the year 2014 were analyzed. MPDI was strongly correlated with CWD, precipitation and temperature data for various forest types with coefficient of determination in the range of 0.60–0.80. Our results demonstrate that MPDI is an effective and direct method to monitor vegetation stress and forest declines at landscape scale, thereby providing land managers and stakeholders guidance in forest management and planning.

Enkhjargal Natsagdorj, Tsolmon Renchin, Martin Kappas et al.

Soil moisture (SM) content is one of the most important environmental variables in relation to land surface climatology, hydrology, and ecology. Long-term SM data-sets on a regional scale provide reasonable information about climate change and global warming specific regions. The aim of this research work is to develop an integrated methodology for SM of kastanozems soils using multispectral satellite data. The study area is Tuv (48°40′30″N and 106°15′55″E) province in the forest steppe zones in Mongolia. In addition to this, land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Landsat satellite images were integrated for the assessment. Furthermore, we used a digital elevation model (DEM) from ASTER satellite image with 30-m resolution. Aspect and slope maps were derived from this DEM. The soil moisture index (SMI) was obtained using spectral information from Landsat satellite data. We used regression analysis to develop the model. The model shows how SMI from satellite depends on LST, NDVI, DEM, Slope, and Aspect in the agricultural area. The results of the model were correlated with the ground SM data in Tuv province. The results indicate that there is a good agreement between output SM and SM of ground truth for agricultural area. Further research is focused on moisture mapping for different natural zones in Mongolia. The innovative part of this research is to estimate SM using drivers which are vegetation, land surface temperature, elevation, aspect, and slope in the forested steppe area. This integrative methodology can be applied for different regions with forest and desert steppe zones.

Adriano Cumer

Cartografie per la programmazione d'uso e controllo del territorio

Morris Scherer Warren, Lineu Neiva Rodrigues, Nestor Aldo Campana

A temperatura superficial é uma variável de fundamental importância em estudos ambientais e de mudanças globais. Na atual geração de satélites, entretanto, os sensores termais carecem de uma maior frequência de imageamento ou de uma melhor resolução espacial, representando limitações em aplicações de escala local, tais como manejo agrícola e modelagem hidrológica. As técnicas atuais disponíveis para a melhoria da resolução espacial da banda termal de sensores orbitais consideram a correlação entre a temperatura superficial e o parâmetro auxiliar (obtido remotamente em melhor resolução espacial), utilizado no processo de desagregação, como constante nas diferentes escalas espaciais. No presente trabalho são apresentados e testados quatro procedimentos desenvolvidos para a desagregação da banda termal do sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), no qual as funções utilizadas para melhorar a resolução espacial da banda termal variam espacialmente. A banda termal do MODIS, com resolução espacial de 1 km, foi desagregada nas resoluções de 500 e 250 metros. Para a resolução de 500 metros foi aplicado um algoritmo denominado de Global, sendo testadas 10 combinações de parâmetros e variáveis obtidas por sensoriamento remoto, incluindo índices de vegetação sensíveis à umidade superficial. Para a resolução de 250 metros foram aplicados quatro algoritmos de desagregação, representando diferentes níveis de detalhamento da superfície. O algoritmo Global desagregou de maneira satisfatória a temperatura para a resolução de 500 metros, no qual as diferentes combinações de índices de vegetação apresentaram coeficientes de correlação entre 0,94 e 0,97, com desvio-padrão do erro inferiores a 1 Kelvin. Para a resolução espacial de 250 metros, os coeficientes de correlação dos diferentes modelos variaram entre 0,91 e 0,94, com erros médios inferiores a 1,3 Kelvin, mas com ocorrência de valores superiores a ± 2 Kelvin. Desta forma, os algoritmos apresentados são capazes de melhorar a resolução espacial da banda termal de sensores como o MODIS.

Cesar Rogério Cabral, Markus Hasenack, Jürgen Wilhelm Philips

Este texto apresenta uma proposta para o artigo 7º inciso I das Diretrizes do Cadastro Territorial Multifinalitário, que visam medições cadastrais urbana, neste sentido, deve-se entender esse trabalho como início das discussões sobre a importância e o conteúdo do croqui e da caderneta de campo, como partes integrantes dos originais do levantamento cadastral de campo, bem como, ter regras padronizadas para que qualquer técnico possa interpretar um o trabalho de outro, sendo o suporte para qualquer representação cartográfica posterior, no sentido de que, esta última deva sempre se referir aos valores originais dos levantamentos que devem ser arquivados de forma sistemática, por parcelas e para todas as parcelas, como documento.

Robert Sitnik, Grzegorz Mączkowski, Jakub Krzesłowski et al.

In this article a new 3D measurement system along with the study on 3D printing technology is presented from the perspective of quality of reproduction. In the first part of the paper the 3DMADMAC|SPECTRAL system which integrates 3D shape with additional color and angular reflectance measurement capabilities is presented (see Figure 1). The shape measurement system is based on structured light projection with the use of a DLP projector. The 3D shape measurement method is based on sinusoidal fringes and Gray codes projection. Color is being measured using multispectral images with a set of interference filters to separate spectral channels. Additionally the set up includes an array of compact light sources for measuring angular reflectance based on image analysis and 3D data processing. All three components of the integrated system use the same greyscale camera as a detector. The purpose of the system is to obtain complete information about shape, color and reflectance characteristic of mea sured surface, especially for cultural heritage objects - in order to create high quality 3D documentation. In the second part of the paper the 3D printing technology will be tested on real measured cultural heritage objects. Tests allow to assess measurement and color accuracy of reproduction by selected 3D printing technology and shed some light on how current 3D printing technology can be applied into cultural heritage.

Francisco Gleidson da Costa Gastão, Luís Parente Maia

Os dados disponibilizados pela missão SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) são usados para gerar os Modelos Digitais de Elevação (MDEs). Estes juntamente com outras informações, tais como levantamentos sedimentológicos e estruturais, podem ser úteis nos estudos da geomorfologia e da rede de drenagem de uma região. A área estudada, onde estão inclusos os Lençóis Maranhenses, apresenta pelo menos três compartimentos de relevo, cada qual com suas características sedimentológicas distintas; são os corpos dunares (móveis e fixados por vegetação), os tabuleiros pré-litorâneos e os tabuleiros dissecados. Os elementos estruturais, como lineamentos, presentes nestes relevos, condicionam as feições morfológicas que se observam em superfície, além de contribuírem para a estruturação da bacia hidrográfica da região, englobando os padrões de drenagem dos tipos paralelo, retangular, dendrítico e contorcido.

María Cecilia Gallero, Elena M. Krautstofl

El objetivo es exponer los resultados iniciales sobre un estudio que tiene como alcance la elaboración de una cartografía etnográfica de la población de Misiones, Argentina, desde la etapa de Territorio Nacional 1881 hasta el año 1970. A través del "dibujo" de los mapas se describe el trayecto -histórico- de los diferentes tipos de colonización y poblamiento enmarcado en un proceso temporal y espacial de ocupación territorial, que permitirán en otra instancia observar la conformación de la sociedad misiónense caracterizada como plural, diferenciada y fragmentada según políticas socioeconómicas y culturales.<br>The purpose of this work is to present the initial results of a study whose scope is to elaborate an ethnographic cartography of the population of Misiones, Argentina, from the time it was a National Territory 1881 up to 1970. When we described the "drawing" of this process we can see a historic map of different types of colonization and settlement, within a temporal and spatial process of land occupation, which will allow in another instance to observe the shape of the misiónese's society, characterized as plural, differentiated and fragmented according to socioeconomic and cultural politics.

Vesna Poslončec-Petrić