Hasil untuk "Public law"

Caio Victor Nascimento Santos, Camilla Montanha de Lima, Joanna Caroline Queiroz

Este artigo tem como objetivo examinar as possibilidades de aplicação da teoria do Transconstitucionalismo, que busca analisar as interações entre diferentes ordenamentos jurídicos, especialmente entre o ordenamento do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos e o brasileiro. Utilizando como marco teórico o Transconstitucionalismo, em uma abordagem retórico-semântica, de Marcelo Neves, em que o autor argumenta que é possível estabelecer diferentes níveis de diálogo entre os ordenamentos, o que permite atribuir significado para a Constituição à luz de direitos humanos. A partir dessa perspectiva teórica, o artigo busca elaborar uma teoria realista do direito na América Latina, tendo como referência dados empíricos, como o caso do Cômputo em Dobro no Complexo Prisional do Curado em Pernambuco. Com base nesses dados, os autores propõem que é possível conceber o direito como um fenômeno social e que está evoluindo em direção a uma concepção de justiça social. Se essa hipótese for confirmada, o direito do ordenamento jurídico interamericano pode ser visto como uma ferramenta capaz de garantir direitos fundamentais aos indivíduos encarcerados, enfrentando as omissões e as inconstitucionalidades do Estado Nacional. Para além disso, deve ser levado em consideração também a atuação da Defensoria Pública do Estado como instrumento institucional fundamental para efetivação de direitos humanos.

Georgy Lukyanov, Konstantin Shamruk, Tong Su et al.

This paper develops a model in which a sender strategically communicates with a group of receivers whose payoffs depend on the sender's information. It is shown that aggregate payoff externalities create an endogenous conflict of interests between the sender and the receivers, rendering full information revelation, in general infeasible. We demonstrate that an exogenous bias in the sender's preferences can improve public information provision and raise welfare. Two applications of the setup are discussed.

Eugenio Giannelli, Stacey Law, Eoghan McDowell

We show that the $p$-part of the degree of an irreducible character of a symmetric group is completely determined by the set of vanishing elements of $p$-power order. As a corollary we deduce that the set of zeros of prime power order controls the degree of such a character. The same problem is analysed for alternating groups, where we show that when $p=2$ this data can only be determined up to two possibilities. We prove analogous statements for the defect of the $p$-block containing the character and for the $p$-height of the character.

Jing Ning, Haozhi Ma, Yu Sun et al.

The urban–rural fringe, serving as a frontier space and protective barrier for urban–rural factor circulation, is a complex area marked by significant human–land conflicts. Therefore, scientifically identifying and dynamically monitoring the urban–rural fringe is crucial for its integrated development and spatial governance. In this context, this paper constructs an information entropy model using land use data, combined with the central gravitational agglomeration method, to accurately identify the evolution of Harbin’s urban–rural fringe over the past 40 years. The research reveals that Harbin’s urban–rural fringe exhibits a distinct circling pattern, with spatial morphology changes characterized as “low-speed spreading—jumping expansion—internal dissimilarity”, allowing for improved identification of its three types: stable, expanding, and degrading. The study also tracks the scale of the urban–rural fringe in Harbin with three types of stable, expanding, and degrading urban–rural fringe. Drawing on previous research, we visualize the fringe area’s functional spatial positioning, showing its dominant function shifting from a production–ecological composite to a production–life–ecological coordinated function. Concurrently, the study’s findings, alongside Harbin’s socioeconomic development, indicate that the urban–rural fringe’s evolution is driven by economic, policy, and environmental factors. Based on the multi-dimensional research outcomes, we conclude that the evolution of Harbin’s urban–rural fringe can be divided into three stages: a slow gestation period (1980–1990), a rapid development period (1990–2010), and a stable reconstruction phase (2010–2020). In the initial phase, urban and rural development is minimal; during the second phase, the trend of urban expansion is significant, and the urban–rural fringe is rapidly shifted to the city; and in the latter stage, urban and rural elements are stabilized and coordinated, and urban and rural areas are realized to be developed and reconstructed as one. This paper provides a scientific basis for understanding the dynamic evolution of the urban–rural fringe in Harbin City and is an important reference for future territorial spatial planning and development.

Jean Marie Tshimula, Mitterrand Kalengayi, Dieumerci Makenga et al.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing various fields, including public health surveillance. In Africa, where health systems frequently encounter challenges such as limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, failed health information systems and a shortage of skilled health professionals, AI offers a transformative opportunity. This paper investigates the applications of AI in public health surveillance across the continent, presenting successful case studies and examining the benefits, opportunities, and challenges of implementing AI technologies in African healthcare settings. Our paper highlights AI's potential to enhance disease monitoring and health outcomes, and support effective public health interventions. The findings presented in the paper demonstrate that AI can significantly improve the accuracy and timeliness of disease detection and prediction, optimize resource allocation, and facilitate targeted public health strategies. Additionally, our paper identified key barriers to the widespread adoption of AI in African public health systems and proposed actionable recommendations to overcome these challenges.

S. Mukherjee, S. R. Sitaram, X. Wang et al.

Infrared spectroscopy currently requires the use of bulky, expensive, and/or fragile spectrometers. For gas sensing, environmental monitoring, or other applications in the field, an inexpensive, compact, robust on-chip spectrometer is needed. One way to achieve this goal is through gradient permittivity materials, in which the material permittivity changes as a function of position in the plane. In this paper, we demonstrate the synthesis of infrared gradient permittivity materials using shadow mask molecular beam epitaxy. The permittivity of our material changes as a function of position in the lateral direction, allowing us to confine varying wavelengths of infrared light at varying horizontal locations. We see an electric field enhancement corresponding to a wavenumber gradient of ~650 cm$^{-1}$ to 900 cm$^{-1}$ over an in-plane gradient width of ~13 $μ$ m on the flat mesa of our sample. In addition, we see a wavenumber gradient of ~900 cm$^{-1}$ to 1250 cm$^{-1}$ over an in-plane gradient width of ~13 $μ$m on the slope of our sample. These two different wavenumber gradient regions develop on two opposite sides of our material. This demonstration of a scalable method of creating an in-plane gradient permittivity material could be leveraged for the creation of a variety of miniature infrared devices, such as an ultracompact spectrometer.

Ashwin Rao, Nazanin Sabri, Siyi Guo et al.

Effective communication during health crises is critical, with social media serving as a key platform for public health experts (PHEs) to engage with the public. However, it also amplifies pseudo-experts promoting contrarian views. Despite its importance, the role of emotional and moral language in PHEs' communication during COVID-19 remains under explored. This study examines how PHEs and pseudo-experts communicated on Twitter during the pandemic, focusing on emotional and moral language and their engagement with political elites. Analyzing tweets from 489 PHEs and 356 pseudo-experts from January 2020 to January 2021, alongside public responses, we identified key priorities and differences in messaging strategy. PHEs prioritize masking, healthcare, education, and vaccines, using positive emotional language like optimism. In contrast, pseudo-experts discuss therapeutics and lockdowns more frequently, employing negative emotions like pessimism and disgust. Negative emotional and moral language tends to drive engagement, but positive language from PHEs fosters positivity in public responses. PHEs exhibit liberal partisanship, expressing more positivity towards liberals and negativity towards conservative elites, while pseudo-experts show conservative partisanship. These findings shed light on the polarization of COVID-19 discourse and underscore the importance of strategic use of emotional and moral language by experts to mitigate polarization and enhance public trust.

Sabreen Wani, Fiza Amin, Shagufta Yasmeen Rather

Background:  The purpose of this study was to identify the present trends in maternal, foetal, and perinatal outcomes and complications associated with triplet pregnancy at a tertiary referral hospital in India. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months. All adult pregnant patients with ultrasound-confirmed triplet pregnancy were included. Patient demographics, measurements, and variables were recorded, with monitoring and follow-up at regular intervals. The primary endpoint of the analysis was to determine the maternal complications and perinatal outcomes associated with triplet pregnancy. Results: Thirty-four triplet pregnancies were included in this study. The majority, 70.7% (n=31) of these women, had conceived by assisted reproductive technique (ART), mostly in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 52.9% (n=18). The most common maternal complications encountered were pre-term labour, in 82.4% (n=28) of patients. Concerning gestational age at the time of delivery, 47.1% (n=16) of patients were near-term (34-36 weeks). The majority of pregnancies, 85.3% (n=29), were terminated by lower segment caesarean section (LSCS), 8.8% (n=3) were delivered vaginally, and the mean duration of maternal hospital stay was 4.6 days ±3.45 (SD 2-14) days. Only 11.8% (n=4) required a prolonged hospital stay of > 7 days due to maternal complications. Ninety-four out of 102 triplets were born alive, with a mean birth weight of 1,597.3 grams ± (SD 367.74 g). The various foetal/neonatal complications were noted, with the commonest being prematurity in 85.3% (n=29). The majority of triplet neonates with complications had a mean duration of NICU stay less than 1 week, 70.8% (n=17). Conclusion: While triplet pregnancies remain rare, they are associated with a significant materno-foetal risk which must be anticipated by obstetricians. Thus, early diagnosis, adequate antenatal care, counselling, and perinatal care and support can help to ensure optimal outcomes.

Anderson Bezerra Lopes, Eliakin Pires Tatsuo

CONFLITO NEGATIVO DE COMPETÊNCIA. PENAL. IDEALIZAÇÃO DE ROUBO DE AGÊNCIA DOS CORREIOS. COGITAÇÃO E ATOS PREPARATÓRIOS. TENTATIVA. INEXISTÊNCIA. INCIDÊNCIA APENAS DO ART. 14 DO ESTATUTO DO DESARMAMENTO. 1. Nos termos do art. 14, inciso II, do Código Penal, só há tentativa quando, iniciada a conduta delituosa, o crime não se consuma por fatores alheios à intenção do agente. 2. Na hipótese em tela, não se verificou qualquer ato de execução, mas somente a cogitação e os atos preparatórios dos acusados que confessaram a intenção de roubar determinada agência dos correios. Descabida, pois, a imputação do crime de roubo idealizado. 3. A conduta preparatória de portar ilegalmente arma de fogo de uso permitido subsume-se ao art. 14 da Lei n.º 10.826/2003, evidenciando a competência da Justiça Estadual. 4. Conflito conhecido para declarar competente o Juízo de Direito da 3ª Vara de Bacabal/MA.

Ignacio García Marín

La presente investigación analiza la trayectoria política del Perú luego de la recuperación de su democracia en 2001 hasta el fallido autogolpe de Castillo en 2022. En consecuencia, se examinan las principales características formales de su tipo de gobierno, los indicadores principales del sistema de partidos y las relaciones entre poderes en el período señalado. Así, este destaca por una creciente inestabilidad ejecutiva, en la que es cada vez más fugaz la permanencia de los jefes de Estado, los premieres y los ministros. Asimismo, el Congreso destacó por un progresivo distanciamiento y hostilidad, plasmado en un notable empleo de la moción de censura y del juicio político, además de una elevada fragmentación y transfuguismo. Aparentemente, el diseño parlamentarizado del presidencialismo peruano en combinación con su inexistente sistema de partidos y el bajo compromiso democrático de los principales líderes políticos explicarían esta trayectoria, así como la gradual amenaza a la democracia que en este período se observa.

Madina Agénor, Carly Perkins, C. Stamoulis et al.

Objectives Although US state laws shape population health and health equity, few studies have examined how state laws affect the health of marginalized racial/ethnic groups (eg, Black, Indigenous, and Latinx populations) and racial/ethnic health inequities. A team of public health researchers and legal scholars with expertise in racial equity used systematic policy surveillance methods to develop a comprehensive database of state laws that are explicitly or implicitly related to structural racism, with the goal of evaluating their effect on health outcomes among marginalized racial/ethnic groups. Methods Legal scholars used primary and secondary sources to identify state laws related to structural racism pertaining to 10 legal domains and developed a coding scheme that assigned a numeric code representing a mutually exclusive category for each salient feature of each law using a subset of randomly selected states. Legal scholars systematically applied this coding scheme to laws in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia from 2010 through 2013. Results We identified 843 state laws linked to structural racism. Most states had in place laws that disproportionately discriminate against marginalized racial/ethnic groups and had not enacted laws that prevent the unjust treatment of individuals from marginalized racial/ethnic populations from 2010 to 2013. Conclusions By providing comprehensive, detailed data on structural racism–related state laws in all 50 states and the District of Columbia over time, our database will provide public health researchers, social scientists, policy makers, and advocates with rigorous evidence to assess states’ racial equity climates and evaluate and address their effect on racial/ethnic health inequities in the United States.

Ritu Birla

In Stages of Capital , Ritu Birla brings research on nonwestern capitalisms into conversation with postcolonial studies to illuminate the historical roots of India’s market society. Between 1870 and 1930, the British regime in India implemented a barrage of commercial and contract laws directed at the “free” circulation of capital, including measures regulating companies, income tax, charitable gifting, and pension funds, and procedures distinguishing gambling from speculation and futures trading. Birla argues that this understudied legal infrastructure institutionalized a new object of sovereign management, the market, and along with it, a colonial concept of the public. In jurisprudence, case law, and statutes, colonial market governance enforced an abstract vision of modern society as a public of exchanging, contracting actors free from the anachronistic constraints of indigenous culture. Birla reveals how the categories of public and private infiltrated colonial commercial law, establishing distinct worlds for economic and cultural practice. This bifurcation was especially apparent in legal dilemmas concerning indigenous or “vernacular” capitalists, crucial engines of credit and production that operated through networks of extended kinship. Focusing on the story of the Marwaris, a powerful business group renowned as a key sector of India’s capitalist class, Birla demonstrates how colonial law governed vernacular capitalists as rarefied cultural actors, so rendering them illegitimate as economic agents. Birla’s innovative attention to the negotiations between vernacular and colonial systems of valuation illustrates how kinship-based commercial groups asserted their legitimacy by challenging and inhabiting the public/private mapping. Highlighting the cultural politics of market governance, Stages of Capital is an unprecedented history of colonial commercial law, its legal fictions, and the formation of the modern economic subject in India.

Pratiksha Thaker, Amrith Setlur, Zhiwei Steven Wu et al.

Public pretraining is a promising approach to improve differentially private model training. However, recent work has noted that many positive research results studying this paradigm only consider in-distribution tasks, and may not apply to settings where there is distribution shift between the pretraining and finetuning data -- a scenario that is likely when finetuning private tasks due to the sensitive nature of the data. In this work, we show empirically across three tasks that even in settings with large distribution shift, where both zero-shot performance from public data and training from scratch with private data give unusably weak results, public features can in fact improve private training accuracy by up to 67\% over private training from scratch. We provide a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon, showing that if the public and private data share a low-dimensional representation, public representations can improve the sample complexity of private training even if it is impossible to learn the private task from the public data alone. Altogether, our results provide evidence that public data can indeed make private training practical in realistic settings of extreme distribution shift.

Qinglan Wei, Jiayi Li, Yuan Zhang

The proliferation of interactive AI like ChatGPT has fueled intense public discourse surrounding AI- generated content (AIGC). While some fear job displacement, others anticipate productivity gains. Social media provides a rich source of data reflecting public opinion, attitudes, and behaviors. By examining the factors influencing collective sentiment toward AIGC on various platforms, we can refine products, marketing, and AI models themselves. Our research utilized a novel system for real-time tracking and detailed visualization of public mood related to AIGC. This system enabled analysis of the dynamics shaping opinions on nine AIGC products across China's three leading social media sites. Our findings reveal a negative correlation between user demographics (age and education) and positive sentiment towards AIGC on Douyin, contrasting with Weibo's susceptibility to the rapid spread of extreme viewpoints. This work uniquely connects group dynamics theory with social media sentiment, offering valuable guidance for managing online opinion and tailoring targeted campaigns.

Randy Kuang, Maria Perepechaenko, Mahmoud Sayed et al.

In their 2022 study, Kuang et al. introduced Multivariable Polynomial Public Key (MPPK) cryptography, leveraging the inversion relationship between multiplication and division for quantum-safe public key systems. They extended MPPK into Homomorphic Polynomial Public Key (HPPK), employing homomorphic encryption for large hidden ring operations. Originally designed for key encapsulation (KEM), HPPK's security relies on homomorphic encryption of public polynomials. This paper expands HPPK KEM to a digital signature scheme, facing challenges due to the distinct nature of verification compared to decryption. To adapt HPPK KEM to digital signatures, the authors introduce an extension of the Barrett reduction algorithm, transforming modular multiplications into divisions in the verification equation over a prime field. The extended algorithm non-linearly embeds the signature into public polynomial coefficients, addressing vulnerabilities in earlier MPPK DS schemes. Security analysis demonstrates exponential complexity for private key recovery and forged signature attacks, considering ring bit length twice that of the prime field size.

Carles Llorens, Mercedes Muñoz-Saldaña

This study analyses the extent to which European legislation and, in particular, the latest regulatory initiatives for audiovisual media and for digital markets and services affect the regulation of public service media (PSM) in Spain. A three-fold analysis is performed using a document review methodology. Firstly, the influence of European competition policies on the origin, development and adaptation of PSM to the digital market is studied. Secondly, the transposition into Spanish law of the 2018 Audiovisual Media Services Directive (EU, 2018) is evaluated. Third and lastly, the impact of the draft European Acts referring to digital platforms on PSM in Spain and the European Union (European Commission, 2020a; 2020b) is analysed, as is that of the European Media Freedom Act (European Commission, 2022). The concept of Europeanisation (Harcourt, 2002) is taken as the basis for the assessment of such impact. The conclusions show that while the European regulatory umbrella is a necessary and influential framework, it is insufficient when it comes to understanding the regulatory and political development of PSM in Spain. The path dependence and circumstances of each country are crucial to understanding the why and how of specific regulation. There is European convergence on economic and competition policy protection issues, but not on political and cultural issues, such as the definition of PSM governance or structure, where the European Union’s influence is much weaker.

Danielle Lloyd, Kirsten Rowe, Shu-Yin John Leung et al.

Abstract Background Although naloxone is widely acknowledged as a life-saving intervention and a critical tool for first responders, there remains a need to explore how law enforcement officers have adapted to a shifting scope of work. Past research has focused mainly on officer training, their abilities to administer naloxone, and to a lesser extent on their experiences and interactions working with people who use drugs (PWUD). Methods A qualitative approach was used to explore officer perspectives and behaviors surrounding responses to incidents of suspected opioid overdose. Between the months of March and September 2017, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 officers from 17 counties across New York state (NYS). Results Analysis of in-depth interviews revealed that officers generally considered the additional responsibility of administering naloxone to have become “part of the job”. Many officers reported feeling as though they are expected to wear multiple hats, functioning as both law enforcement and medical personnel and at times juggling contradictory roles. Evolving views on drugs and drug use defined many interviews, as well as the recognition that a punitive approach to working with PWUD is not the solution, emphasizing the need for cohesive, community-wide support strategies. Notable differences in attitudes toward PWUD appeared to be influenced by an officer’s connection to someone who uses drugs and/or due to a background in emergency medical services. Conclusion Law enforcement officers in NYS are emerging as an integral part of the continuum of care for PWUD. Our findings are capturing a time of transition as more traditional approaches to law enforcement appear to be shifting toward those prioritizing prevention and diversion. Widespread adoption of naloxone administration by law enforcement officers in NYS is a powerful example of the successful integration of a public health intervention into police work.

Trinh Quang Long, Peter J. Morgan, Naoyuki Yoshino

Abstract This study investigates how financial literacy and behavioral traits affect the adoption of electronic payment (ePayment) services in Japan. We construct a financial literacy index using a representative sample of 25,000 individuals from the Bank of Japan’s 2019 Financial Literacy Survey. We then analyze the relationship between this index and the extensive and intensive usage of two types of payment services: electronic money (e-money) and mobile payment apps. Using an instrumental variable approach, we find that higher financial literacy is positively associated with a higher likelihood of adopting ePayment services. The empirical results suggest that individuals with higher financial literacy use payment services more frequently. We also find that risk-averse people are less likely to adopt and use ePayment services, whereas people with herd behavior tend to adopt and use ePayment services more. Our empirical results also suggest that the effects of financial literacy on the adoption and use of ePayment differ among people with different behavioral traits.

R. R. Schaller, D. Kash, C. T. Hill et al.

G. Melton, J. Petrila, N. Poythress et al.