Hasil untuk "Ural-Altaic languages"

Tuomas Huumo

Adpositions localize an entity (Figure) with respect to another entity (Ground), designated by the complement of the adposition. Most Finnic adpositions are postpositions with a genitive Ground, while prepositions typically have a partitive Ground. This work is a cognitive-linguistic study of the synchronic and diachronic semantics of partitive-Ground adpositions. It is argued that adpositions with a partitive Ground select a proximal perspective to the locational relationship, while those with a genitive Ground select a distal perspective. Three alternative hypotheses are introduced and compared concerning the origin of two Finnish partitive-Ground adpositions, kohti ‘towards’ and päin ‘towards’: 1) These adpositions originated as instructive-case bodypart expressions of position (cf. selin ‘with one’s back at’), and their partitive Ground indicated a viewpoint person; 2) They were instructive forms with a meronymic-locative meaning, expressing a more precise target area within the Ground, together with a directionality toward that area; 3) The Ground of kohti and päin was originally a partitive object of ‘aiming’ or ‘shooting’ verbs, and the soon-to-be adpositions themselves were lexicalized adverbs of direction. Kokkuvõte. Tuomas Huumo: Milleks partitiiv? Kaassõnade laiendit markeeriva partitiivkäände motiividest läänemeresoome keeltes. Kaassõnad suhestavad trajektori orientiiriga, mida väljendab kaassõna laiend. Enamik läänemeresoome keelte kaassõnadest on tagasõnad, mille laiend on genitiivis, eessõnade laiend aga on tavaliselt partitiivis. Käesoleva töö eesmärgiks on selgitada partitiivis laiendiga kaassõnade sünkroonilist ja diakroonilist semantikat kognitiivse lingvistika vaatenurgast. Autor väidab, et partitiivlaiendiga kaassõnad valivad asukohasuhtele proksimaalse perspektiivi, erinevalt genitiivlaiendiga kaassõnadest, mis valivad distaalse ja holistilise perspektiivi. Autor pakub välja kolm alternatiivset hüpoteesi, mis puudutavad kahe soome keele partitiivlaiendiga kaassõna, kohti ja päin (mõlemad tähendusega ’suunas, poole’), päritolu: 1) kaassõnad grammatiseerusid instruktiivis kehaosaväljenditest (vrd. selin ’seljaga millegi poole’) ja nende partitiivlaiend väljendas esialgselt vaatleja asukohta; 2) vormid olid lokatiivsed instruktiivid, mis väljendasid meronüümiliselt täpsemat sihtala orientiiri sees; 3) partitiivlaiend oli esialgselt objekt ning väljendas suunatud tegevuse (nt. ’sihtima’, ’laskma’) sihtkohta, tulevased kaassõnad aga olid suunda täpsustavad adverbid.

MAİHEFUBAİ AİZİZİ , Feryal KORKMAZ

Examining the words seen in various historical periods of the Turkic language and in contemporary Turkic languages in terms of phonetics, morphology and semantics has great importance in revealing and preserving the integrity of Turkic, which has reached the present day despite historical or geographical changes. Words that appear in different old Uyghur texts can be seen in the Turkic languages. The words that appear in these old Uyghur texts are now widely used in modern Turkic languages; while some of them have changed their sounds and meanings, the others remain unchanged. That reveal the continuity of Turkic. The vocabulary of today's Turkic languages and the words in various historical periods of Turkic have been evaluated by various researchers and have been the subject of their comparative studies. In this study, the origin of the words in contemporary Turkic languages was tried to be determined, and it was aimed to have an idea about how much words which are in the modern Turkic Languages originate from the old Uyghur. Comparing the sources of Old Uyghur and modern Uyghur Turkic makes obligation of diachronic and simultaneous studies, first of all. In this case, the main purpose of our study is to determine the sound commonality and differences of the words in the old Uyghur Turkic and the Kumul dialect of modern Uyghur Turkic.

Maarit Mutta, Päivi Laine

Artikkeli käsittelee monikielisten kirjoittajien kirjoittamisprosessien sujuvuutta. Oppijakorpuksen keräämiseen ja analysointiin käytimme graafiteoriaan perustuvaa näppäilyntallennusohjelmaa GenoGraphiX-Log (GGXLog), jonka visualisointityökalut tarjoavat uuden lähestymistavan kirjoitusprosessin sujuvuuden analysointiin. Koko aineisto koostuu 21 yliopistoopiskelijan kirjoittamasta suomenkielisestä (L1) ja ranskankielisestä (L2) mielipidekirjoituksesta. Tässä tapaustutkimuksessa keskitymme kuitenkin vain kolmen opiskelijan kirjoitusprosesseihin ja kirjoittajaprofiileihin. Tulokset osoittavat, että kirjoitusprosessien visualisoinnin avulla pystymme tunnistamaan ja havainnollistamaan sujuvaa kirjoittamista edustavia purskeita yksityiskohtaisemmin. Lisäksi kirjoittajan tuottamat purskeet ja sanastokeskittymät voivat paljastaa kirjoittajien yksilöllisiä kirjoittajaprofiileja niin L1- kuin L2-kirjoituksessa. Tulokset auttavat parantamaan pedagogisia käytäntöjä eri koulutusympäristöissä. Lisäksi kirjoitus prosessien analyysi antaa oppijoille mahdollisuuden tunnistaa oman kirjoittajaprofiilinsa. *** A case study of multilingual writers’ writing processes: Using keystroke logging to identify formulaic sequences *** This article deals with the fluency of multilingual writers’ writing processes. To collect and analyze the learner-corpus of our case study, we used the graph theory-based keystroke logging software GGXLog, whose visualization functions provide a new approach to the analysis of writing process fluency. The material consists of three writings in Finnish (L1) and French (L2) written by university students. In this article, we focus on the writing processes and profiles of these three students, especially regarding their bursts and formulaic sequences during the writing process. The results show that the statistics and visualization allow us to identify and illustrate bursts of fluent writing in a more detailed way. Furthermore, sequences of fluent writing can reveal the patterns of individual writer profiles, which increases the knowledge of L1 and L2 writing processes. The results in L2 writing are closely related to students’ proficiency level. These results can contribute to enhancing pedagogical practices in different educational settings.

Boskha Borlykova

The article discusses the systematic nature of the folklore lexicon of Sart-Kalmyk songs recorded by K. E. Erendzhenov (1935), A. Sh. Kichikov (1964), U.-J. Sh. Dondukov (1975), E. R. Tenishev (1976), D. A. Pavlov (1982) and B. V. Menyaev (2009). The corpus of Sart-Kalmyk song texts has been posted by the authors of this article on the website http://kalmyki.narod.ru. The texts of the Olot songs of the Ili-Kazakh Autonomous Region of Xinjiang previously recorded by the authors of the article during the expeditions of 2012 and 2020 have been taken into consideration as well. All the nouns under analysis have been divided into the following lexico-semantic groups: “ethnonyms” (lexical units denoting people according to their nationality), “kinship terms” (lexical units denoting people according to their relationships), “lexical units denoting people according to their gender and age”, “titles” (lexical units denoting titles), “anthroponyms” (proper names); “lexical units denoting domestic animals” etc. Some lexical units are provided with comments from archival, expedition, and published materials. The analysis of the vocabulary of Sart-Kalmyk songs clearly shows that it is based on common Oirat lexicon which incorporated a number of early borrowings from other languages. Later borrowings from the Kyrgyz language have not been found in the texts of the Sart-Kalmyk songs. Therefore, the songs of the Sart-Kalmyks were created before their move to the valley of the Karakol River and before their conversion to Islam. The results of the research can contribute to further analysis of the lexical structure of Sart-Kalmyk song texts.

Maria Bezenova

The article describes the morphological features of the first printed Gospels in the Udmurt language. These editions are the first longest coherent Udmurt texts, that is, they are one of the first sources for studying the formation of the morphological system of the standard Udmurt language. The paper describes the main grammatical categories of the noun (number, possessiveness, case) and verb (voice, mood, tense), as well as non-finite forms of the verb (infinitive, participle, gerund). The study is based on the corpus of texts that includes translations of the Gospels of Matthew and Mark into the Glazov dialect and the Gospel of Matthew into the Sarapul dialect of the Udmurt language, which were published in 1847. The analysis was carried out by comparing the linguistic data from the sources with the one from the Udmurt literary language and its dialects. Whenever possible, questions of the origin of morphological indicators are touched upon in order to determine the innovative or archaic nature of the features identified in the sources under analysis. The analysis reveals various kinds of characteristics in the texts of the first Udmurt Gospels. At the same time, many features are characteristic of the sources both in the Glazov and Sarapul dialects, which probably indicates the compilers’ desire to make all translations as easily understandable as possible for the speakers of different Udmurt dialects. However, the translations into the Glazov dialect still have some distinctive characteristics, such as the functioning of special possessive forms, the presence of secondary spatial cases, the use of egressive forms in the elative function, which indicate their dialect affiliation.

V. Kel\'makov

The article makes an attempt to trace the written sources and personal records of folklore texts and decipher the expression “I pity my butterfly-soul”, found in a dozen four-line songs, which in very close versions were recorded at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 21st centuries in the area of residence of the Kazan Udmurts (i. e. the modern-day Kukmor and Shoshmin dialectal areas of the Udmurt language). Ethnographers noted two names for ‘soul’ among the Udmurts: lul ‘souls of a living person’ and urt ‘souls of the deceased’ — in most modern dialects and modern printed sources, predominantly only the word lul (< Fug.) has survived to the present time, having a very wide range of meanings, overgrown with many derivatives and acting as part of a large circle of phraseological phrases. The soul urt (< Op.), often left a person’s body during sleep, even during their lifetime, in the form of various living creatures (mice, weasels, flies and most often butterflies), and the act of its returning after its wanderings, perhaps, gave rise to the expression “butterflysouls” (*bubyli-urt), which, due to the gradual withdrawal of the word urt from living speech, was transformed into the construction bubyli-lul using the widespread word lul, meaning ‘soul’ in all cases of its manifestation. The very expression of Bugyli lulme zhal’aśko (in variations) ‘I pity my butterfly-soul’ in the quatrain of the Kazan Udmurts, which, according to my information, was rarely or never performed as a song, presumably arose and remained in popular memory to designate the material hypostasis of the soul, sometimes appearing in this world, and, possibly, as a reminder of the frailty of man's earthly existence.

A. Urmanchieva

The article examines three caritive markers in the Enets language: a verbal one -se (‘not to have something’), an attributive one -seδa/-seδe (‘(a person) not having something’) and an adverbial one -śuδiɁ (‘being without something’). It analyzes their Samoyedic cognates, both quite transparent and less obvious ones. The etymology of the attributive caritive marker is quite transparent even at the synchronic level: the forms of the attributive caritive (-se-δe) are imperfective participles from verbal caritive forms (-se). However, the formation of the imperfective participle in Enets in this case is accompanied by a complicated morphonological phenomenon: the form of the participial morpheme (-δe) with a fricative rather than a stop points to a glide that precedes that participial marker. Based on its Nganasan (adverbial caritive marker -kaj) and Mator (attributive caritive marker -gǝsta/-kǝsta) cognates, a protoform with the glide *j is reconstructed: for the verbal caritive, *-kaj, for the attributive caritive, *-kaj-ntå-jǝ̑. The etymology of the adverbial caritive marker -śuδiɁ is somewhat less obvious. The final -Ɂ is a reflex of the Proto-Northern Samoyedic adverbializer, which is used to form adverbs from adjectives (and causes the change of the quality of the preceding vowel). Accordingly, the adverbial form -śuδiɁ is formed from the hypothetical attributive form **-śuδe, which also resembles a participial form (-śu-δe). The allomorph of the participial marker (-δe) also points to a preceding etymological glide. In Mator, there is another caritive marker -gǝda/-kǝda, which can only go back to *-kaw-ntå(-jǝ̑): the protoform without the glide would have resulted in Mator **-gǝnda/-kǝnda, the protoform with the glide *j results in another Mator caritive marker -gǝsta /-kǝsta, mentioned above. The glide *w can also explain the appearance of the close back rounded vowel in Enets -śuδiɁ.

Maria Bezenova

The article describes the vowel and consonant features of the “Primer book for Votyak children of the Sarapul districtˮ (1913). It is practically impossible to consider the phonetic isoglosses of this written record without taking into account its graphic and spelling system; therefore, the article also pays special attention to the graphics and orthography of the source material. The phonetic features are described by comparing the vowel and consonant system of the primer with the vowel and consonant system of the modern Udmurt literary language, adding, whenever available, correspondences from the dialect dictionary by Y. Wichmann [Wichmann 1987], the materials for which were collected at the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, corresponding modern forms from the audio dictionaries based on 2013 field data are also indicated. Such a comparison makes it possible to try to determine the archaic or innovative nature of each identified feature. The analysis shows that most of the phonetic features of the primer, both innovative and archaic, are characteristic of modern dialects of the Southern dialect zone. It follows that this record was most likely written in one of the dialects located on the border of the Middle and Central-Southern dialects of the Udmurt language, i. e. its present-day counterpart would be the dialect of the northern part of the Malopurginsky district of the Udmurt Republic. However, it turns out to be difficult to locate it more precisely at the moment as, unfortunately, this area is described by dialectologists rather poorly today.

A. Gadzhieva

The article describes vowel and consonant features of “The Tale of Kara-Mergen” (Kazan, 1901) from N. N. Pantusov’s collection which was recorded in Semirechye. The author considers in detail the monument`s writing system and analyzes the phonological and morphological features of the text’s language in comparison with the data of previously studied Cyrillic books in the Kazakh language [Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach 1891; Primer for Kyrgyz people 1892; School of Piety 1892; The Baptism of Russia 1892], which were published within the framework of the Kyrgyz mission at the end of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The analysis showed that the vocalism presented in “Kara-Mergen” does not differ significantly from the vocalism of the compared first Cyrillic books in Kazakh. A review of examples illustrating the tendencies of labial vowel harmony showed that the labialization of narrow vowels of the second, third and fourth syllables is fixed in writing in all cases. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the system of vowel harmony in “Kara-Mergen” differs from the literary Kazakh language and from the first books studied earlier. This confirms the fact that scientists have not previously studied the first books in the Semirechensk dialect. An analysis of the accusative affix, the archaic version of which (-ny) sporadically preserved in “Kara-Mergen” and in Western [Wisdom 1891] and Northern [Primer 1892] dialect books, shows that its change, apparently, was not yet completed at the end of the 19th century.

Maria Klyucheva

This article continues the analysis of the Mari text of the book “The Beginnings of Christian doctrine ...”, published in Kazan in 1841. Previously (see [Klyucheva 2021]), the verb morphology (conjugation) in it was described. This work describes the noun morphology in “The Beginnings…” — the case system of nouns in the singular. In continuation of this work, we plan to consider the categories of number and possession. The case system in “The Beginnings…” includes all the 9 cases of the modern standard Mari (Meadow-Eastern) language and also abessive and ablative. The presence of the causative (case) with the indicator -lanen is questionable: it occurs in “The Beginnings…” in a single example with a pronoun. The analysis of noun morphology in “The Beginnings…” is made in comparison with the standard Mari (Meadow-Eastern) language and Meadow dialects. Its specificity lies primarily at the phonetic level: in the vocalism of unstressed syllables and the stress system. The system of vowels includes labial reduced u and ü. They are expressed in “The Beginnings…” by the letters о, у, ю, and are located on the border between the stem and the case affix (after labial vowels in the stem). In the standard language, only the non-labial reduced vowel ǝ̂ occurs in this position. Such vowel harmony in the language of “The Beginnings…” corresponds to the western subdialects of the Meadow dialect, especially the Volga subdialect. As regards the stress system, in “The Beginnings…” in the comitative, dative, ablative, partly in the lativе the stress is kept on the same syllable as in the nominative, while in the literary norm and in modern Meadow dialects all these case suffixes are under stress (only in the dative is the stress fluctuation allowed). This indicates changes in the system of stresses in the Meadow dialect since the creation of the monument. The article also shows examples of non-standard use of case forms (mainly inessive, accusative and genitive). They may reflect some poorly studied functions of cases in Meadow dialects. The results of the study of the case correlate with the previously obtained conclusions about the Volga dialect as the dialectal basis of this written monument. It reflects not only the modern, but also the historical features of this dialect.

S. Cao, Jiaxin Shi, Zijun Yao et al.

Rızacan ASLIHAK

-Ak has been a widely used suffix in Turkish since the past. This suffix was in the form of ġaḳ / -gek in the Old Turkic, then changed to the form of -ak/-ek as a result of the falling of /ġ/ and /g/ sounds, in Western Turkic. -Ak suffix can attach to the verbal root and verbal stems, derives place names in different meanings such as pointing of a place, the meaning of location, the meaning of the place where the work is done. Besides the place names; this suffix can be used for deriving names in different meanings such as equipment names, names of many terms, adjectives in various meanings, concrete and abstract names. In addition to the later derived words such as uçak, örek, ölçek, çıkak; it is also seen in the words such as bıçġaḳ “bıçak”, orġaḳ “orak”, yumġaḳ “yumak” which have been used since the Old Turkic and its usage area is quite wide. Because of the root centered approaches to the elements that make up the meaning of the word, the meaning that the suffix adds to the word has not been adequately studied. Turkish grammar is mostly focused on sentence view and structure. For this reason, it causes a superficial consideration of the meanings that -Ak suffix adds to the root or stem of the verb. However, it is not mentioned that this suffix adds different meanings to the word. From this point of view; this study examines the -Ak suffix which is located as the suffix that derives the noun from the verb. The data used in the study based on the nouns included by the Turkish dictionary of Tdk. It is aimed to reveal the meaning relations between the functions of –Ak suffix and the semantic expressions of it that added to the word.

Sabira Ståhlberg, Dorijan Hajdu

To discover the essential differences in cultural and linguistic patterns of a certain society, we need to look no further than to the most common relations of all – those between family members. When studying, working and living in, or for instance marrying into another culture, we must not only learn, but also acquire and utilise a whole new set of relationships and terms in order to be able to function and communicate. Without this knowledge we will quickly encounter a multitude of social difficulties in the other environment. On a deeper level, if we follow the assumption that a language is the mirror of its culture, and that language also influences culture, the linguistic terms designating family relations present a number of interesting phenomena, such as: which relations occupy the centre of importance in the society; the concept and understanding of a core family; which family relations are considered “worth” having a term for, and thus meaningful to keep up; the relations after a crisis, for instance a divorce; and several more, including the transfer of family relations to friendship and business contacts. This qualitative pilot study discusses some important aspects of family relations from the perspectives of Swedish-language (Sweden and Swedish-speakers in Finland) family terminology, in comparison with Serbian and Bulgarian. The study also includes a Serbian-language survey about kinship terms, and it raises questions about further research into cultural and social patterns and connotations reflected in kinship terminology. Social and cultural differences specifically between the Serbian and Swedish spheres are highlighted; the Bulgarian and Swedish-speaking terminologies in Finland are used here mainly as references and for comparative purposes. The study combines different scientific fields in mapping out some aspects of cognitive, social and cultural patterns. It emphasises the importance and necessity of multilingual and multicultural learning instead of foreign language and culture learning, and shows some of the pitfalls and possibilities students of languages and cultures encounter when learning new kinship concepts and terms.

N. Kirillova

As a world civilisational phenomenon occurring at the turn of the 20 th –21 st centuries, globalism has affected not only politics and economics, but also culture. Moreover, due to the expanding system of media communications and increasing mobility of images and symbols of the information age, which has profoundly affected methods of thinking and system of science and education, the globalisation of the world socio-cultural space can be seen as reflecting many aspects of the current “spirit of the time”. For this reason, various discussions currently taking place in the humanities are related to the nature and consequences of cultural globalisation including the sphere of language technologies, which influences the dialogue of cultures in the globalised world. On 24 th –25 th April 2020, the online International Conference “Dialogue of Cultures in the Age of Globalization and Digitalization” took place. The Conference was organised by the Chair of Cultural Studies and Socio-Cultural Activity of the Ural Federal University along with the Ural Branch of the Scientific-Educational Society of Cultural Studies of Russia. Papers in the current issue of Changing Societies & Personalities are devoted to the main theme of the conference, including the language of culture. It was Martin Heidegger who put forward the idea that language is the “house of being” of humanity (Heidegger, 1927/1993, p. 220). In this regard, the methods of language formation, its evolution, main trends and development are the subject of research interest, which also includes the language of media culture as an information-age phenomenon that affects the process of globalisation. An important factor of contemporary media culture is how representations of reality in the context of globalisation and digitalisation increasingly affect public consciousness and the process of socialisation on individual level. Whether for realising one’s creative abilities or learning the “other”, contemporary communication technologies (digital cinema, television and photo, multimedia systems, computer-related art, social networks and mobile communications)

Shujun Wang, Jie Jiao, Yuhan Li et al.

R. Elsakova, N. Kuzmina, D. Kochkina

This paper considers the problem of smart technology integration into the system of bachelors’ language training at higher school environment. The use of smart technology in education helps to enrich traditional teaching methods and bring positive learning outcome. However, the application of smart technologies is connected with challenges both educators and students can face. The aim of the article is to consider and assess the use of smart technologies implemented into a foreign language teaching process. For that purpose, we applied such methods as a needs analysis (among lecturers of English from South Ural State University), a questionnaire and an interview (among three groups of students from similar bachelor’s program). The findings show that the majority of those surveyed do understand the importance of smart technology for professional education, but they are not familiar with the types of smart technologies and how to use them. Based on the results of this analysis, the authors applied smart technologies in the process of English teaching, such as different language learning platforms (Ed-modo, TEDed), social networks (VKontakte, Facebook), and a new online language development course, “English for General Purposes” which was implemented through the Moodle (the university corporate learning management system). The analyzed results and the drawn conclusions indicate that the integration of smart technologies allows to boost foreign language skills and encourage motivation.

Ксения Николаевна Волченкова, Энтони Филип Брайан

For a content teacher who is a non-native English speaker, the transition from giving instruction in one’s own native language to teaching in English is potentially challenging. This paper examines the impact of English-Medium Instruction (EMI) on the professional identity of academic staff based on the research conducted at South Ural State University. Authors analyze the Russian context of EMI introduction into tertiary education, define the concepts: “identity”, “professional identity”, “teacher identity” and adapt the identity components (professional, personal, institutional) offered by Kling Soren to SUSU faculty. Teacher cognitions of their own authority, expertise and identity are captured using qualitative methods including observation and interview. By following a cohort of teachers through the initial stage of EMI training and examining their self-perceptions before training, the study examines the initial state of this identity and the impact of the EMI training on it. The results show that though the SUSU faculty perceive the process of EMI introduction at SUSU as inevitable one, they realize the opportunities and the needs for professional development, both in the field EMI strategies and English language proficiency with professional expertise being threatened. Results of this research can be used as for development of language policy of higher education institution in the field of foreign-language education, and for development of programs of professional development in the field of EMI.

S. Karkina, Nelya Nurgayanova, M. Kaur

Purpose: The Tatars-Mishars are an ethnographic group of the middle Volga and Ural Tatars. Their speech is based on a special dialect and belongs to the Western group of the Tatar language. The Tatars-Mishars were settled on the Right Bank of the Volga in Mordovia, Chuvashia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, as well as in the Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan, Samara, Saratov, and Ulyanovsk regions. The Mishar sub-ethnic group is divided into three ethnographic components – Sergach, Temnik, and lambir, each of which has its own linguistic and ethnocultural features. The object of our attention is the traditional musical and poetic creativity of the Tatar-Mishars of the Ulyanovsk region, which is a unique layer, characterized by the preservation and to date the existence of original folklore genres. Methodology: In the article the analysis of the materials obtained by the authors during expeditions in the Ulyanovsk region, where the ignorance relating to the khvalynskoe, Karsunsky and melekessky language groups. As a result of research various and interesting, to some extent, the original material was recorded. When collecting information, the instruction on collecting musical folklore was used for detailed certification of the recorded sample, which allowed to identify the distribution area, local features, the picture of the modern functioning of the works of traditional musical and poetic creativity. Results: In general, the study showed that the traditional musical culture of the Tatar-Mishars of the Ulyanovsk region, is a distinctive layer, characterized by a variety of genres and styles. This lyrical lingering and short tunes, takmaks and lyric-epic genres baits, munajat. Application: Therefore, the study and preservation for future generations of musical and poetic folklore of the Tatar-Mishars, which has inexhaustible wealth, will allow feeling the original and universal foundations of spirituality of the Tatar people and its culture.

Zilola XUDAYBERGENOVA

In the Uzbek and Turkish languages, moods of the verb is one of the main categories. The purpose of the article is a comparative study of the mood of verbs - verb forms, which is expressing the modal attitude of the speakers of these languages to objective reality. After all, this issue was not the subject of a separate study. The verb moods in the compared languages have common and similar grammatical affixes, however, there are also verb moods that do not exist in a comparable second language. There are different approaches to the classification and study of verb moods in Uzbek and Turkish linguistics. At the same time, various scientific sources describe various classifications of moods of verbs in Turkish linguistics and Uzbek linguistics. The article analyzes the differences and similarities between the moods of verbs and their interpretations in Uzbek and Turkish linguistics. The article notes that in Uzbek and Turkish linguistics, the indicative mood contradicts other moods of verbs. As a result, it is recognized that in the languages being compared there is no single approach to the relationship between the category of tenses and the mood of verbs, their classification and types, they even express completely different opinions about the same form of the verb. As a result of the analysis of examples, it is proposed to use the degrees of objectivity and subjectivity as criteria for differentiating the moods of verbs and tenses.

F. Petit, Francesca Minnai, J. Chiaroni et al.

Red cell polymorphisms can provide evidence of human migration and adaptation patterns. In Eurasia, the distribution of Diego blood group system polymorphisms remains unaddressed. To shed light on the dispersal of the Dia antigen, we performed analyses of correlations between the frequencies of DI*01 allele, C2-M217 and C2-M401 Y-chromosome haplotypes ascribed as being of Mongolian-origin and language affiliations, in 75 Eurasian populations including DI*01 frequency data from the HGDP-CEPH panel. We revealed that DI*01 reaches its highest frequency in Mongolia, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan, expanding southward and westward across Asia with Altaic-speaking nomadic carriers of C2-M217, and even more precisely C2-M401, from their homeland presumably in Mongolia, between the third century BCE and the thirteenth century CE. The present study has highlighted the gene-culture co-migration with the demographic movements that occurred during the past two millennia in Central and East Asia. Additionally, this work contributes to a better understanding of the distribution of immunogenic erythrocyte polymorphisms with a view to improve transfusion safety.