Hasil untuk "International relations"

I. Brownlie, J. Crawford

Serving as a single-volume introduction to the field as a whole, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law seeks to present international law as a system that is based on, and helps structure, relations among states and other entities at the international level. It aims to identify the constituent elements of that system in a clear way. This ninth edition has been completely updated to take account of the many developments in international law that have occurred since the 8th edition (2012).

J. Ruggie

R. Jervis

J. March, Johan P. Olsen

Kenneth W. Abbott, D. Snidal

A. Moravcsik

Michael O. Martin, A. Beaton, E. González et al.

Catherine E. De Vries, S. Hobolt, Stefanie Walter

Abstract International institutions are increasingly being challenged by domestic opposition and nationalist political forces. Yet, levels of politicization differ significantly across countries facing the same international authority as well as within countries over time. This raises the question of when and why the mass public poses a challenge to international cooperation. In this article, we develop a theoretical framework for understanding the nature and implications of politicization of international cooperation, outlining three scope conditions: the nature of public contestation, the activities of political entrepreneurs, and the permissiveness of political opportunity structures. By empirically examining these scope conditions, we demonstrate that politicization can have both stabilizing and destabilizing effects on international cooperation. Highlighting the systemic implications of politicization for international cooperation has important implications for international relations scholarship. Although international organizations may face challenges, they also have ways of being remarkably resilient.

Jörg Endrullis, Dominik Grzelak, Tobias Heindel et al.

This volume contains the post-proceedings of the Fourteenth and the Fifteenth International Workshops on Graph Computation Models (GCM 2023 and 2024). The workshops took place in Leicester, UK on 18th July 2023 and Enschede, the Netherlands on 9th July 2024, in each case as part of STAF (Software Technologies: Applications and Foundations). Graphs are common mathematical structures that are visual and intuitive. They constitute a natural and seamless way for system modeling in science, engineering, and beyond, including computer science, biology, and business process modeling. Graph computation models constitute a class of very high-level models where graphs are first-class citizens. The aim of the International GCM Workshop series is to bring together researchers interested in all aspects of computation models based on graphs and graph transformation. It promotes the cross-fertilizing exchange of ideas and experiences among senior and young researchers from the different communities interested in the foundations, applications, and implementations of graph computation models and related areas.

Manuel Baltieri, Martin Biehl, Matteo Capucci et al.

The internal model principle, originally proposed in the theory of control of linear systems, nowadays represents a more general class of results in control theory and cybernetics. The central claim of these results is that, under suitable assumptions, if a system (a controller) can regulate against a class of external inputs (from the environment), it is because the system contains a model of the system causing these inputs, which can be used to generate signals counteracting them. Similar claims on the role of internal models appear also in cognitive science, especially in modern Bayesian treatments of cognitive agents, often suggesting that a system (a human subject, or some other agent) models its environment to adapt against disturbances and perform goal-directed behaviour. It is however unclear whether the Bayesian internal models discussed in cognitive science bear any formal relation to the internal models invoked in standard treatments of control theory. Here, we first review the internal model principle and present a precise formulation of it using concepts inspired by categorical systems theory. This leads to a formal definition of ``model'' generalising its use in the internal model principle. Although this notion of model is not a priori related to the notion of Bayesian reasoning, we show that it can be seen as a special case of possibilistic Bayesian filtering. This result is based on a recent line of work formalising, using Markov categories, a notion of ``interpretation'', describing when a system can be interpreted as performing Bayesian filtering on an outside world in a consistent way.

Pedro Cabalar, Francesco Fabiano, Martin Gebser et al.

Since the first conference In Marseille in 1982, the International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP) has been the premier international event for presenting research in logic programming. These proceedings include technical communications about, and abstracts for presentations given at the 40th ICLP held October 14-17, in Dallas Texas, USA. The papers and abstracts in this volume include the following areas and topics. Formal and operational semantics: including non-monotonic reasoning, probabilistic reasoning, argumentation, and semantic issues of combining logic with neural models. Language design and programming methodologies such as answer set programming. inductive logic programming, and probabilistic programming. Program analysis and logic-based validation of generated programs. Implementation methodologies including constraint implementation, tabling, Logic-based prompt engineering, and the interaction of logic programming with LLMs.

Si-Yao Wei, Wei-Xing Zhou

Establishing a resilient food trade system is an international consensus on safeguarding food security amid growing disruptions. However, a unified resilience framework has yet to be established, leading to the proliferation of diverse measures. Here, we conceptualize resilience as a trade-off between efficiency and redundancy and employ an entropy-based approach to quantify the dynamic structural resilience of international trade networks for maize, rice, soybean, and wheat from 1986 to 2022. Using index decomposition analysis, we also investigate the relative contributions of internal components to resilience dynamics. Within this framework, despite heterogeneity across different food commodities, we find that current trade networks are relatively redundant, with improvements in efficiency being the dominant driver of changes in resilience. In addition, we reveal a historically pronounced impact of flow concentrations on resilience, while trade interactions have become increasingly important in recent years. Following the leave-one-out approach, we furthermore identify critical economies and trade relationships that disproportionately affect the overall resilience, some of which are less well-focused in previous studies. Moreover, we highlight that overconcentration of flows along core trade relationships may undermine both efficiency and resilience, whereas peripheral trade networks may play strategic alternative roles in sustaining resilience, underscoring the importance of concentrating on developing economies and promoting broader trade links. These findings not only provide new insights for assessing the resilience of international food trade systems but also propose directions for strengthening resilience through both regional cooperation and more inclusive trade relations.

KAYONGO Lynet

The Green Revolution in Africa has been mainly driven by international agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Yara Foundation, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Despite the billions of dollars invested the success of the movement in Africa has been limited. This paper critically examines why the Green Revolution model promoted by the Alliance for the Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) has had limited impact in Africa, arguing that the movement’s reliance on increased crop yields as a solution for poverty and hunger is overly simplistic and overlooks local conditions in Africa that make difficult for the Green Revolution to duplicate the successes of the Green Revolution in Asia and Latin America. It advocates for a paradigm shift toward ecologically sustainable and locally driven agricultural reforms that prioritize smallholder farmers and protects Africa’s food sovereignty. The paper uses historical analysis to critique the adverse ecological, social, and economic consequences of borrowed, externally driven agricultural models that overlook the unique challenges of African farming systems, such as low irrigation potential, dependence on mono-cultures, and inadequate attention to local diets and practices. It highlights the disproportionate benefits that the green revolution in Africa is accruing to medium-scale male farmers, while increasing gendered inequalities in food production and distribution.

A. A. Knyazev

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Marcin Markiewicz, Marek Żukowski

We discuss the status of relative facts - the central concept of Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) - in the context of the new amendment to RQM called cross-perspective links postulate. The new axiom states that by a proper measurement one learns the value of the relative outcome/fact earlier obtained by another observer-system. We discuss a Wigner-Friend-type scenario in which, without cross-perspective links postulate, relative facts have no predictive or causal power, whereas including cross-perspective links makes them effectively hidden variables, which causally determine outcomes of specific measurements. However, cross-perspective links axiom invalidates the other axiom of RQM, the one which states that in a Wigner-Friend scenario, RQM assigns an entangled state to the Friend and System after the unitary transformation of their interaction, despite the appearance of the relative fact for the Friend. This quantum mechanical state according to RQM properly describes the situation for Wigner. From this we show that RQM with cross-perspective links axiom is an internally inconsistent hidden variable theory and therefore cannot be treated as an interpretation of quantum mechanics in any sense.

Masoud Makrehchi, Dell Zhang, Alina Petrova et al.

This is the Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Mining and Learning in the Legal Domain (MLLD-23) which took place in conjunction with the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM-2023) at the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK on Sunday 22nd October 2023.

Stefano Gogioso, Matty Hoban

This volume contains the proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Quantum Physics and Logic (QPL 2022), which was held June 27-July 1, 2022 at Wolfson College, University of Oxford, UK. QPL is an annual conference that brings together academic and industry researchers working on mathematical foundations of quantum computation, quantum physics, and related areas. The main focus is on the use of algebraic and categorical structures, formal languages, semantic methods, as well as other mathematical and computer scientific techniques applicable to the study of physical systems, physical processes, and their composition.

Veronika E. Yazkova

The study focuses on the phenomenon of new religious movements (NRM) in Italy. The work aims at identifying and analysing the main research directions of the Italian Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR) in order to distinguish its ideas from those of the secular anti-cult movement and the ecclesiastical movement against the sects. The supporters of the antisectarians study tactics of behavior of the NRMs, the movement against the sects explore the doctrinal aspects of the beliefs. The author concludes that the attempt to save adherents from the sect is not conditioned by concerns about their spirituality but aims to bring them into the fold of orthodoxy. There is a desire to criminalise the problem by appealing to the crimes of individual NRMs and extrapolating them to any manifestation of non-traditional religiosity. Since the 90s of the 20th century, the Italian scientific community opposes this practice, as it hypothetically creates a precedent whereby the state can regulate any form of religious life of its citizens, question the law on religious freedom, stigmatise certain groups of society. According to Italian scientists, NRMs should become an object of a scientific rather than criminological interest. It is therefore not recommended to use the criteria of "true/false" in their study and to consider them exclusively from the point of view of deviation from the generally recognised norm. The exploration of such movements provides valuable material for the study of such topics as macro- and micro-identity of society, "temperature" of social spirituality, openness to new religious experiences, fidelity to traditions

D. A. Lushnikov

The problems of dehumanization and the formation of the image of the enemy in a stratified society are considered. The vertical aspect of dehumanization involves the dehumanization of an individual/group located at a different level of the social hierarchy, so this process has an ascending and descending vector. The downward vector of dehumanization involves the infrahumanization and dehumanization of individuals/groups occupying a lower position in the social structure of society. The ascending vector of dehumanization implies infrahumanization and dehumanization of individuals/groups occupying a higher position in the social structure of society.

Wonguk Cho, Daekyung Lee, Beom Jun Kim

The international trade network is a complex system where multiple trade blocs with varying sizes coexist and overlap with each other. However, the resulting structures of community detection in trade networks are often inconsistent and fails to capture the complex landscape of international trade. To address these problems, we propose a multiresolution framework that aggregates all the configuration information from a range of resolutions. This allows us to consider trade communities of different sizes and illuminate the underlying hierarchical structure of trade networks and its constituting blocks. Furthermore, by measuring membership inconsistency (MeI) of each country and conducting multiple regression analysis with various economic and political indicators, we demonstrate that there exists a positive correlation between the external instability of countries and their structural inconsistency in terms of network topology.