Hasil untuk "Botany"

William G. Hopkins

J. Simonsen

P. Raven, R. Evert, S. E. Eichhorn

J. Clark, C. Fastie, G. Hurtt et al.

D. Gutas

E. Heuvelink, R. Okello, M. Peet et al.

Abstract This chapter focuses on the history and botany, global industry, model plant species, genetics, plant breeding, biotechonology, plant development, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, fruit growth, fruit quality components, and environmental and cultural factors affecting growth and productivity of tomato.

M. Cheek, E. N. Lughadha, P. Kirk et al.

1Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK 2Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK 3Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK 4Vilgalys Mycology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 5Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA 6Herbario UCH, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, David, Panama 7Department of Biology, Research Group Mycology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium 8Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK 9Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK 10Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 11Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand 12Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands 13Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 14Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 15Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore, Singapore

Kathryn M. Parsley

For over a hundred years, botanists and educators alike have lamented the disparities in attention toward plants and animals. Different terms have been given to this phenomenon over the years, but reports of the issue have occurred since 1919 when general biology courses were first being developed (Nichols, 1919). Throughout the development of these courses, professors noticed that the words “biology” and “zoology” seemed to be synonymous, giving disciplines such as botany a more minor role in these curricula (Nichols, 1919). The term “plant blindness” was introduced in 1999 and is defined as “the inability to see or notice the plants in one's own environment—leading to: (a) the inability to recognize the importance of plants in the biosphere, and in human affairs; (b) the inability to appreciate the aesthetic and unique biological features of the life forms belonging to the Plant Kingdom; and (c) the misguided, anthropocentric ranking of plants as inferior to animals, leading to the erroneous conclusion that they are unworthy of human consideration” (Wandersee & Schussler, 1999, 2001). The term was rooted in both botany education research and literature on visual attention (e.g., Norretranders, 1998) and originally took the place of another term called zoochauvinism (Bozniak, 1994; Hershey, 1993). Zoochauvinism (also referred to as zoocentrism) is now mostly recognized as a distinct consequence or extension of “plant blindness” (Pany et al., 2019). Some examples of it include prejudice against plants and teaching botany among biology teachers (Hershey, 1993), lack of representation of plants in the media, and even neglecting plant content in biology textbooks (Hershey, 2002). For example, teachers and textbooks often use animal examples of universal biological concepts such as evolution, as many instructors prefer to use more familiar animal-based examples (Schussler, LinkPérez, Weber, & Dollo, 2010). It is worth noting, however, that “plant blindness” as a phenomenon differs across cultures. Most of the research cited here has been done in Euro-centric cultures (such as in Received: 14 July 2020 | Revised: 21 August 2020 | Accepted: 24 August 2020 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10153

D. Roubik, J. E. Patiño

L. Chua

G. Ward, J. Faisan, E. J. Cottier-Cook et al.

Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Iloilo, Philippines Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, UK University of the Philippines Visayas, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences Institute of Aquaculture, Iloilo, Philippines Marine Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Botany Department, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Cefas, Dorset, UK

Bin Wang, Hua Yang, Shujuan Zhang et al.

In this study, our aim is to find an effective method to solve the problem of disease similarity caused by multiple diseases occurring on the same leaf. This study proposes the use of an optimized RegNet model to identify seven common apple leaf diseases. We conducted comparisons and analyses on the impact of various factors, such as training methods, data expansion methods, optimizer selection, image background, and other factors, on model performance. The findings suggest that utilizing offline expansion and transfer learning to fine-tune all layer parameters can enhance the model’s classification performance, while complex image backgrounds significantly influence model performance. Additionally, the optimized RegNet network model demonstrates good generalization ability for both datasets, achieving testing accuracies of 93.85% and 99.23%, respectively. These results highlight the potential of the optimized RegNet network model to achieve high-precision identification of different diseases on the same apple leaf under complex field backgrounds. This will be of great significance for intelligent disease identification in apple orchards in the future.

Radim J. Vašut, Markéta Pospíšková, Jan Lukavský et al.

The genus <i>Salix</i>, comprising some 400–500 species, is important in various alluvial or wet habitats of the northern hemisphere. It is a promising crop for applications such as biomass production, biofuels, or environmental projects. Clear species delimitation is crucial in ecology, biotechnology, and horticulture. DArTseq markers, a genome-wide technique, were tested for species and hybrid identification. A total of 179 willow samples were analysed, including six species of <i>Salix</i> subgen. <i>Salix</i> and four species of <i>Salix</i> subgen. <i>Vetrix</i>, including those used in biomass crop production, representing important European taxa. Identification of species-specific markers, clustering analyses (principal coordinate analysis, neighbor-joining) and Bayesian methods (Structure) unambiguously identified putative hybrids. In addition to demonstrating the high efficiency of DArT-seq markers in identifying willow hybrids, we also opened-up new questions about hybridisation processes and systematics. We detected unidirectional hybridisation between <i>S. alba</i> and <i>S. fragilis</i>, forming backcross hybrids, and we rejected the hypothesis that <i>S. fragilis</i> does not occur naturally in Europe. Further, the isolated position of <i>Salix triandra</i> within the genus was confirmed.

Yichang Zhang, Shuang Yu, Pengfei Niu et al.

Abstract Plant Myeloblastosis (MYB) proteins function crucially roles upon variegated abiotic stresses. Nonetheless, their effects and mechanisms in rose (Rosa chinensis) are not fully clarified. In this study, we characterized the effects of rose RcMYB8 under salt and drought tolerances. For induction of the RcMYB8 expression, NaCl and drought stress treatment were adopted. Rose plants overexpressing RcMYB8 displayed enhanced tolerance to salinity and drought stress, while silencing RcMYB8 resulted in decreased tolerance, as evidenced by lowered intra-leaf electrolyte leakage and callose deposition, as well as photosynthetic sustainment under stressed conditions. Here, we further show that RcMYB8 binds similarly to the promoters of RcPR5/1 and RcP5C51 in vivo and in vitro. Inhibiting RcP5CS1 by virus-induced gene silencing led to decreased drought tolerance through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostatic regulation. RcP5CS1-silenced plants showed an increase in ion leakage and reduce of proline content, together with the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, lowered activities of Catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Our study highlights the transcriptional modulator role of RcMYB8 in drought and salinity tolerances, which bridges RcPR5/1 and RcP5CS1 by promoting ROS scavenging. Besides, it is probably applicable to the rose plant engineering for enhancing their abiotic stress tolerances. Graphical Abstract

B. Christie

This two-volume set is an exhaustive compilation of the most recent data on economically important crops. Volume I presents information on genetics, botany and growth of crop plants, while Volume II covers the production of Crops and their utilization.

D. Silveira, F. Boylan

Prance once defined Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary Science combining Anthropology and Botany [...].

N. Zabaiou, Allan Fouache, A. Trousson et al.

Pan Zeng, Xianhong Ge, Zaiyun Li

Serial monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) provide an ideal system to elucidate the transcriptomic interactions between the alien chromosomes and recipient genome under aneuploidy. Herein, five available <i>Brassica oleracea-nigra</i> MAALs (CCB1, CCB4, CCB5, CCB6, CCB8), their derived <i>B. oleracea</i> plants (non-MAALs), and two parents were analyzed for their gene expressions by using high-throughput technology. Compared to parental <i>B. oleracea</i>, all MAALs showed various numbers of DEGs, but CCB8 gave much higher DEGs; the number of downregulated DEGs was slightly higher than the number of upregulated ones, except for in relation to CCB8. All derived <i>B. oleracea</i> plants also gave certain numbers of DEGs, despite these being much lower than in the respective MAALs. Compared to <i>B. nigra</i>, in all five MAALs more DEGs were downregulated than upregulated. <i>Trans</i>-effects were likely more prevailing than <i>cis</i>-effects, and these DEGs were predominantly associated with material transport by dysregulating the cellular component. Meanwhile, the orthologous genes on alien chromosomes could only play a feeble compensatory role for those gene pairs in C-subgenome, and different levels of the expressed genes had a greater tendency towards downregulation. These results revealed transcriptional aneuploidy response patterns between two genomes and suggested that <i>cis</i>- and <i>trans</i>-mechanisms synergistically regulated alien gene transcriptions after distant hybridization.

Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Muhammad Adnan Bukhari, Muhammad Shahid Irfan et al.

Abiotic stresses, such as high temperature and drought conditions, greatly influence the development of plants and the quality and quantity of products. Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) crop production is largely impacted by drought, affecting growth, yield, and ultimately the productivity of the crop in hot arid/semi-arid conditions. The current pot experiment was directed to observe the outcome of nicotinic acid (NA) treatments on barley’s physiological, biochemical, and production attributes at two capacity levels, i.e., 100% normal range and withholding water stress. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used during the experimentation with the two-factor factorial arrangement. NA was applied exogenously by two different methods, i.e., foliar and soil application (fertigation). NA solution contained various application levels, such as T1 = control, foliar applications (T2 = 0.7368 gL⁻¹, T3 = 1.477 gL⁻¹, T4 = 2.2159 gL⁻¹), and soil applications (T5 = 0.4924 gL⁻¹, T6 = 0.9848 gL⁻¹, and T7 = 1.4773 gL⁻¹). Results depicted that, overall, foliar treatments showed better effects than control and soil treatments. Plant growth was preeminent under T4 treatment, such as plant height (71.07 cm), relative water content (84.0%), leaf water potential (39.73-MPa), leaf area index (36.53 cm²), biological yield (15.10 kgha⁻¹), grain yield (14.40 kgha⁻¹), harvest index (57.70%), catalase (1.54 mmolg⁻¹FW⁻¹), peroxidase (1.90 g⁻¹FWmin⁻¹), and superoxide dismutase (52.60 µgFW⁻¹) were superior under T4 treatment. Soil plant analysis development (54.13 µgcm⁻²) value was also higher under T4 treatment and lowest under T7 treatment. In conclusion, NA-treated plants were more successful in maintaining growth attributes than non-treated plants; therefore, the NA foliar treatment at the rate of 2.2159 gL⁻¹ is suggested to find economical crop yield under drought conditions. The present study would contribute significantly to improving the drought tolerance potential of barley through exogenous NA supply in water deficit areas.

Finn Petersen, Johannes Demann, Dina Restemeyer et al.

Duckweeds can be potentially used in human and animal nutrition, biotechnology or wastewater treatment. To cultivate large quantities of a defined product quality, a standardized production process is needed. A small-scale, re-circulating indoor vertical farm (IVF) with artificial lighting and a nutrient control and dosing system was used for this purpose. The influence of different light intensities (50, 100 and 150 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and spectral distributions (red/blue ratios: 70/30, 50/50 and 30/70%) on relative growth rate (RGR), crude protein content (CPC), relative protein yield (RPY) and chlorophyll a of the duckweed species <i>Lemna minor</i> and <i>Wolffiella hyalina</i> were investigated. Increasing light intensity increased RGR (by 67% and 76%) and RPY (by 50% and 89%) and decreased chlorophyll a (by 27% and 32%) for <i>L. minor</i> and <i>W. hyalina</i>, respectively. The spectral distributions had no significant impact on any investigated parameter. <i>Wolffiella hyalina</i> achieved higher values in all investigated parameters compared to <i>L. minor</i>. This investigation proved the successful cultivation of duckweed in a small-scale, re-circulating IVF with artificial lighting.