Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Filip Šimunjak, Sven Matović

U radu se prezentira život i djelovanje Franje pl. Miskića (1828–1900), izvan numizmatičkih krugova relativno nepoznatoga časnika habsburške vojske, znamenitog po impresivnoj zbirci novca i medalja koja je rasprodana nakon njegove smrti. Međutim, kao što rad otkriva, Miskićeva ostavština uključuje značajna postignuća i izvan sfere kolekcionarstva. Dublji uvid u njegovu vojnu karijeru otkriva predanoga časnika habsburške (austrijske) vojske koji je u službu stupio 1848. godine slijedeći očeve stope. Kao mladić, oko 1842. godine, odlazi u Beč, gdje upisuje Inženjerijsku vojnu akademiju (Technische Militärakademie). Tijekom posljednje mu, šeste, godine studija u Italiji izbija Prvi rat za ujedinjenje Italije (1848/49), zbog čega je Miskić – sa šest drugih kadeta – posebnom odlukom Ministarstva rata prijevremeno imenovan potporučnikom i kao pripadnik tehničko-inženjerijskoga korpusa austrijske vojske upućen na talijansko bojište. Tijekom sljedeće 33 godine napredovao je kroz službu i činove – dosegnuvši 1878. čin pukovnika – te stekao brojne časti, uključujući neposredno prije umirovljenja 1880. i titulu viteza (Ritter) te odlikovanja Orden der eisernen Krone 3. Classe. Među njegovim značajnim postignućima bila je i uloga predavača na prestižnoj Inženjerijskoj vojnoj akademiji, istoj ustanovi na kojoj je i sam školovan. U toj ulozi podučavao je buduće časnike iz predmeta matematičke geografije, umijeća mjerenja te umijeća utvrđivanja, ostavljajući trajan utjecaj na akademiju i njezine studente. Miskić je bio i strastveni pjesnik, a rad čitatelju prezentira njegovu zbirku poezije Aus verklungenen Tagen (Iz davnih dana), koja pruža jedinstveni uvid u autorove misli i iskustva. Zbirka, danas sačuvana u Austrijskoj nacionalnoj knjižnici u Beču, podijeljena je na šest dijelova, te osim 125 autorskih pjesama – napisanih na njemačkome jeziku – uključuje i 56 prijevoda djela mađarskoga pjesnika Sándora Petőfija. Miskićeva poezija obiluje autobiografskim elementima, tematizirajući osobne gubitke, lojalnosti i refleksije o životnome putu. Tekstovima pjesama također progovara o lokalnim narodnim običajima i značajnim povijesnim događajima, pokazujući tako interes za poznavanje kultura i tradicija područja u kojima je služio. Poezija, pod utjecajem romantizma, otkriva Miskićeve filozofske poglede i osjećaj melankolije koji prožima njegove refleksije o vojnoj službi, osobnoj žrtvi i egzistencijalnim temama. Konačno, članak također prezentira i Miskićevu strast za numizmatikom i kolekcionarstvom. Njegova je zbirka bila visoko cijenjena te je sadržavala predmete (novčiće, medalje i sl.) iz brojnih svjetskih i gotovo svih europskih zemalja. U godini smrti zbirka je procijenjena na 10 000 forinti, a Miskić ju je oporučno namjeravao darovati Gradu Zagrebu. Međutim, gradske su vlasti odbile ponudu, navodeći »da kolekcija sadrži previše njemačkih novčića«. Razočaran, Miskić je zbirku prodao bečkoj tvrtki Brüder Egger za 4000 forinti, koja ju je već iste 1900. godine rasprodala na aukciji.

Pierre Fournier

This study suggests that the parameters accounting for the stressing of loanwords in English should be distinguished from those governing the rest of the English lexicon. This dictionary-based analysis shows that the stress characteristics of source languages are determining factors in the stressing of words of foreign origin in English. Throughout history, the massive influx of words from source languages stressed on the penultimate syllable might have led to a default stress pattern in English being used as a phonological marker to indicate the foreign origin of items. Even though stress preservation is the main parameter accounting for the stress patterns of English loanwords, there is evidence of an ongoing conflict in English between the preservation of the original stress pattern derived from source languages and the application of the default stress pattern instead.

Francisco Núñez-Román

The phraseography of regional varieties of Italian is under-represented in lexicographic sources. This article aims to briefly review the main obstacles faced by the phraseological lexicography of regional Italian and to offer a working proposal based on the latest edition of the Dizionario di Fraseologia dell’Italiano Regionale (DFIR). The intention is to overcome the stereotypes that affect regional phraseography and to prepare the foundations for future work, which will involve, indispensably, improving the research methodology, consolidating the theoretical pro­posals on phraseology developed in recent years and, finally, taking advantage of techno­logical advances to make the phraseological repertoires more accessible and more easily updatable.

Jolanta Migdał

The article is a continuation of research dealing with the problem of dictionary history of names of lexicographic collections. The considerations concern the history of the lexeme dictionary in Polish lexicography in terms other than the basic meaning of a word, i.e. ‘an ordered set of words of a language’. The history of the following meanings recorded in Polish dictionaries is presented in a chronological order: ‘man of words, honorable’, ‘editor's office; the premises where the editorial office of the dictionary is located’, ‘a certain set of words; vocabulary’, ‘a book containing an ordered collection of words of a language’ and ‘a publication containing texts informing about specific issues, arranged alphabetically according to selected words or terms’. Often, the emergence of some meanings results from the principles adopted by the authors of the dictionary, from the detail in extracting meanings and underlinings.

Milica Gačić

U izradi (dvojezičnih) rječnika, kao i pri prevođenju, razgraničavanje značenja predstavlja standardni postupak koji je ponekad nužan iz tvorbenih, ali češće iz morfosintaktičkih razloga, ovisno o polaznom jeziku. Uvodni dio rada daje kratku usporedbu dvaju jezika, hrvatskoga i engleskoga, raspravljajući o leksikografskim postupcima u izradi rječnika sve do odlučivanja na temelju pravila leksikografske odluke. U drugom poglavlju razmatraju se posebnosti dvojezičnih rječnika i metodologija razrade natuknice u rječnički članak, u dvama nesrodnim jezicima kao što su hrvatski i engleski, dajući prednost korištenju relevantnih kontekstualnih izvora (poput tekstova i korpusa). Treće se poglavlje bavi natuknicama s hrvatskim kao polaznim jezikom i obuhvaća razgraničavanje pridjeva s nastavcima -iv, -jiv i -ljiv (npr. jestiv, jediv i jedljiv); razdvojbu pridjeva srednjega roda i priloga (npr. kazneno pravo, kazneno goniti); glagolskih pridjeva, glagolskih priloga i glagolskih imenica (npr. umirući); glagolskih pridjeva trpnih i pridjeva (npr. rođen i rođeni); prijedloga i priloga (npr. poslije); priložnih i prijedložnih sintagami (npr. nàgore, nȁgorē i na gore). U nastavku se razmatraju slučajevi polisemije (npr. zemlja), homofonije (npr. sûd), homonimije (npr. prȁvo, srednji rod pridjeva i prilog), označivanja radnje za razliku od dokumenta i na kraju primjeri lažnih parova. Specifičnosti engleskoga jezika odražavaju se kroz njegove brojne varijetete (prvenstveno BrE i AmE) i obrađuju se u četvrtom poglavlju. Posebno se, s obzirom na varijetet, navode razlike u pravopisu (npr. dialogue i dialog) te razlike na leksičkoj razini (kroz primjere u pravnoj i prometnoj terminologiji). Razrađuje se višefunkcionalnost oblika u engleskom jeziku (npr. drive, glagol ili imenica), sintaktička i morfosintaktička uvjetovanost značenja (član, jednina/množina npr. end of a/the/0 day/s/), višerječni izrazi (npr. golden parachute – velika otpremnina), polisemija (npr. stock), homonimi, homografi i homofoni (npr. bank – obala; banka), sinonimija (npr. freedom i liberty), paronimija (npr. proscribe i prescribe), lažni parovi (npr. billion – milijarda), kulturološki otisci u jeziku (npr. Dear John letter) i glagoli koji izražavaju negativno značenje u engleskom jeziku (npr. ne znati/poznavati – ignore). Primjeri navedeni u radu uzeti su iz rječnika (Gačić, 2010. i 2019) i iz korpusa. Zaključcima u petom poglavlju naglašava se nužnost primjene opisanih postupaka razgraničenja i razdvojbe značenja u dvojezičnoj leksikografiji i u prevođenju, prvenstveno kroz tekstove, korpuse i kontrastivnu analizu.

Антон Анатольевич Степихов

Ološtiak Martin

This paper introduces the most important theoretical and methodological works (monographs, studies, and textbooks) that have set the course for word-formation research, especially regarding its methodology, in Slovakia since the latter half of the 20th century, starting with a pioneering monograph by Ján Horecký entitled Slovotvorná sústava slovenčiny [Slovak Word-Formation System] (1959), followed by the works of other distinguished scholars (J. Furdík, K. Buzássyová, M. Sokolová, Ľ. Liptáková, M. Nábělková, etc.). Special attention is also paid to the works dealing with the development of word-formation, derivational semantics and onomasiology, word-formation research in relation to other branches of language and linguistics (lexicology and lexicography, morphemics, morphonology, morphology, syntax, theory of the text), as well as to the research focused on compounding.

Ali Maatouk, Yin Sun, A. Ephremides et al.

In this paper, we consider a transmission scheduling problem, in which several streams of status update packets with diverse priority levels are sent through a shared channel to their destinations. We introduce a notion of Lexicographic age optimality, or simply lex-age-optimality, to evaluate the performance of multi-class status update policies. In particular, a lex-age-optimal scheduling policy first minimizes the Age of Information (AoI) metrics for high-priority streams, and then, within the set of optimal policies for high-priority streams, achieves the minimum AoI metrics for low-priority streams. We propose a new scheduling policy named Preemptive Priority, Maximum Age First, Last-Generated, First-Served (PP-MAFLGFS), and prove that the PP-MAF-LGFS scheduling policy is lex-age-optimal in the single exponential server settings. This result holds (i) for minimizing any time-dependent, symmetric, and non-decreasing age penalty function; (ii) for minimizing any non-decreasing functional of the stochastic process formed by the age penalty function; and (iii) for the cases where different priority classes have distinct arrival traffic patterns, age penalty functions, and age penalty functionals. For example, the PPMAF-LGFS scheduling policy is lex-age-optimal for minimizing the mean peak age of a high-priority stream and the time-average age of a low-priority stream. Numerical results are provided to illustrate our theoretical findings.

Martin Kuhar

Uvodnik

Nicolás Campanelli, D. Kuziak

Abstract A total Roman dominating function of a graph G = ( V , E ) is a function f : V ( G ) → { 0 , 1 , 2 } such that for every vertex v with f ( v ) = 0 there exists a vertex u adjacent to v with f ( u ) = 2 , and such that the subgraph induced by the set of vertices labeled one or two has no isolated vertices. The total Roman domination number of G is the minimum value of the sums ∑ v ∈ V f ( v ) over all total Roman dominating functions f of G . In this paper we study the total Roman domination number of the lexicographic product of graphs.

Yi Wu, Siddharth Srivastava, N. Hay et al.

Despite the recent successes of probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) in AI applications, PPLs offer only limited support for random variables whose distributions combine discrete and continuous elements. We develop the notion of measure-theoretic Bayesian networks (MTBNs) and use it to provide more general semantics for PPLs with arbitrarily many random variables defined over arbitrary measure spaces. We develop two new general sampling algorithms that are provably correct under the MTBN framework: the lexicographic likelihood weighting (LLW) for general MTBNs and the lexicographic particle filter (LPF), a specialized algorithm for state-space models. We further integrate MTBNs into a widely used PPL system, BLOG, and verify the effectiveness of the new inference algorithms through representative examples.

E. Mullins

Denis Jamet

According to Allan & Burridge [1991: 11], “[a] euphemism is used as an alternative to a dispreferred expression, in order to avoid possible loss of face: either one’s own face or, through giving offence, that of the audience, or some third party.” The word “alternative” seems to imply that there is always a choice for speakers, according to the situation of utterance, the interlocutor(s), the register, etc. Yet, in some cases, there does not seem to be much choice, and some euphemisms are completely lexicalized as they have imposed themselves as the only acceptable ways to refer to a given referent or a given notion. This may be the case for politically-correct terms for instance, or for euphemisms referring to notions that are deemed too shocking or painful to be directly mentioned, such as diseases. This article aims to discuss the aspects of word-formation process in the euphemistic lexicon of physical and mental illnesses in English and in French, by resorting to a comparative analysis. I will try and show that if some euphemistic neologisms are generated to circumvent the taboo surrounding diseases and illnesses, some others act as real terminological creations and enable to play a role in structuring the domain.

Bruno Kragić

Marina V. Golomidova

The paper provides a review of the content and structure of the dictionary of Russian unofficial oikonymy published by Maria Akhmetova. The reviewer points out the author’s ability to make a high-quality presentation of a large number of lexical units: more than 2 200 names and non-standard abbreviations for more than 800 settlements of Russia and neighbouring countries. The material was retrieved from a wide array of sources which include both traditional written texts (toponymic and regional dictionaries, dictionaries of slang, scholarly, journalistic and literary texts) and relatively new practices of contemporary Internet communications (blogs, Internet forums, social networks, etc.) The reviewer emphasizes the correct and adequate manner of lexicographic processing of unofficial settlement names, as well as the author’s theoretical reasoning on their functional specificity. A particular attention is paid to the ideas articulated in the introduction to the dictionary in which the author attempts to define the status of unofficial oikonyms within the toponymic system of a language, qualifying such names as a particular case of toponymic variability, the latter being the basis of a systemicfunctional approach to the interpretation of unofficial names. The reviewer concludes that Maria Akhmetova’s dictionary enlarges our view of sociolinguistic parameters of the functioning of unofficial oikonyms, which is reflected in an extremely detailed system of labels referring to hitchhikers’ slang, military and naval jargon, obsolete vocabulary, journalistic discourse, nonce words, and others. The dictionary contains rich data that can be used in lexicological, morphological, onomastic, sociolinguistic, anthropological research, but also in studies of urban folklore and urban everyday life.

L. Csató

Pairwise comparison matrices are widely used in multicriteria decision making. This article applies incomplete pairwise comparison matrices in the area of sport tournaments, namely proposing alternative rankings for the 2010 Chess Olympiad Open tournament. It is shown that results are robust regarding scaling technique. In order to compare different rankings, a distance function is introduced with the aim of taking into account the subjective nature of human perception. Analysis of the weight vectors implies that methods based on pairwise comparisons have common roots. Visualization of the results is provided by multidimensional scaling on the basis of the defined distance. The proposed rankings give in some cases intuitively better outcome than currently used lexicographical orders.

E. Erkut, A. Karagiannidis, G. Perkoulidis et al.

Goran Sunajko

Rad prikazuje i analizira Vladara Niccolòa Machiavellija na 500. obljetnicu njegova nastanka. Nakon potrebnoga iznošenja konteksta nastanka ovoga znakovitoga djela o političkim odnosima u Italiji XVI. stoljeća te o teorijskim uvidima u fenomen politike, pokazuje se kako je najveća zasluga Machijavellijeva djela formulacija i razradba pojma države kao specifičnoga oblika političke zajednice nastaloga u XVI. stoljeću. Pored temeljnoga razmatranja pojma države, rad analizira Machiavellijevu tipologiju oblika vladavina, dijalektički odnos fortuna–virtù te pojam građanske monarhije kao Machiavellijeva idealna tipa države.

Celestino Oriikiriza

The paper demonstrates how some of the dictionaries written in less documented languages, hardly meet the expectations of target users, due to some of the methods used in collecting and arranging meanings of words. The paper, therefore, explains the semantico-syntactic method of eliciting multiple conceptual meanings of words and the alphasyntactico-semantic mode of their arrangement in dictionary making. It concludes by showing how the two methods can lead to compilation of good dictionaries in less documented languages and how the dictionaries would be of benefit to the target users.

Francisco Molina Díaz

The main aim of this study is the analysis of the treatment of words that the Real Academia Española (the Spanish Royal Academy) has included in its dictionaries when refering to homosexuality. Thus, the dates when the entries appear and disappear are examined, as well as their definitions in the academic dictionaries sinceAutoridadesup to now. This analysis allows us to verify the existence of both ideological and moralizing factors in the dictionaries that reflect the thought of the society in which they ap-pear.Consequently, a corpus of terms that make reference to homosexuality has been developed and the existence of these terms has been checked in diverse lexicographical works of the Real Academia Española and in its different editions since theDiccionario de Autoridadesuntil today. Simul-taneously, the treatment of these terms according to their definitions has been analysed, including many examples given in these works.Then, with this method, it seems clear that the dictionaries depend on the ideas that a society holds about sexual behaviours. These ideas are spe-cially influenced by ideologies or moral thoughts that come from Catholi-cism. Therefore, negative and derogative judgements can be appreciated in the majority of the works, and they either stop appearing or diminish their appearances in the most recent versions of the academic dictionar-ies.In conclusion, this paper proves that a dictionary is not a work exempt from ideologies; on the contrary, it expresses the one of the society in which it appears, maybe with the aspiration to serve the user as an in-strument to know the language and also the culture in which it is developed.