Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Rūta Šlapkauskaitė

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Iakov V. Slepkov

The article is devoted to the history of the creation of the first Pushkin-related article by Anna Akhmatova, published in the journal Zvezda in 1933. The article examines the reasons that prompted Akhmatova to professionally study the problems of Pushkin’s work, including, among others, her forced poetic silence. The stages of Akhmatova’s study of Pushkin’s “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel” are described in detail, and it is also mentioned who helped her in writing the study: namely, Grigory Georgievsky and Sergey Bondi advised Akhmatova on Pushkin’s manuscripts stored in Moscow, Mikhail Nikitin helped to get acquainted with the Pushkin’s protein manuscript in Leningrad, Nikolay Khardzhiev helped her to master the scientific style of writing, and Dmitry Yakubovich and Tatyana Tsyavlovskaya got her involved in the projects of the Pushkin Committee of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. The article also considers the issue of Akhmatova’s familiarization with the Pushkin’s original manuscripts. For the first time, we present Sergey Bondi’s letters to Akhmatova for 1931–1932, preserved in her personal archive at the Manuscripts department of National Library of Russia, in which he talks about Pushkin’s manuscripts and outlines the history of filling Pushkin’s notebook No. 2374. The appendix contains the Protocol of the session of the Pushkin Committee dated February 15, 1933, when Akhmatova first spoke to academic scientists, presenting them the results of her research.

S. N.  Podlesnykh

This article examines the establishment and functioning of the Justices of the Peace in the Russian Empire, initiated by Catherine II in 1775 and fully abolished in 1866. Utilizing a structural analysis method, the study investigates the judicial processes within these courts from 1775 to 1866. A formal-logical approach is employed to analyze the existing legislation of the Russian Empire concerning the jurisdiction of the Justices of the Peace. The research draws on administrative documents from the State Archive of Voronezh Oblast and legislative acts from the late 18th to mid-19th centuries. The novelty of this study lies in its perspective of viewing the Justices of the Peace as an alternative to formal judicial proceedings, which were primarily based on inquisitorial principles as an ideal type of legal process, alongside theories of formal evidence, where judicial decisions were made without regard for the internal convictions of the judge. The author concludes that the judicial process of the Justices of the Peace was primarily aimed at protecting private interests, with the nature of this alternative to formal proceedings varying depending on whether the case was criminal or civil.

Елена Владимировна Степаненко

11 марта 2023 г. исполнилось бы 90 лет со дня рождения Рины Павловны Усиковой, доктора филологических наук, профессора Московского государственного университета имени М. В. Ломоносова, выдающегося отечественного ученого-слависта, балканиста, педагога, переводчика, крупнейшего в мире специалиста в области македонского языка. Текст поступил в редакцию 14.02.2024. Цитирование Степаненко Е. В. К 90-летию со дня рождения Р. П. Усиковой (1933‒2018) // Славянский альманах. 2024. No 1‒2. С. 521‒526. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2024.1-2.31

Reet Bender

ABSTRACT Half-German poetry (halbdeutsche Dichtung) was a unique manifestation in Baltic German literature and the Baltic German language. This type of humorous poetry in the Baltic provinces was created by Baltic German authors, who were fluent in proper German and found entertainment in ridiculing the grammatically incorrect use of German language of so-called Half-Germans (Estonians and Latvians who wanted to claim German identity). The most long-living and viable character of Half-German poetry has been Schanno von Dinakant, a fictional Half-German hero, who appeared in several works before World War I. Later, Schanno crystallized as a poet-philosopher in the role of a folkloric alter ego of Baltic Germans with his identity during and after World War II, revealing a humorous-melancholic farewell to the declining Baltic German community, which had lost their natural habitat in the Baltic States.

Лариса Михайловна Аржакова

В статье представлена эволюция изучения истории ленинградского Института славяноведения АН СССР (1931–1934). Начало этому процессу было положено в 1979 г. исследованием К. И. Логачева, рассмотревшим деятельность ленинградского Инслава в контексте первого этапа становления и развития советского славяноведения (1917–1934). Последовавшие затем архивные разыскания М. А.Робинсона, Е. П. Аксеновой и др. позволили значительно расширить проблемное поле исследований, в ходе которых были выявлены и проанализированы структура, персональный состав Института, основные принципы и результаты его научной и научно-педагогической работы, причины его ликвидации. Подчеркивая очевидные успехи, достигнутые в деле изучения истории ленинградского периода Института славяноведения, следует отметить, что более пристального внимания ожидает исследование академического славяноведения ХХ в. как единого целого. Это: ленинградский Инслав, сектор славяноведения в ЛОИИ АН СССР (1938), сектор славяноведения в Институте истории АН СССР (1939), Институт славяноведения АН СССР (1947), включая ленинградскую группу Инслава (1950), особенно учитывая, что во главе ленинградских академических структур стоял один и тот же человек, академик Н. С. Державин. Статья поступила в редакцию 07.03.2023. Цитирование Аржакова Л. М. Ленинградский Институт славяноведения Академии наук (к вопросу об истории изучения) // Славянский альманах. 2023. No 1–2. С. 369–388. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2023.1-2.4.02

Vaiva Vasiliauskaitė

The paper discusses the landscapes of Apollo, Hermes, Pan, and Demeter in the Homeric hymns, analysing how particular landscape representations articulate the gods’ functions and identities, their relationship to humanity and the structure of the Olympic cosmos. It is argued that an in-depth examination of the representation of landscape in Ancient literature reveals patterns of representation that contribute to a deeper understanding of the religious worldview of the ancient Greeks.

Alla Sheshken

In the history of Yugoslavia, the period of 1948–1953 is called “the times of Information Bureau”, when all the relations between USSR and Yugoslavia were severed, including cultural ones. In the second half of the 1950s they began to recover. The most important part of this process was the translation of Serbian literature into Russian language. The main works of Serbian classic and modern literature were published (P. Negosh, R. Domanovich, B. Nushich, B. Chopich, D. Chosich). Special attention was given to the works of Ivo Andrich. The translators, authors of prefaces, comments and notes were mainly professional slavic scholars from Moscow State University and University of Saint Petersburg. The poets M. Zenkevich and I. Golenischev-Kutuzov had significant impact on the development of poetry translation from Serbian into Russian.

V. Efimova

The article is devoted to the study of the lexical inventory of the Old Church Slavonic language. The author proceeds from the idea of the lexical fund of the language as consisting not only of words but also phrases. The lexical inventory of the Old Church Slavonic language was created by the elite circle of literati in the process of translation (mainly from Byzantine Greek). Although the Old Church Slavonic language was based on the folk Slavic speech of the time, most of the Old Church Slavonic compounds and multi-word names were created by Slavic bookmen themselves. Many of these names appeared in the Old Church Slavonic lexicon due to the need to nominate concepts related to Christianity and “medieval encyclopedism”. The basis for the formation of these new names was the morphemic and phraseological calquing of Greek counterparts, which interacted with the mechanisms of nomination in the Slavic folk speech. The article demonstrates that the Old Church Slavonic nominations with multi-word names and compounds reveal “spheres of intersection”. As the author believes, these “spheres of intersection” were caused by the main and most difficult task that Slavic bookmen solved in translating both Greek compounds (or derivatives from compounds) and Greek multi-word names – the transfer of semantics of significant roots. Even within the epoch of the existence of the Old Church Slavonic language proper (i. e. 9th–11th centuries), there are variants of the translation of the same Greek compounds by both Old Church Slavonic multi-word names and Old Church Slavonic compounds. The occasionalisms that arose in the process of word-creation of bookmen in the form of compounds and multi-word names could subsequently be fixed in the usus of the language, but they could also remain hapax both within a certain text and within the entire corpus of Old Church Slavonic texts, which is not completely closed and has been studied extremely insufficiently.

A. Plotnikova

The paper analyzes archaic and borrowed elements of the tradition among the Serbs in the south of the region of Negotin, where they live in the neighboring villages with Vlach ones. Over the past two centuries, contacts between the Serbs and Vlachs (Romanians by origin) have been so intensive that this has affected even the most conservative part of ritual and magical practice: the funeral and memorial rites. Among the archaic elements of culture the paper focuses on spells and ritual-magical amulets the analysis of which showed that in the verbal part of the spells the common South Slavic basis is preserved, and associates with the pronouncing of the dialogue-ritual by two persons — performers of the rite (which N. I. Tolstoy studied in detail). Borrowed vocabulary from the Romanian folk tradition appears in the funeral rituals and folk medicine. Such terminological vocabulary includes the designation of a participant in a ritual dialogue who witnesses the sending of food and water to the dead martula, marturija; names like padura that refers to the Romanian folk beliefs of the forest spirits, etc. The materials analyzed in the study were collected by the author during the field survey in March 2023 of the southern part of the Negotinsky region (the villages of Brachevatc, Roglevo, Smedovatc, Rayatc) in the Timok River valley: both from oral conversations with informants and from local history publications, which in one way or another highlight the language, folk culture, folklore and history of the region.

A. Plotnikova

The article considers two hypotheses of the origin of the word kurjak ‘wolf’ in the Serbian language. This word has a limited existence in the Serbo-Croatian dialect space (spreading to the dialects of Eastern Bosnia and Montenegro). However, it is included in the vocabulary of the Serbian literary language. The compact area of usage in the center of Southern Slavia may denote the Slavic archaic origin of the word (as the writ-ten onomastic fixations have been known since the beginning of the 14th century, based on the work of A. Loma). The more common hypothesis of Turkish borrowing also has the right to be comprehensively analyzed. In both cases, folklore and ethnographic material is involved in the analysis, which helps to find some possible traces of the wolf veneration in the Slavic Balkans. Firstly, a sacrifice is made to a dangerous beast with a rooster, hen or chicken (Serbian-Bulgarian border). Secondly, the taboo names of harmful animals, including the use of swearing, can serve as a reinforcing factor in the case of borrowing the Turkish kuyruk with subsequent contamination with the Slavic swear word when naming a wolf. In both cases, ethnolinguistic and cartographic data seem to be the most correct route towards solving the problem of the autochthonous / borrowed nature of this word in the Serbian language space.

Galina Barankova

The article deals with the cycle of Lenten and pre-Lent works of Slavic origin, contained in mixed collections of the 14th–15th centuries: State Historical Museum, collection of Uvarov, No. 589, collection of Chudovskoye No. 20, collection of Khludov No. 30d, Russian State Library, collection of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra No. 9, 11, collection of Rumyantsev No. 406), as well as those in the stable collections of the 15th–16th centuries of Chrysostom, Solemn (Torzhestvennik) and Izmaragd. Of the 10 works included in this cycle, three are analyzed – The Sermon about the Publican and the Pharisee, the Word about the prodigal son and the Word of the first week of Lent. The textual editions of these Words and the links between the texts of the older collections of the 14th–15th centuries and collections of sustainable composition are established. In collections of mixed composition, one recension of the text stands out, which is close to that presented in the Solemnities. The works under consideration underwent the most significant alteration when they were included in Chrysostom. In turn, the Words in the copies of Chrysostom could also be edited both in terms of content and language. The well-known textological and lexical proximity of the Word in the week about the publican and the Pharisee and the Word in the first week of fasting, attributed by Bulgarian scholars to Kliment Ohridsky, with the works of Cyril of Turov are noted. The articles also present the long history of this texts in Old Russian miscellanies.

Tatiana Shalaeva

The chronicle is devoted to the conference “XXXIX All-Russian Dialectological Meeting «Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects – 2023»” which annually takes place in Saint Petersburg and this time was held on January 30–31, 2023. The questions of the Russian dialect lexicology, lexicography and linguistic geography were mainly discussed. These disciplines are concerned with “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects” compiling which has been done by the Institute of Slavic Studies RAS, the Institute of Linguistic Studies RAS and leading universities of Russian Federation. Concrete dialect lexical characteristics as well as features of the Russian dialects in general were considered. Moreover, general problems of linguistic geography and dialect lexicography were analyzed, including the studies on “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects” material. Also some papers dealt with toponymy, antroponymy, etymology, onomastics, grammar, linguistic folklore studies and ethnolinguistics. Some presentations were devoted to the study of the Russian dialect lexicon against the Slavic background. Some linguistic geography and dialect lexicography aspects were shown on the material of non-Slavic languages, in particular, Komi-Permyak. A great number of scientists, including young researchers, from more than twenty Russian cities took part in the conference. Presented papers will be published in the annual volume “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects. Materials and Studies” by the Institute of Linguistic Studies RAS, edited by S.A. Myznikov. As a result of the conference there was made a decision to support and encourage the Atlas authors and to intensify their work on maps and research.

V. Efimova

Old Church Slavonic language emerged in a narrow elite circle of bookmen. It is a literary language of the medieval type, and this fact in many respects determines the peculiarities of its lexical inventory. The lexical fund of the language consists not only of words but also of multi-word names, which are lexical units-designations. The method of nomination by multi-word names was not alien to the Slavic folk speech of the time, however, most of the Old Church Slavonic multi-word names were created by Slavic bookmen themselves in the translation process (mainly from Byzantine Greek). The appearance of quite a large number of phraseological calques with multi-word names in the Old Church Slavonic lexicon is due to the need of nominating concepts related to the adoption of Christianity and “medieval encyclopedism”. The repeated use by bookmen of phraseological calque in different translated works led to the phraseologization of this phraseological calque. The author assumes that the main and defining property of phraseologisms is the possibility of extracting them entirely by a native speaker from his memory (in the case of the Old Church Slavonic language, mainly by a bookman). Thus, Old Church Slavonic phraseologisms are the results of processes that could take place in the language both over the centuries and in the period of the first Slavic translations but from a synchronous point of view, these results are already built into the lexical system, ready for use by a bookman. This is the fundamental difference between “phraseological calque” and “phraseologism”.

Maria Andreou, I. Tsimpli, Stéphanie Durrleman et al.

Impairments in Theory of Mind (ToM) are a core feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). ToM may be enhanced by various factors, including bilingualism, executive functions (EF), and complex syntax. This work investigates the language-cognition interface in ASD by exploring whether ToM can be enhanced by bilingualism, whether such ToM boosts would be due to EF or syntax, and whether routes to mentalizing would differ between bilinguals and monolinguals on the spectrum. Twenty-seven monolingual Greek-speaking and twenty-nine bilingual Albanian-Greek children with ASD were tested on ToM reasoning in verbal and low-verbal ToM tasks, an executive function 2-back task, and a sentence repetition task. Results revealed that bilingual children with ASD performed better than monolinguals with ASD in the low-verbal ToM and the 2-back tasks. In the sentence repetition task, bilinguals scored higher than monolinguals in complex sentences, and specifically in adverbials and relatives. Regarding the relations between ToM, EF, and sentence repetition, the monolingual group’s performance in the verbal ToM tasks was associated with complement syntax, whereas, for the bilingual children with ASD, performance in both verbal and low-verbal ToM tasks was associated with EF and adverbial clause repetition. The overall pattern of results suggests that mentalizing may follow distinct pathways across the two groups.

Ewa Woźniak, Rafał Zarębski

This paper aims to discuss the terminological influence of the Napoleonic Code on Polish legal terminology. Five major theses are formulated and supported by selected examples from two 19th century translations of the Code into Polish. We claim that, firstly, the Napoleonic Code had a major impact on the Polonisation of Polish legal lexis in the 19th century, and secondly, that where Polish legal language bears evidence of the influence of the adaptation of the Napoleonic law it is in structural calques from French and not in an increase of French borrowings in the Polish legal language; moreover, we provide evidence that the Napoleonic Code led to the redefinition of previously used terms in the Polish legal system, and finally, that it had a crucial impact on the systematisation of Polish legal terminology in the 19th century leading to its more contemporary character, closer to modern demands. The study contributes to a broader comparative analysis of the role of the Code in the history of shaping and transforming the terminological systems across national languages.

Francesca Fici

Starting from the idea that intensification does not modify the notional meaning of an utterance, and that a morphological item can express more than just intensification, this article aims to present the peculiarities of the Ukrainian reflexive pronoun sobi ‘self’, in comparison to the similar Russian pronoun sebe and the Italian si. The analysis utilizes a contemporary Ukrainian novel and its translation in Russian and in Italian, and a story originally written in Russian and later translated in Ukrainian. Comparing sentences containing the reflexive pronouns sobi and sebe, we observe that the occurrence as mark of intensification concerns only a limited class of verbs (or predicates). In particular, it expresses the peculiar state of satisfaction experienced by the subject in the circumstances expressed by the verb.

Andreja Žele

Alexei Yu. Balakin

The article examines I.A. Goncharov’s letters to his sister Anna Alexandrovna (married name Muzalevskaya) and investigates the episode of her family's bankruptcy as a result of the Muzalevskys' transferring most of their money to their fellow countryman, “a certain Alayev,” who turned out to be a swindler. Previously, this person was known only by his last name, and the bankruptcy episode was not covered. The author draws on Address-calendars, Commemorative Books of the Simbirsk Governorate and other reference publications, archival documents, on the basis of which he reconstructs the biography of Semyon Alaev and details the history of his fraudulent actions. The facts introduced into scientific circulation will undoubtedly be in demand by commentators of both Goncharov's correspondence and memoirs about him.

Jani Dugonik, B. Bošković, J. Brest et al.

Machine Translation has become an important tool in overcoming the language barrier. The quality of translations depends on the languages and used methods. The research presented in this paper is based on well-known standard methods for Statistical Machine Translation that are advanced by a newly proposed approach for optimizing the weights of translation system components. Better weights of system components improve the translation quality. In most cases, machine translation systems translate to/from English and, in our research, English is paired with a Slavic language, Slovenian. In our experiment, we built two Statistical Machine Translation systems for the Slovenian-English language pair of the Acquis Communautaire corpus. Both systems were optimized using self-adaptive Differential Evolution and compared to the other related optimization methods. The results show improvement in the translation quality, and are comparable to the other related methods.