Hasil untuk "Psychology"

S. T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, G. Lindzey

A. Buss

J. Adelson

R. Singer, M. Murphey, L. K. Tennant

T. R. Sarbin

F. Gawin

John Millar Carroll

Wayne Weiten

T. Burge

M. Fullilove

Mohamed R. Zughbur, Yaser Hamam, Ashraf Kagee et al.

Abstract Armed conflicts have a devastating effect on the civilian population, not only by direct violence but also by causing long-lasting psychiatric conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety, as a result of exposure to traumatic events such as displacement, loss of loved ones, and destruction of homes. The military attack on Gaza, which has been ongoing since October 7, 2023, compounds an environment of continuing fear, uncertainty, and loss, which markedly increases the prevalence of mental health disorders. This study aims to assess the prevalence of anxiety, probable PTSD, and depression in the population of Gaza after one year of continuous war. This study aims to offer a comprehensive perspective on the mental health challenges experienced by the people of Gaza. Data collection was carried out between November 10, 2024, and January 10, 2025. Four hundred five participants completed an online self-reported questionnaire, distributed via emails, social media platforms, and community networks. The survey screened for symptoms of PTSD (PCL-5), anxiety (GAD-7), and depression (PHQ-9), and included items assessing exposure to war-related experiences. The findings indicated alarmingly high rates of mental health symptoms, with 72.7% of participants reporting moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10), 65% reporting moderate to severe anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 10), and 83.5% meeting the threshold for probable PTSD (PCL-5 ≥ 33). The mean scores indicated moderate to severe symptom levels for anxiety and depression, with GAD-7 at 13.16 and PHQ-9 at 14.32. The mean PCL-5 score was 48.16, reflecting a substantial burden of PTSD symptoms among participants. A substantial proportion had lost a family member (45.7%), experienced a military siege (82.5%), witnessed someone being killed or injured (80.5%), and reported losing their work due to the conflict (42.7%). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that losing a family member was significantly associated with moderate or higher levels of depression (OR = 2.395, p = 0.010) and anxiety (OR = 1.929, p = 0.027). Similarly, living in the northern part of the Gaza Strip was significantly associated with moderate or higher levels of depression (OR = 1.755, p = 0.039) and anxiety (OR = 2.395, p = 0.010). The simultaneous presence of any two of the three mental health conditions was statistically significant, with p values for each pairwise association being less than 0.05. The study revealed that the population of Gaza had an extremely high prevalence of diagnosable mental disorders, as determined through validated screening tools for anxiety, depression, and PTSD. These findings have far-reaching implications, emphasizing the urgent need not only for medical and psychosocial support, but more critically, for an end to the ongoing violence that continues to devastate lives and communities.

Elisabeth Valmyr Bania, Toril Sørheim Nilsen, Mikael Thastum et al.

IntroductionSchool absenteeism represents a concern for students, educators, and parents alike. Teachers’ involvement is vital to students’ school life. Consequently, integrating schools and teachers effectively in absenteeism interventions is of great importance. However, few studies have investigated teachers’ perspectives on participating in manual-based, indicated interventions to promote school attendance. This study aimed to explore teachers’ experiences with the manual-based Back2School (B2S) intervention, which is based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).MethodsSeven primary and lower secondary school teachers agreed to participate in individual interviews following their involvement in the intervention. These teachers engaged in various aspects of the intervention, including data collection, school sessions, and school meetings involving students, parents, and B2S group leaders.ResultsThe results indicate that some of the informants experienced increased competence and self-efficacy regarding school absenteeism following the intervention, while other informants did not have this experience.DiscussionThere is a need for more clarity and enhanced teacher involvement in future B2S interventions.

Mekdes Demissie, Charlotte Hanlon, Lauren C. Ng et al.

Abstract Background There is a very large unmet need for appropriate psychological interventions for bipolar disorder (BD) for use in low- and middle-income countries. We developed a psychological intervention for BD in a primary health care (PHC) setting in Ethiopia using the Medical Research Council’s framework for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility, acceptability, and fidelity of this newly developed psychological intervention for BD in a PHC setting in south-central Ethiopia. Method A total of 12 euthymic people with bipolar disorder and five caregivers participated in five 20-min weekly sessions of the psychological intervention. We conducted a mixed-method evaluation, including in-depth qualitative interviews, fidelity ratings of a random selection of 25% of the audio recorded intervention sessions, and self-reported change in symptom severity. We used thematic analysis for qualitative data and descriptive analysis for quantitative data. Results Except for one caregiver, all participants completed all five sessions. Intervention providers and recipients expressed satisfaction with the intervention. Intervention providers reported that the intervention can be feasibly delivered in the PHC setting, although 20 min was considered insufficient. While participants acknowledged the importance of involving caregivers in the intervention, they raised privacy concerns. Intervention providers’ adherence to the manual was moderate. Preliminary findings indicate a reduction in depressive symptoms post-intervention and improvement in providers’ perceived knowledge and skills. Conclusions This contextually developed psychological intervention for bipolar disorder has promising feasibility, acceptability, and potential utility. Further studies should evaluate time considerations and effectiveness. Trial registration The trial was registered on 16 August 2024, retrospectively on the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry database [PACTR202408896160144],  https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=31727 .

Hailong Liu, Yang Li, Toshihiro Hiraoka et al.

Autonomous personal mobility vehicle (APMV) is a new type of small smart vehicle designed for mixed-traffic environments, including interactions with pedestrians. To enhance the interaction experience between pedestrians and APMVs and to prevent potential risks, it is crucial to investigate pedestrians' walking behaviors when interacting with APMVs and to understand the psychological processes underlying these behaviors. This study aims to investigate the causal relationships between subjective evaluations of pedestrians and their walking behaviors during interactions with an APMV equipped with an external human-machine interface (eHMI). An experiment of pedestrian-APMV interaction was conducted with 42 pedestrian participants, in which various eHMIs on the APMV were designed to induce participants to experience different levels of subjective evaluations and generate the corresponding walking behaviors. Based on the hypothesized model of the pedestrian's cognition-decision-behavior process, the results of causal discovery align with the previously proposed model. Furthermore, this study further analyzes the direct and total causal effects of each factor and investigates the causal processes affecting several important factors in the field of human-vehicle interaction, such as situation awareness, trust in vehicle, risk perception, hesitation in decision making, and walking behaviors.

Hongbin Na, Zimu Wang, Zhaoming Chen et al.

Psychological defenses are strategies, often automatic, that people use to manage distress. Rigid or overuse of defenses is negatively linked to mental health and shapes what speakers disclose and how they accept or resist help. However, defenses are complex and difficult to reliably measure, particularly in clinical dialogues. We introduce PsyDefConv, a dialogue corpus with help seeker utterances labeled for defense level, and DMRS Co-Pilot, a four-stage pipeline that provides evidence-based pre-annotations. The corpus contains 200 dialogues and 4709 utterances, including 2336 help seeker turns, with labeling and Cohen's kappa 0.639. In a counterbalanced study, the co-pilot reduced average annotation time by 22.4%. In expert review, it averaged 4.62 for evidence, 4.44 for clinical plausibility, and 4.40 for insight on a seven-point scale. Benchmarks with strong language models in zero-shot and fine-tuning settings demonstrate clear headroom, with the best macro F1-score around 30% and a tendency to overpredict mature defenses. Corpus analyses confirm that mature defenses are most common and reveal emotion-specific deviations. We will release the corpus, annotations, code, and prompts to support research on defensive functioning in language.

Jianan Zhou, Fleur Corbett, Joori Byun et al.

Interactive intelligent agents are being integrated across society. Despite achieving human-like capabilities, humans' responses to these agents remain poorly understood, with research fragmented across disciplines. We conducted a first systematic synthesis comparing a range of psychological and behavioural responses in matched human-agent vs. human-human dyadic interactions. A total of 162 eligible studies (146 contributed to the meta-analysis; 468 effect sizes) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, which integrated frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Our results indicate that individuals exhibited less prosocial behaviour and moral engagement when interacting with agents vs. humans. They attributed less agency and responsibility to agents, perceiving them as less competent, likeable, and socially present. In contrast, individuals' social alignment (i.e., alignment or adaptation of internal states and behaviours with partners), trust in partners, personal agency, task performance, and interaction experiences were generally comparable when interacting with agents vs. humans. We observed high effect-size heterogeneity for many subjective responses (i.e., social perceptions of partners, subjective trust, and interaction experiences), suggesting context-dependency of partner effects. By examining the characteristics of studies, participants, partners, interaction scenarios, and response measures, we also identified several moderators shaping partner effects. Overall, functional behaviours and interactive experiences with agents can resemble those with humans, whereas fundamental social attributions and moral/prosocial concerns lag in human-agent interactions. Agents are thus afforded instrumental value on par with humans but lack comparable intrinsic value, providing practical implications for agent design and regulation.

Jia Li, Yichao He, Jiacheng Xu et al.

Accurate and reliable personality assessment plays a vital role in many fields, such as emotional intelligence, mental health diagnostics, and personalized education. Unlike fleeting emotions, personality traits are stable, often subconsciously leaked through language, facial expressions, and body behaviors, with asynchronous patterns across modalities. It was hard to model personality semantics with traditional superficial features and seemed impossible to achieve effective cross-modal understanding. To address these challenges, we propose a novel personality assessment framework called \textit{\textbf{Traits Run Deep}}. It employs \textit{\textbf{psychology-informed prompts}} to elicit high-level personality-relevant semantic representations. Besides, it devises a \textit{\textbf{Text-Centric Trait Fusion Network}} that anchors rich text semantics to align and integrate asynchronous signals from other modalities. To be specific, such fusion module includes a Chunk-Wise Projector to decrease dimensionality, a Cross-Modal Connector and a Text Feature Enhancer for effective modality fusion and an ensemble regression head to improve generalization in data-scarce situations. To our knowledge, we are the first to apply personality-specific prompts to guide large language models (LLMs) in extracting personality-aware semantics for improved representation quality. Furthermore, extracting and fusing audio-visual apparent behavior features further improves the accuracy. Experimental results on the AVI validation set have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed components, i.e., approximately a 45\% reduction in mean squared error (MSE). Final evaluations on the test set of the AVI Challenge 2025 confirm our method's superiority, ranking first in the Personality Assessment track. The source code will be made available at https://github.com/MSA-LMC/TraitsRunDeep.

Waaridh Borpujari

The use of animation to gain user attention has been increasing, supported by various studies on user behavior and psychology. However, excessive use of animation in interfaces can negatively impact the user. This paper deals with a specific type of animation within a specialized domain of e-commerce. Drawing upon theories such as the Zeigarnik Effect, Aesthetic-Usability effect, Peak-End rule, and Hick's law, we analyze user behavior and psychology when exposed to a dynamic price-drop animation. Unlike conventional static pricing strategy, this animation introduces movement to signify price reduction. In our theoretical study approach, we evaluate and present a user study on how such an animation influences user perception, psychology, and attention. If acquired effectively, dynamic animations can enhance engagement, spark anticipation, and subconsciously create a positive experience by reducing cognitive load.

Yining Zhao, Sourav S Bhowmick, Nastassja L. Fischer et al.

Recently, numerous community search methods for large graphs have been proposed, at the core of which is defining and measuring cohesion. This paper experimentally evaluates the effectiveness of these community search algorithms w.r.t. cohesiveness in the context of online social networks. Social communities are formed and developed under the influence of group cohesion theory, which has been extensively studied in social psychology. However, current generic methods typically measure cohesiveness using structural or attribute-based approaches and overlook domain-specific concepts such as group cohesion. We introduce five novel psychology-informed cohesiveness measures, based on the concept of group cohesion from social psychology, and propose a novel framework called CHASE for evaluating eight representative community search algorithms w.r.t. these measures on online social networks. Our analysis reveals that there is no clear correlation between structural and psychological cohesiveness, and no algorithm effectively identifies psychologically cohesive communities in online social networks. This study provides new insights that could guide the development of future community search methods.

R. Plutchik