Hasil untuk "Norwegian literature"

Knut A. Jacobsen

Sāṃkhya regnes som Indias eldste filosofiske system, og det er også blitt hevdet at sāṃkhya ikke bare er et av Indias filosofiske systemer, men er Indias filosofi. At sāṃkhya kan kalles Indias filosofi er fordi sāṃkhya danner fundament for mange filosofiske og teologiske tradisjoner og også preger mange andre indiske kunnskapstradisjoner. Mangfold av tradisjoner og tolkninger preger sāṃkhya-filosofi i fortid og nåtid. I artikkelen argumenterer jeg for noe av dette mangfoldet, beskriver noen ulike sāṃkhya-filosofier i indisk historie og diskuterer sāṃkhya-filosofi som lære og som praksis.

Stian Aa Selbekk, Marthe Sofie Lilleengen, Janita Stålesen et al.

IntroductionThe purpose of this case study is to gain insight into and a deeper understanding of the predominant sources of stress during the junior-to-senior transition experienced by current and former female junior players and their male coaches from both the junior and senior teams.MethodsAll three groups of participants were affiliated with the same Norwegian professional football club. In total, we conducted semistructured interviews with 10 female players: five junior elite players (mean age 16.8 years, SD = 0.96) and five senior elite players (mean age 23.4 years, SD = 2.01). In addition, four male coaches from the junior and senior teams (mean age 32.5 years, SD = 3.84) were interviewed. We conducted a thematic analysis of the interviews.Results and discussionThe findings revealed that the players experienced several sport stressors. Among the sport stressors, disparities in performance levels between the junior and senior teams, especially during matches, and the higher expectations and demands from their coaches were prominent. Among the non-sport stressors, the struggle to balance football with social life outside the sport was prominent. Since education was the elite female players’ backup plan, the club and school collaboration was considered important. Taken together, the results indicate a need for facilitating athletes’ daily lives to support and smooth their transition. On a broader level, this study contributes insights into the junior-to-senior transition in women’s football, an area that remains underrepresented in the research literature.

Charles Ivan Armstrong

The musical career of David Bowie displays a longstanding fascination with suicide, as both a theme that recurs in his lyrics and as a visually enacted motif in his stage and media performances. This essay focuses on how the artist responded to the death of Bowie’s half-brother Terry Burns by suicide in 1985. Close attention is given to the lyrics of, and music video for, “Jump They Say” (1993), both of which are interpreted as acts of mourning. The essay engages with theories of mourning and trauma to suggest that Bowie’s response to Burns’s suicide is a complex one. Bowie is shown to try to rationalise his reaction, via psychoanalysis, as an ordered working through that leads to the freeing of the ego. With the help of Derrida, it is here argued that the process is, in fact, a protracted and open-ended one. The analysis connects Bowie’s mourning with important earlier songs such as “Rock’n Roll Suicide”, “All the Madmen” and “The Bewlay Brothers”, and also demonstrates how “I Can’t Read” and “Goodbye Mr. Ed” can be interpreted as predecessors for “Jump They Say”. It is argued that Bowie’s mourning process later becomes more occluded, but persists to the very end of his career, including the ending of his musical Lazarus (2016).

Sølvi Helseth, Nina Misvær, Milada Småstuen et al.

Abstract Background Colic and sleep problems are common among infants, constitute challenges and distress for parents, and are often reasons for seeking help from health professionals. The literature debates whether infant colic and sleep problems are linked together or not. Further, limited evidence exists on how colic impacts on child temperament and sleep during early childhood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to increase our knowledge of the characteristics of infants with a history of colic compared to infants without, and to study how infant colic is associated with the development of child temperament and sleep over time. Methods The study is based on The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), a population-based cohort study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. This sample contains 88,186 mothers and children. Data was retrieved from questionnaires distributed to mothers at recruitment (in pregnancy) and when the child was 6 months, 18 months, 3 years, and 5 years. Data was analysed using linear mixed models and GLM models for repeated measures. Results At 6 months, infants with reported colic are described as fussier, present more sleeping problems, are breastfed less, and the families visit the child health centre more often when compared to the non-colic group. Mothers of children with reported colic perceive their children’s temperament significantly more challenging from the age of 6 months to 5 years. Further, children with reported colic were more likely to sleep less than recommended (22%) and to have more frequent night awakenings (14%) than usual for their age (6 months to 5 years). Conclusion Infant colic often occurs together with other signs of regulatory problems which may amplify the load on the parents. Moderate differences in temperament and sleep-problems across time, between those with colic and those without, indicate that the diagnosis of colic is moderately associated with later behavioural difficulties. However, it is demanding for the parents, and important to be aware of and act upon symptoms of colic in the child health centres to reduce the parents’ load and prevent adverse long-term outcomes.

S. Diaz-Lundahl, B. Heringstad, R.T. Garmo et al.

ABSTRACT: Subclinical endometritis (SCE) is highly prevalent in dairy cows, causing negative effects on reproductive outcomes and the producer economy. Genetic selection for animals with better resilience against uterine disease should be prioritized due to both sustainability and animal welfare. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the heritability of SCE in the Norwegian Red (NR) population. Moreover, future perspectives of the condition as a fertility phenotype for breeding are discussed. A total of 1,642 NR cows were sampled for SCE at the time of artificial insemination, using cytotape. The percentage of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in each sample was established by cytology, through the counting of 300 PMN and epithelial cells. The mean percentage of PMN was 5%. Different trait definitions were examined, and SCE was defined as binary traits, based on the following cut-off levels of PMN: Cyto0 = PMN  >0, Cyto3 = PMN  >3%, Cyto5 = PMN  >5%, Cyto10 = PMN  >10%, and Cyto20 = PMN  >20%.  The mean ranged from 0.07 (Cyto20) to 0.59 (Cyto0). We also analyzed PMN as a continuous variable using percent PMN. Information on the animals and herds was obtained from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System. The pedigree of cows with data included a total of 24,066 animals. A linear animal model was used to estimate the heritability. The only trait definition that had an estimated genetic variance larger than the standard error was Cyto5, with an estimated heritability of 0.04. For all other definitions, the genetic variance was not significantly different from zero. A cut-off level of 5% PMN has been established as a general threshold for the definition of SCE in earlier literature. The standard errors of the estimated variance components were relatively large, and results should be interpreted with caution. However, the current study indicates that SCE is heritable at a similar level to that of clinical endometritis and metritis, and has potential as a future fertility phenotype to be used for breeding purposes. A more feasible method to diagnose SCE is needed to establish larger data sets.

Henning Howlid Wærp

Hvem bebor et landskap? Artikkelen undersøker forholdet mellom dyreliv og menneskeliv i Vesterålen-forfatteren Regine Normanns debutroman Krabvaag (1905). Ved at dyrelivet i så stor grad inkluderes, fremstår fiskeværet ikke bare som menneskenes hjem. Krabvaag har gjerne vært plassert i heimstaddiktningen. Termen har av mange vært regnet for å være begrensende, men med dagens interesse for økologiske perspektiver burde deler av heimstaddiktning – med dens sensibilitet for en mer-enn-menneskelig omverden – kunne få ny aktualitet.

Frank Menzel, Øivind Gammelmo, Kjell Magne Olsen et al.

Black Fungus Gnats (Sciaridae) are a megadiverse, cosmopoliltan family of bibionomorph Diptera. Even in Europe, the continent with the longest tradition in sciarid taxonomy, numerous taxonomic issues remain unresolved and countless species await discovery and description. The fauna of Norway is in these respects no exception. Recognising considerable knowledge gaps, the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre provided substantial funding for a detailed inventory of the Sciaridae species occurring in Norway, which was realised in 2014–2018. The results of this project will be published in a series of papers, of which the first is presented here, summarising available data on the taxonomy, faunistics, and autecology of Norwegian Sciaridae beginning with Zetterstedt’s pioneering work in 1838 and ending with 31 December 2019 as the cut-off date. All published records from that period were analysed. The result is a list of 143 species and four unplaced names. Following a consistent scheme, verified locality details are provide including alternative spellings, habitats, and flight times of adults in Norway, literature citations for the faunistic records, and general taxonomic references for classification or identification. A checklist of the sciarid fauna of Norway and a complete list of the relevant literature are also presented.

Konstantin S. Zaikov

The article presents a review of foreign research on the history of Russian-Norwegian borderland in 16th — early 20th centuries. The dominance of the empirical positivism and historical nationalism in the history of the Northern frontier delimitation led to the formation of relatively stable and unilateral interpretations of the Russian-Norwegian border in the first half of the 20th century. The state was perceived as an a priori objective phenomenon. That’s why historians and legal scholars understood the “border” as a static instrument of political power, ignoring its multipotential phenomena and variety of its subjects. The Scandinavian historiography has developed a historical tradition of perception of the Treaty 1826 on the delimitation of “common districts” as a fair act of institutionalization of borders over the common possession. As a part of this tradition, it may seem that Norwegian territorial claims did not look expansive in relation to Russia. However, for a long time the Scandinavian historians advocated the theory that the Russian Empire, driven by the idea of permanent territorial extensions, had posed a threat to the Norwegian Finmark. So, the delineation of the Northern frontier was a diplomatic deal aimed at creating legitimate barriers to further Russian expansion in Western Europe through the Norwegian Arctic. Thus, the author concludes that from the methodological perspective, the evolution of the Russian-Norwegian borderlands is still not sufficiently developed in foreign historiography and requires closer attention to create high-quality reconstruction of the Russian-Norwegian borderland evolution from the territory with frontlines configuration of political boundaries in the 13th century — the early 19th century to the space with a sealed political boundary in the 20th century.

Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, Lubomiła Korzeniewska, Marta Kaczorowska

Following gender prescriptions can affect individuals’ quality of life. Research has shown that the unequal distribution of household labor is correlated with low psychological well-being and family conflict. Therefore, negotiations concerning household and family duties within relationships appear to be an important health-related issue. Additionally, research has shown that couples who have more gender-egalitarian arrangements within their households have better health outcomes if the wider society is more gender egalitarian. In this literature review, we aim to shed light on the relationship of the equal division of housework between women and men with their health and well-being. We also present selected results from the series of studies conducted during our PAR Migration Navigator project, which explores the practices of gender equality within households and their relationship to individual well-being among Polish couples living in Poland, Polish migrant couples living in Norway, and Norwegian couples living in Norway.

Heidi Stenvold, Åshild Fause

The museum of reconstruction for Finnmark and Northern Troms uses personal war memories from childhood and adolescence e.g. in exhibitions, articles and lectures. However, 70-year-old memories are most likely processed and changed over time, and critics often consider memories untrustworthy. Some scholars claim that positive memories stick better than negative memories, while others vice versa. The first research question addresses this problem by asking: “Are good or bad experiences most likely remembered?”. Discussing this revealed different factors affecting the memories, such as the desire to honor the parents, the questionnaire design, and more. The purpose of the second research question was to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that might would enhance or hinder resilience or vulnerability in the face of their war experiences at the time.

Anna Tso Wing-bo, Scarlet Lee

Chinese readers have shown excessive interest in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House (1879) since progressive Chinese intellectuals such as Lu Xun (1881–1936) and Hu Shi (1891–1962) translated and introduced the play to China in the early twentieth century. However, until today, not many have noticed or mentioned issues that could arise from translation. While Chinese scholars vigorously study Ibsen and modern Chinese drama, few care to read the original play (in Dano-Norwegian) or the English translation, let alone comparing them with the Chinese version(s), which most Chinese readers actually read. In view of this, we look into three translations of A Doll’s House – namely Peter Watts’s English version, Pan Jiaxun’s Chinese version, and Cao Kaiyuan’s Taiwanese version. By using the critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach, we discover that the discourse and power struggle of Nora and Torvald in Watts’s and Pan’s versions differ in various interesting ways. In this article, we will use the conversation between Nora and Torvald in the last scene of Act III to demonstrate how omissions, additions and alterations brought about by translations can change the discourse and create different ideological effects on gender relations and identities (192 words).

Rognald Heiseldal Bergesen

Before the Reformation, there was at significant collection of books in the North Norwegian parish Church at Trondenes (Fig. 1). Located in a rich maritime fishing district about 300 kilometres north of the polar circle, it was the northernmost catholic stone church in the world. Served by 6-9 priests reading masses and singing the Holy Office, it was also the only collegiate church in the vast region of Southern Troms, an area comprising more than 2000 square kilometres, and thirteen chapels. The chancel at Trondenes was one of the largest in Norway, and the church was equipped with fourteen choir stalls, eight altars and at least seven reredoses (Fig. 2). Book collections in such churches were usually larger and more elaborate than in ordinary parish churches. The number of books in the library at Trondenes is not known, but several sources give substantial glimpses into the compound of the collection at different points in time. At the National Library in Oslo are preserved one fragment from an antiphonal and five volumes from three different printed books, all originally from Trondenes. Six medieval or early modern documents give further information about medieval book titles from the Trondenes Library. Previously these sources have never been compared. In the article this material is discussed in order to illuminate distinctive features of the book collection related to chronology and the functions of the church. The functions considered are not only related to liturgy, but also to canon law, collecting tithe, and education of priests. The collection consisted of liturgical books, library books and canon law. According to the preserved material, the collection appears to have changed its character from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. In the former, the collection consisted only of liturgical books; the known books from the period are one missal, one obituary book and the antiphonal of which there is one preserved fragment dated to the end of the thirteenths century (NB Ms.lat.fragm. 11). In the sixteenth century, the collection was complemented with several library books, of which five volumes have been preserved. These are two printed versions of the Postillae perpetuae by Nicholas of Lyra (Pal 61 and Pal 68), and one version of the Bible (Pal 65). The title Summa Theologica Moralis by Antonini Florentini is also known from Trondenes. There might have been canon law books in the church from as early as the fourteenth century. The occurrence of the antiphonal and the obituary book indicate that the collection of liturgical literature at Trondenes before the Black Death was more elaborate than in ordinary parish churches. Obituary books mostly seem to have occurred in larger churches. Antiphonals were primarily made for several singers; indeed a parish priest in a small parish church was obligated to recite the office, but he did not have to sing it. Thus he would not need any antiphonal, only a breviary. Consequently the antiphonal at Trondenes may signify a choir consisting of several priests in the church as early as the thirteenth century. That is long before 1465, when the choir stalls at Trondenes were produced. Yet English evidence suggests that also smaller churches in Norway owned antiphonals. In England every church, big or small, was supposed to own an example. To the extent that English conditions are applicable to Norwegian reality, this is weakening the assumption of a priest choir at Trondenes in the thirteenth century. - The canon law dealt among other things with matters concerning disputes about benefices, tithes and all disputes involving clerics. The local canon law of the diocese at Nidaros was adapted to the specific arctic conditions of Northern Norway relating to climate, long distances and the specific economic base of the region. In the sixteenth century Trondenes was the wealthiest canonry of Norway. It was the scene of a multitude of transactions between fishermen, farmers, local magnates and the representatives of both the bishop and the king. The local canon law must have been a necessary tool dealing with the management of the economic resources and other interests of the church in the district. These matters are also some of the subjects of the Summa Theologica Moralis by Antoninus Florentinus, which among other things discusses moral aspect of banking and drawing up contracts.The library books at Trondenes indicate that the collegiate was a local knowledge centre that might have had a function in the training of priests in the diocese. Summa Theologica Moralis was originally written to provide better training of priests in Florence; it's functions could have been similar at Trondenes. The Postillae perpetuae had an analytic structure that demanded an academic and insightful approach. Every sentence of the bible was accompanied by an exegetic commentary by Lyra and Glossa ordinaria. Probably both books formed a part of a bigger compound of theological books at the library. Together with the priests who mastered skills in reading and writing, theology, liturgy and law, the books contributed to make Trondenes a considerable local resource.

Sandvoll Anne, Kristoffersen Kjell, Hauge Solveig

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Western governments have initiated reforms to improve the quality of care for nursing home residents. Most of these reforms encompass the use of regulations and national quality indicators. In the Norwegian context, these regulations comprise two pages of text that are easy to read and understand. They focus particularly on residents’ rights to plan their day-to-day life in nursing homes. However, the research literature indicates that the implementation of the new regulations, particularly if they aim to change nursing practice, is extremely challenging. The aim of this study was to further explore and describe nursing practice to gain a deeper understanding of why it is so hard to implement the new regulations.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>For this qualitative study, an ethnographic design was chosen to explore and describe nursing practice. Fieldwork was conducted in two nursing homes. In total, 45 nurses and nursing aides were included in participant observation, and 10 were interviewed at the end of the field study.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Findings indicate that the staff knew little about the new quality regulations, and that the quality of their work was guided by other factors rooted in their nursing practice. Further analyses revealed that the staff appeared to be committed to daily routines and also that they always seemed to know what to do. Having routines and always knowing what to do mutually strengthen and enhance each other, and together they form a powerful force that makes daily nursing care a taken-for-granted activity.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>New regulations are challenging to implement because nursing practices are so strongly embedded. Improving practice requires systematic and deeply rooted practical change in everyday action and thinking.</p>

Helène Whittaker, Michael Schmidt, Anne Heith

Kåre Johan Mjør

The article consists of a critical discussion Jurij Lotman and Boris Uspenskij's (in)famous theory of Russian culture possessing an underlying dual (binary) structure and of a contextualisation of their ideas in relation to both their contemporary Soviet situation and possible historical predecessors.

Ole Karlsen

Jelena Porsanger

In this essay the author intends to articulate methodological issues, which are primarily important for indigenous researchers in the light of the indigenous perspective.

Atle Skaftun

At August Strindbergs drama Ett drömspel byr på utfordringer for sine lesere, tror jeg mange vil være enige i. Stykket er rikt på fortolkningsmuligheter, og er et viktig element i genrens formelle utviklingshistorie. Det er det sistnevnte, dramaets form, som skal stå i fokus her, nærmere bestemt forholdet mellom episk distanse og dramatisk nærhet. Utgangspunktet er Strindbergs egen fortale til dramaet, hvor han indikerer "drømmerens bevissthet" som enhetsskapende kraft i verket. Dette utsagnet er ofte sitert, men i liten grad tenkt konsekvent gjennom, vil jeg mene. Forfølger vi Strindbergs forklaring, er det mulig at vi både får et enklere grep om drømmespillets form, om episk distanse i dette dramaet, samt et fruktbart utgangspunkt for å diskutere grensefenomener i forholdet mellom fortellende og dramatiske genre mer generelt.

Svein-Eirik Fauskevåg

Per Arne Bodin