Hasil untuk "Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"

Karla Sáenz

Si una sociedad tiene una cosmovisión colectiva que los lleve a una convivencia pacífica, entonces vemos que existe un rumbo que está socializado con cada persona que la conforma. lo que permite que se busque la paz como una meta social, a través de acciones, tradiciones, valores e identidad. La construcción de una cosmovisión colectiva de paz requiere un trabajo que unifique los esfuerzos en diferentes niveles de gobierno, en organizaciones sociales, en líderes de opinión, así como se requiere de una aceptación social de la importancia de la paz en la coexistencia común.

Elizabeth Leticia Souza Mosqueda

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo principal proponer un Tribunal Ambiental Autónomo en México, para agilizar y optimizar los casos que en derecho ambiental deban resolverse. A través de una investigación sistemática se describió la problemática ambiental la cual plantea desafíos urgentes y complejos, especialmente en lo que respecta a la protección integral de la vida y la mitigación de riesgos que amenazan la estabilidad del entorno, primeramente, con la indagación de la situación ambiental actual a nivel global, seguidamente con un análisis teórico-jurídico ambiental en México y sus tratados internacionales, una descripción con base en el Derecho Comparado de implementaciones similares al Tribunal Ambiental Autónomo en otros países y  por último la formulación de elementos para la instauración de un Tribunal Ambiental Autónomo en México. En efecto, para enfrentar estos retos, se requiere una transformación en la cultura jurídica, con la adaptación de principios y estándares que permitan ofrecer soluciones efectivas y actualizadas a los problemas ambientales contemporáneos.

Minwei Zhao, Sanja Scepanovic, Stephen Law et al.

Understanding how urban socio-demographic and environmental factors relate with health is essential for public health and urban planning. However, traditional statistical methods struggle with nonlinear effects, while machine learning models often fail to capture geographical (nearby areas being more similar) and topological (unequal connectivity between places) effects in an interpretable way. To address this, we propose MedGNN, a spatio-topologically explicit framework that constructs a 2-hop spatial graph, integrating positional and locational node embeddings with urban characteristics in a graph neural network. Applied to MEDSAT, a comprehensive dataset covering over 150 environmental and socio-demographic factors and six prescription outcomes (depression, anxiety, diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and opioids) across 4,835 Greater London neighborhoods, MedGNN improved predictions by over 25% on average compared to baseline methods. Using depression prescriptions as a case study, we analyzed graph embeddings via geographical principal component analysis, identifying findings that: align with prior research (e.g., higher antidepressant prescriptions among older and White populations), contribute to ongoing debates (e.g., greenery linked to higher and NO2 to lower prescriptions), and warrant further study (e.g., canopy evaporation correlated with fewer prescriptions). These results demonstrate MedGNN's potential, and more broadly, of carefully applied machine learning, to advance transdisciplinary public health research.

José Manuel Rodríguez Jiménez, Miguel Ángel Canorea Ruiz, Alejandro Plaza Quesada

La alteración de motores en motocicletas implica modificar el motor original para mejorar el rendimiento o adaptarlo a necesidades específicas, aunque estas prácticas pueden derivar en riesgos de seguridad y problemas legales. Estos cambios pueden producirse por avería del motor y necesidad de un reemplazo, lo cual es inicialmente legal, o un cambio por un motor de mayor cilindrada que dotaría a la motocicleta de mayor potencia, pero también de mayor inestabilidad al no estar preparado el resto de componentes para ese aumento de potencia. La instalación de motores de mayor potencia en motocicletas no diseñadas para soportarlos puede comprometer la seguridad, generando inestabilidad y aumentando el riesgo de accidentes debido a frenos inadecuados, poniendo en riesgo no solo su seguridad, sino también la del resto de usuarios de la vía con el uso de dicho motor alterado. El cambio de motor tiene su vertiente delictiva. El origen de dicho motor puede no ser lícito y, aunque el conductor del vehículo no sea responsable directamente de un delito de robo al no haber intervenido directamente en la sustracción del mismo, sí puede serlo de receptación si no posee la documentación que justifique que es comprador de buena fe. Dicha documentación trasladaría la responsabilidad del delito hacia el vendedor. La determinación de la responsabilidad penal es secundaria cuando la dificultad principal es saber si los motores instalados pertenecen o no a dicha motocicleta. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio que permite aproximar, usando métodos matemáticos que determinan el grado de pertenencia, si el motor que porta una motocicleta es el que ha sido instalado originalmente en la misma o si proviene de una motocicleta ajena.

V.M. Dubas

In the article, the author reveals the features of the current state of scientific understanding of the phenomenon of law-making. It was noted that law-making occupies a special place in the activity of the state, the main purpose of which is the adoption, change and cancellation of legal norms formalized in the relevant forms of law. For law-making as a special form of legally significant activity carried out by authorized subjects (the people, subjects of public authority, public organizations), the question of its understanding remains important from a scientific point of view, which will allow a more accurate and comprehensive answer to the question of: 1 ) what exactly is created as a result of law-making; 2) what purpose it pursues; 3) what is its significance at the current stage of development of the legal system. Despite the fact that law-making has a long history of its scientific research and is currently represented by a wide range of approaches to understanding, it is worth noting that a clear doctrinal understanding of this phenomenon has not been developed in legal science. The presence of various approaches to its scientific understanding proves the multifacetedness of the studied phenomenon and requires strengthening the conceptualization of such scientific results. The above proves the relevance of the scientific development of law-making through the prism of its doctrinal understanding and the characteristics of the current state of its development. On the basis of a critical analysis of the views of scientists presented in legal science, which relate to the understanding of law-making, the author concluded that modern researchers justify the expediency of an expanded understanding of law­making, which is aimed not only at the creation of normative legal acts, but also other forms of law, in particular judicial precedents and international legal contracts and acts. It is proven that law-making is primarily a socio-cultural phenomenon, which is carried out in accordance with the interests of society, the state, etc. Therefore, the concept of «politics» plays an important role in understanding law-making, which characterizes law-making from the point of view of an independent sphere and direction of activity, which: 1) determines the content of law-making; 2) directs the work of responsible entities; 3) and most importantly, it ensures the gradual, objectively determined development of the legal system, statehood and civil society.

M.V. Parasyuk

The article is devoted to the study of the category «procedural integrity» and the use of electronic technologies in civil law based on the current legislation with the use of a complex system analysis in the context of countering the abuse of procedural rights. The object of the study is social relations that are formed in the process of implementing the principle of procedural fairness in the context of the use of information and communication technologies. The subject of the study is the norms of domestic legislation regulating the implementation of procedural fairness in the civil law of Ukraine. Countermeasures against the abuse of procedural rights is connected with two fundamental points - with the wide spread of forms of behavior that are attributed to the offense in question, and the lack of development of means of effective fight against procedural abuse. In jurisprudence and judicial practice, concepts and categories belonging to the field of ethics are used to solve this problem. Such a category is procedural integrity. In modern conditions, research on the category of procedural good faith in civil law is being updated. Good faith by nature is a non-legal category, to determine the content of which it is necessary to refer to other concepts and categories of ethics. The category «procedural good faith» is used by the legislator to describe the limits of lawful behavior and determine the possible implementation of civil procedural rights. It is noted that the provision of the category of procedural good faith as a legal obligation should be considered in the context of the elements of the normative and theoretical construction of the abuse of procedural rights and the mechanism of combating abuse in civil law. The category of procedural good faith plays a certain role in determining the criteria for distinguishing the legitimate use of the right from its abuse. This problem is relevant for civil procedural law, because by its legal nature, civil law is designed to mediate the conflict of the parties, their competition and opposition.

Mükerrem Onur Başar

Türkiye’nin de dâhil olduğu Kara Avrupası hukuk sistemi ile Anglo Sakson hukuk sistemi arasındaki yaklaşım farklılıkları, teknolojinin ve internetin gelişimi ile birlikte, özellikle teknoloji transferini konu alan ticari ilişkilerde kullanılan sözleşmelerde, daha da belirgin bir hal almaktadır. Her ikisi de sözleşme özgürlüğü prensibini esas almasına rağmen, Kara Avrupası hukuk sisteminin, sözleşmelerde ceza koşuluna yer verme hususundaki liberal yaklaşımı ile Anglo Sakson hukukunun ceza koşulunu yasaklayıcı bakış açısı, anılan iki hukuk sisteminin bu konudaki önemli bir yaklaşım farklılığını ortaya koymaktadır. Diğer yandan, Anglo Sakson hukukunda yer alan cezalandırıcı tazminat düzenlemelerine -kural olarak- Kara Avrupası hukuk sistemlerinde yer verilmiyor olması, iki hukuk sistemi arasında bu konuda mevcut olan önemli bir diğer ayrışmayı oluşturmaktadır.

Sara Sieira Mucientes

Las Sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional 19/2023 y 44/2023 tienen un nexo común argumental que viene a constituir su principal ratio decidendi, consistente en la creación de un nuevo derecho fundamental de autodeterminación para decidir sobre la propia muerte y sobre la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo, que pasan a constituir nuevos derechos fundamentales a la eutanasia y al aborto, integrándolos en el derecho a la integridad física y moral (art. 15 CE), limitando así la libertad de configuración del legislador respecto de los mismos. El activismo judicial desplegado en esta operación no puede dejar de suscitar una gran perplejidad. El hasta ahora considerado «principio» de la dignidad de la persona y del libre desarrollo de la personalidad (art. 10.1 CE), en virtud de esta innovadora jurisprudencia, deja de operar como tal para convertirse, no ya en un «principio general de libertad», cuestión que distaría incluso de ser pacífica en la doctrina, sino en un verdadero «derecho fundamental general de libertad», en definitiva, como norma de clausura del sistema de libertades públicas. A diferencia de la regulación en derecho constitucional alemán, inspirador del Anteproyecto de la ponencia constitucional en España, en que el libre desarrollo de la personalidad constituye un derecho fundamental, también norma de clausura, con unos límites bien establecidos por la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Karlsruhe, ni la dicción literal, ni la sistemática de la Constitución española permite una incorporación acrítica de la construcción alemana, ni su empleo por parte del Tribunal Constitucional español ha sido, en esta última jurisprudencia...

María Neus Pons Carrera, Alexis Berg-Rodríguez

Este artículo sostiene que la aplicación de las políticas y mecanismos de protección estatal no han sido suficientes para detener la impunidad, agresiones y asesinatos de periodistas en México entre 2000 y 2022. Se revisan algunos informes publicados por la organización Article 19 México y Centroamérica, Reporteros sin Fronteras, la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y artículos de prensa; se realizan entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores claves. La poca efectividad de estas políticas se debe, en parte, por la confluencia de agentes estatales (fuerzas armadas, funcionarios públicos) y no estatales (partidos políticos, crimen organizado) que ejercen violencia y agresión sobre periodistas, lo cual profundiza la impunidad y poca efectividad de las políticas. Mecanismos como el proyecto “De la mano”, auspiciado por el Parlamento Europeo, son una posibilidad para ejercer presión internacional de manera conjunta con la sociedad civil, cuyos alcances no son cuantificables al momento. 

Timothy R. Law, Philip T. Barton

We present a practical cell-centred volume-of-fluid method developed within a pure Eulerian setting for the simulation of compressible solid-fluid problems. The method builds on a previously published diffuse-interface Godunov-type scheme through the addition of a specialised mixed-cell update that is capable of maintaining sharp interfaces indefinitely. The mixed-cell update is local and may be viewed as an interface-sharpening extension to the underlying diffuse-interface scheme along the lines of other techniques such as Tangent of Hyperbola INterface Capturing (THINC), and hence the method can be straightforwardly extended to include other coupled physics. We validate the method on a range of challenging test problems including a collapsing metal shell, cylinder impacts and the three-dimensional simulation of a buried explosive charge. Finally we demonstrate the robustness of the method, and its use in a multi-physics context, by modelling the BRL 105mm unconfined shaped charge with reactive high-explosive burn and rate-sensitive plasticity.

S.M. Eftemij

Exceeding official authority, malpractice, use of power for personal purposes are phenomena that accompany the process of political, economic and social development of any state. Despite the fact the negative phenomenon is inherent in every country; the effectiveness of measures against its spread remains various. The development of effective methods of combating any misconduct is impossible without the prior implementation of historical and legal research. In such a case, it seems possible not only to comprehend the causes and conditions for the origin of this dangerous phenomenon, but also to find out the compliance of criminal law prescriptions with the requirements of the public. Gaining independence of our State at the end of the 20th century, caused a necessity to implement changes that affected the entire branch system of society’s vital activities. There was no exception to the issue of the sphere related to the implementation of law enforcement activities. In fact, since the adoption of the Act of Proclamation of Independence of Ukraine and until now, the law enforcement system has been continuously reformed. This is explained by the need to improve the effectiveness of Ukrainian human rights bodies and bring them into line with modern democratic, social, economic and political realities. Precisely for the purpose of ensuring effective organization of the implementation of reforms in the area within the competence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs there was created permanent advisory body “Office of Reforms”. Taking into account the level of public danger, threats of exceeding power or official authority by law enforcement officers required special legal regulation. Criminal liability for the specified act is established in Art.365 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the content of which, like the entire law enforcement system of Ukraine, has undergone numerous changes. Since the effective date of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, five changes have been made to this criminal law norm, one of which even referred to the new edition. Accordingly, historical knowledge of the essence of the phenomenon of exceeding power or official authority by a law enforcement officials will help to understand the content and meaning of the ban, and therefore to understand the approaches of the legislator in solving certain problems.

Kody J. H. Law, Vitaly Zankin

This work considers variational Bayesian inference as an inexpensive and scalable alternative to a fully Bayesian approach in the context of sparsity-promoting priors. In particular, the priors considered arise from scale mixtures of Normal distributions with a generalized inverse Gaussian mixing distribution. This includes the variational Bayesian LASSO as an inexpensive and scalable alternative to the Bayesian LASSO introduced in [65]. It also includes a family of priors which more strongly promote sparsity. For linear models the method requires only the iterative solution of deterministic least squares problems. Furthermore, for p unknown covariates the method can be implemented exactly online with a cost of $O(p^3)$ in computation and $O(p^2)$ in memory per iteration -- in other words, the cost per iteration is independent of n, and in principle infinite data can be considered. For large $p$ an approximation is able to achieve promising results for a cost of $O(p)$ per iteration, in both computation and memory. Strategies for hyper-parameter tuning are also considered. The method is implemented for real and simulated data. It is shown that the performance in terms of variable selection and uncertainty quantification of the variational Bayesian LASSO can be comparable to the Bayesian LASSO for problems which are tractable with that method, and for a fraction of the cost. The present method comfortably handles $n = 65536$, $p = 131073$ on a laptop in less than 30 minutes, and $n = 10^5$, $p = 2.1 \times 10^6$ overnight.

José Alberto Toro-Valencia

Las firmas globales de abogados se constituyen en uno de los arquitectos de la promulgación de normas de soft law en el derecho internacional. Este artículo pretende caracterizar los grandes bufetes de abogados a escala global y con ello identificar su papel de autoridad privada en derecho internacional.

Anastasia Telesetsky

Abstract This article provides a review of the major “historic rights” cases in United States federal jurisprudence involving disputes between the United States and its constituent states. On the basis of these cases, the article describes the three step-approach taken by the judiciary in deciding whether there are cognizable “historic right” claims.

Paul Kershaw

This study examines whether Canadian governments have adapted budgets for the ageing population in accordance with norms of intergenerational justice. Public finance data in 2016 are analysed compared to 1976 in light of three constructs: the elderly/non-elderly ratio of social spending change, intergenerational reciprocity, and ability to pay. Findings include that (i) governments increased per capita spending for seniors 4.2 times faster than for those under the age of 45; (ii) public finance requires younger Canadians to contribute 22%-62% more in income taxes for the elderly now by comparison with 1976; and (iii) the contemporary ageing population has a greater ability to pay than cohorts immediately before and after them.

Agus Pratiwi

Studi ini menggambarkan bagaimana fleksibilitas pasar tenaga kerja yang menjadi nafas dalam hukum perburuhan Indonesia memiliki dampak kebijakan terhadap konstruksi gender. Sebaliknya konstruksi gender juga menentukan bagaimana fleksibilitas pasar tenaga kerja dipraktikkan oleh pemerintah. Desk study terhadap teks-teks lama tentang feminis, hukum feminis, dan perburuhan penting untuk memahami kesinambungan antara fenomena perburuhan di masa lalu dan fenomena perburuhan yang menjadi trend saat ini. Dengan perspektif feminis, arus utama analisis perburuhan yang meyakini bahwa kebijakan fleksibilitas baru terjadi di era Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan menjadi tidak relevan. Perspektif feminis melihat bahwa fleksibilitas bagi perempuan sudah terjadi sejak gelombang feminisasi manufaktur di era Hubungan Industrial Pancasila di masa Orde Baru, yang mana berpengaruh pada skema-skema fleksibilitas saat ini. Temuan-temuan melalui desk study ini diverifikasi melalui organic feminist inquiry, yang para kolaborator studi ini turut menganalisis temuan-temuan tersebut. Pada akhirnya, studi ini sangat relevan untuk meninjau ulang kebijakan-kebijakan perburuhan maupun kebijakan-kebijakan pemberdayaan perempuan yang justru kontra-produktif dengan upaya pengarusutamaan gender.

Yulong Li, Yun Zhi Law, Vaibhav Joshi et al.

We present a three-dimensional (3D) common-refinement method for non-matching meshes between discrete non-overlapping subdomains of incompressible fluid and nonlinear hyperelastic structure. To begin, we first investigate the accuracy of common-refinement method (CRM) to satisfy traction equilibrium condition along the fluid-elastic interface with non-matching meshes. We systematically assess the accuracy of CRM against the matching grid solution by varying grid mismatch between the fluid and solid meshes over a cylindrical tubular elastic body. We demonstrate second-order accuracy of CRM through uniform refinements of fluid and solid meshes along the interface. We then extend the error analysis to transient data transfer across non-matching meshes between fluid and solid solvers. We show that the common-refinement discretization across non-matching fluid-structure grids yields accurate transfer of the physical quantities across the fluid-solid interface. We next solve a 3D benchmark problem of a cantilevered hyperelastic plate behind a circular bluff body and verify the accuracy of coupled solutions with respect to the available solution in the literature. By varying the solid interface resolution, we generate various non-matching grid ratios and quantify the accuracy of CRM for the nonlinear structure interacting with a laminar flow. We illustrate that the CRM with the partitioned NIFC treatment is stable for low solid-to-fluid density ratio and non-matching meshes. Finally, we demonstrate the 3D parallel implementation of common-refinement with NIFC scheme for a realistic engineering problem of drilling riser undergoing complex vortex-induced vibration with strong added mass effects.

Charles J. Law, Luca Ricci, Sean M. Andrews et al.

We present observations with the Submillimeter Array of the continuum emission at $λ= 1.3$ mm from 62 young stars surrounded by a protoplanetary disk in the Serpens star-forming region. The typical angular resolution for the survey in terms of beam size is $3.5^{\prime \prime}\times2.5^{\prime \prime}$ with a median rms noise level of 1.6 mJy beam$^{-1}$. These data are used to infer the dust content in disks around low-mass stars $(0.1$-$2.5\,M_{\odot})$ at a median stellar age of $1$-$3$ Myr. Thirteen sources were detected in the 1.3 mm dust continuum with inferred dust masses of ${\approx} 10$-$260\,M_{\oplus}$ and an upper limit to the median dust mass of $5.1_{-4.3}^{+6.1}\,M_{\oplus}$, derived using survival analysis. Comparing the protoplanetary disk population in Serpens to those of other nearby star-forming regions, we find that the populations of dust disks in Serpens and Taurus, which have a similar age, are statistically indistinguishable. This is potentially surprising since Serpens has a stellar surface density two orders of magnitude in excess of Taurus. Hence, we find no evidence that dust disks in Serpens have been dispersed as a result of more frequent and/or stronger tidal interactions due its elevated stellar density. We also report that the fraction of Serpens disks with $M_{\rm{dust}} \geq 10\,M_{\oplus}$ is less than 20%, which supports the notion that the formation of giant planets is likely inherently rare or has substantially progressed by a few Myrs.