Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Yulin Zhou, Yuankai Lin, Fanzhe Peng et al.

Standard imitation learning (IL) methods have achieved considerable success in robotics, yet often rely on the Markov assumption, which falters in long-horizon tasks where history is crucial for resolving perceptual ambiguity. This limitation stems not only from a conceptual gap but also from a fundamental computational barrier: prevailing architectures like Transformers are often constrained by quadratic complexity, rendering the processing of long, high-dimensional observation sequences infeasible. To overcome this dual challenge, we introduce Mamba Temporal Imitation Learning (MTIL). Our approach represents a new paradigm for robotic learning, which we frame as a practical synthesis of World Model and Dynamical System concepts. By leveraging the linear-time recurrent dynamics of State Space Models (SSMs), MTIL learns an implicit, action-oriented world model that efficiently encodes the entire trajectory history into a compressed, evolving state. This allows the policy to be conditioned on a comprehensive temporal context, transcending the confines of Markovian approaches. Through extensive experiments on simulated benchmarks (ACT, Robomimic, LIBERO) and on challenging real-world tasks, MTIL demonstrates superior performance against SOTA methods like ACT and Diffusion Policy, particularly in resolving long-term temporal ambiguities. Our findings not only affirm the necessity of full temporal context but also validate MTIL as a powerful and a computationally feasible approach for learning long-horizon, non-Markovian behaviors from high-dimensional observations.

S.M. Makhmudova, A.A. Muradyan

<p>For many centuries, the history of the oldest state in the Eastern Caucasus was forgotten, there were no studies of Caucasian Albania, no mention of the fact that Albanians had their own written language, that the king of Albania was almost the first in the world to adopt Christianity as an official religion, although Greco-Roman sources (Strabo, Plutarch, Pliny the Elder, Arrian and others) wrote about this country. History knows Albania's wars with Pompey, Trajan and Alexander the Great. However, the history of Caucasian Albania cannot fade into oblivion, as monumental monuments of architecture still stand in modern Azerbaijan, Karabakh, Eretia and Dagestan. Our work will be devoted to the analysis of some written sources and artefacts containing inscriptions in Albanian.</p>

Mélanie Lucciano, Jean-Pierre De Giorgio

The beginnings of the dialogue as genre in the 4th a. C., understood as an autonomous literary work rather than a single dialogical sequence, bear the mark of a very particular teacher, Socrates, and the wide diffusion of the logoi sokratikoi. Together with this this revered yet subversive teaching figure, other experiments in the relationship between teacher and pupil are developed, such as the conversation between a father and his son, or the lesson of a sophist, all of which share a style of writing defined as a teaching practice, an exchange of questions and answers. In Greece as in Rome, the practice of dialogue makes it possible to question the teaching situation, addressing both the content and the method of acquiring knowledge. The articles in this dossier shed light on the ancient practices of dialogue and teaching, the articulation of a form marked by orality and its written transcriptions, the strength of a model of pedagogical writing in works as diverse as the speeches of Isocrates, Latin comedy, Horatian epistles, Greek epigrams, textbooks and grammars, Ciceronian dialogues and Varron’s technical treatises, which found a modern application in Fontenelle’s practice of scientific dialogue.

Nick Collins, Mick Grierson

As future musical AIs adhere closely to human music, they may form their own attachments to particular human artists in their databases, and these biases may in the worst case lead to potential existential threats to all musical history. AI super fans may act to corrupt the historical record and extant recordings in favour of their own preferences, and preservation of the diversity of world music culture may become even more of a pressing issue than the imposition of 12 tone equal temperament or other Western homogenisations. We discuss the technical capability of AI cover software and produce Taylor's Versions of famous tracks from Western pop history as provocative examples; the quality of these productions does not affect the overall argument (which might even see a future AI try to impose the sound of paperclips onto all existing audio files, let alone Taylor Swift). We discuss some potential defenses against the danger of future musical monopolies, whilst analysing the feasibility of a maximal 'Taylor Swiftication' of the complete musical record.

Irem Islek, Sule Gunduz Oguducu

Recommendation systems can provide accurate recommendations by analyzing user shopping history. A richer user history results in more accurate recommendations. However, in real applications, users prefer e-commerce platforms where the item they seek is at the lowest price. In other words, most users shop from multiple e-commerce platforms simultaneously; different parts of the user's shopping history are shared between different e-commerce platforms. Consequently, we assume in this study that any e-commerce platform has a complete record of the user's history but can only access some parts of it. If a recommendation system is able to predict the missing parts first and enrich the user's shopping history properly, it will be possible to recommend the next item more accurately. Our recommendation system leverages user shopping history to improve prediction accuracy. The proposed approach shows significant improvements in both NDCG@10 and HR@10.

F. J. Candel, P. Barreiro, M. Salavert et al.

The clinical evolution of patients infected with the Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) depends on the complex interplay between viral and host factors. The evolution to less aggressive but better-transmitted viral variants, and the presence of immune memory responses in a growing number of vaccinated and/or virus-exposed individuals, has caused the pandemic to slowly wane in virulence. However, there are still patients with risk factors or comorbidities that put them at risk of poor outcomes in the event of having the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among the different treatment options for patients with COVID-19, virus-targeted measures include antiviral drugs or monoclonal antibodies that may be provided in the early days of infection. The present expert consensus is based on a review of all the literature published between 1 July 2021 and 15 February 2022 that was carried out to establish the characteristics of patients, in terms of presence of risk factors or comorbidities, that may make them candidates for receiving any of the virus-targeted measures available in order to prevent a fatal outcome, such as severe disease or death. A total of 119 studies were included from the review of the literature and 159 were from the additional independent review carried out by the panelists a posteriori. Conditions found related to strong recommendation of the use of virus-targeted measures in the first days of COVID-19 were age above 80 years, or above 65 years with another risk factor; antineoplastic chemotherapy or active malignancy; HIV infection with CD4+ cell counts < 200/mm3; and treatment with anti-CD20 immunosuppressive drugs. There is also a strong recommendation against using the studied interventions in HIV-infected patients with a CD4+ nadir <200/mm3 or treatment with other immunosuppressants. Indications of therapies against SARS-CoV-2, regardless of vaccination status or history of infection, may still exist for some populations, even after COVID-19 has been declared to no longer be a global health emergency by the WHO.

José Pedro Serra

Este artigo visa reflectir sobre o significado e a relação que se estabelece entre o momento criativo e fundador da tragédia (particularmente a de Ésquilo) e o perfil do seu ressurgimento contemporâneo, paralelo à reinvenção do trágico por F. Nietzsche.

Joern Ploennigs, Markus Berger

Recent generative AI platforms are able to create texts or impressive images from simple text prompts. This makes them powerful tools for summarizing knowledge about architectural history or deriving new creative work in early design tasks like ideation, sketching and modelling. But, how good is the understanding of the generative AI models of the history of architecture? Has it learned to properly distinguish styles, or is it hallucinating information? In this chapter, we investigate this question for generative AI platforms for text and image generation for different architectural styles, to understand the capabilities and boundaries of knowledge of those tools. We also analyze how they are already being used by analyzing a data set of 101 million Midjourney queries to see if and how practitioners are already querying for specific architectural concepts.

Ilija Radosavovic, Tete Xiao, Bike Zhang et al.

Humanoid robots that can autonomously operate in diverse environments have the potential to help address labour shortages in factories, assist elderly at homes, and colonize new planets. While classical controllers for humanoid robots have shown impressive results in a number of settings, they are challenging to generalize and adapt to new environments. Here, we present a fully learning-based approach for real-world humanoid locomotion. Our controller is a causal transformer that takes the history of proprioceptive observations and actions as input and predicts the next action. We hypothesize that the observation-action history contains useful information about the world that a powerful transformer model can use to adapt its behavior in-context, without updating its weights. We train our model with large-scale model-free reinforcement learning on an ensemble of randomized environments in simulation and deploy it to the real world zero-shot. Our controller can walk over various outdoor terrains, is robust to external disturbances, and can adapt in context.

Zhuo Xu, Masayoshi Tomizuka

In this extended abstract, we investigate the design of learning representation for human intention inference. In our designed human intention prediction task, we propose a history encoding representation that is both interpretable and effective for prediction. Through extensive experiments, we show our prediction framework with a history encoding representation design is successful on the human intention prediction problem.

M. Brunelli, M. Fedrizzi, S. Greco et al.

Peta Greenfield

The politics of power and the power of the political are strikingly enduring concerns. The clear tilt of western democracies towards demagoguery and familial rule in recent years makes a study of power couples through history a compelling topic. The collection is positioned by Bielman Sánchez as a propaedeutic examination of the application of the phrase ‘power couple’ to ancient marriages and offers the intriguing thesis that power couples are an enduring thread that transverses time and connects us with past milieux. This edited collection is the result of a 2017 workshop ‘Regards croisés sur les couples exceptionnels dans l’Antiquité gréco-romaine’ held at the University of Lausanne. The workshop is part of a broader research project emerging from the same university entitled ‘Regards croisés sur les couples dans l’Antiquité gréco-romaine, IV siècle av. J.-C. – II siècle ap. J.-C.’. The papers are organised chronologically, allowing the reader to consider the way in which couples have navigated their representation from the fourth century BC to the first century AD. The scope of the papers reveals the importance of familial power throughout the ancient Mediterranean. The collection includes papers on various Seleucids, Ptolemies and Julio-Claudians, each a clear politico-familial entity whose recognition through their name alone is an impressive reminder of just how much influence they wielded. The explicit desire to draw connections between the contemporary and the ancient worlds places this work in some relationship with reception studies, except that it reverses the dynamic. Rather than approaching reception over time, this study retrojects a modern concept to an ancient context. Bielman Sánchez examines contemporary definitions of the power couple in the introduction, and this provides the framework for the papers that follow. The idea at the heart of the collection is an interesting one: can we learn more about power and the couples that wielded it in the Graeco-Roman world by first thinking about how couples wield power today? Some of the modern examples drawn out in the course of the study include: Beyoncé and Jay-Z, Brangelina, the Obamas, the Clintons and the Windsors. Even from this short list, the semantic terrain of ‘power couple’ is hazy, extending from constitutional monarchy through democratic politics to outright celebrity. It is this conceptual texture that allows the contemporary phrase so much porosity and makes it an attractive analogy for ancient frameworks of power, which blended dynastic legitimacy with easy access to the apparatus of propaganda. In Chapter 1 E. Carney examines the politics at play in the reigns of the Argead couples Philip II and Olympias as well as Philip III and Adea Eurydice. Carney explores the various ways that the women in these relationships make claims to power through patrilineal, conjugal or filial connections. In both cases Carney emphasises the exceptional qualities of these unions on account of the fact that monarchy was viewed as ‘series of reigning males’ rather than royal couples. M. Widmer situates the discussion of Seleucid power as a test against the concept of ‘the couple’ in Chapter 2. This test is complicated by the polygamous practices of the court. Widmer notes that the titles of basileus and basilissa cannot be taken as synonymous with the modern phrase the ‘power couple’. What is most important for the Seleucids is the THE CLASSICAL REVIEW 147

M. Koskenniemi

International law exists in the slippery zone between abstract speculation on binding principles and realistic deference to power. The position of Hugo Grotius as ‘father’ of international law, this article will suggest, results from the way later lawyers have appreciated his suggestion that when human beings enter that zone, they will discover a tendency to subordinate themselves to ‘rules’ that is lacking from other living creatures. Grotius then uses this assumed tendency to explain the trust and confidence with which members of good societies agree to live in peace and expect mutual benefits from cooperating with each other. The same tendency also entitles them to punish those who question the beneficial nature of these rules or lay down obstacles to their expansion. The importance of Grotius in the history of legal thought is highlighted by the manner in which the idea (though not the expression) of the ‘rule of law’ emerges in De iure belli ac pacis (1625) as a powerful justification of the government of a post-feudal, commercial state. 1 ‘Politics of International Law’: One Last Time In two earlier contributions to this journal, I discussed the role that international law plays in the international political world. In the first issue 30 years ago, I examined the old belief that recourse to law would take international actors away from the divisive and dangerous field of ‘politics’ and into the world of abstract and neutral rules to be applied by impartial courts and expert arbitrators.1 I tried to show that even as law did offer a specialist vocabulary and a set of institutions that would enable the translation of raw interests into the language of rules, the way those rules then operated remained still dependent on contestable (and often contested) assumptions about the world. This was not to say that international law was useless. On the contrary, its ‘indeterminacy’ – the way it did not contain substantive resolution applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" 1 ‘The Politics of International Law’, 1 European Journal of International Law (EJIL) (1990) 4. 18 EJIL 30 (2019), 17–52 within itself – enabled the activities of international actors to be assessed in a professionally competent way by reconciling the demands of practice with the ideals those actors trumpeted to the world at large. If, in the end, all depended on the ‘structural bias’ within that profession, this did not detract from its authority as long as the bias was understood by dominant actors in that community – in practice, elites – to be respectful of the way they had come to distinguish ‘law’ from mere ‘politics’. Legal competence was the ability to produce that equivalence. In providing it, law made historically specific relations of power seem natural and acceptable. In the update to that article that I was invited to publish in 2009, my goal was to say a little more about the operation of the linguistic techniques that accounted for the formal ‘grammar’ of competent law.2 I also focused on how ‘fragmentation’ had undermined the centrality of generalist bodies like the International Court of Justice and moved authoritative speech into functional ‘regimes’ that derived their persuasive power from a combination of technical complexity and commitment to substantive objectives. The ‘politics of international law’ would now express itself in the clash of specialist vocabularies – trade and environment, security and human rights, human rights and humanitarian law and so on. Political conflict had become a conflict of jurisdictions. This would often take place through ‘re-description’, the professional characterization of an aspect of the world in the language of a functional institution, enabling the institution to assume competence over that aspect. I expressed a worry about how those re-descriptions tended to move the relevant problems from the realm of political contestation. They became part of an increasingly managerialist approach to world problems. But I also suggested that the regimes actually remained quite openended – that they were, in fact, equally indeterminate as law – and, thus, opened strategic possibilities for engagement in the search for a more just world.3 These texts analysed the operations of law as language. Focus was on argumentative rules. How were contrasting principles ‘reconciled’, or rights ‘balanced’ against each other, so as to produce a feeling of closure? What about the rule/exception structure? How did arguments about ‘will’ turn into points about ‘behaviour’ and viceversa so as to produce a sympathetic nod from the audience? If this was ‘critical’, it was so to the extent that it revealed how, despite its formal nature, law still invited those engaged in it to operate with the help of concepts and frameworks that were not neutral in respect of their distributive consequences. This led me to examine how legal institutions developed their ‘structural bias’, the set of usually unarticulated assumptions about the world that enabled closure in an otherwise open world of argumentative possibility. The result of this two-pronged analysis – a discussion of the formal properties of the legal ‘grammar’ and a study of its uses within international institutions – was an exposé of the ‘politics of international law’, a demonstration of how authoritative speech was generated in international legal institutions. The exposé 2 ‘The Politics of International Law: Twenty Years Later’, 20 EJIL (2009) 7. 3 This was further elaborated in my ‘Hegemonic Regimes’, in M. Young (ed.), Regime Interaction in International Law: Facing Fragmentation (2011) 305. Imagining the Rule of Law 19 was intended also to suggest ways in which students and practitioners who wanted to make an impact in the world, by attacking or supporting a position, were to go about that task in a professionally competent way. Since that time, much of my work has become historical. I have wanted to examine the ways in which types of legal speech have become authoritative, have operated to support or critique powerful institutions and have eventually lost to competing vocabularies. If the older work was mostly analytical, the newer studies tried to understand how legal concepts have operated in response to developments in the political world – how, for instance, law once replaced theology as a form of authoritative speech and economics took over from law.4 Both lines of enquiry focused on (not to say, were obsessed by) international law’s relationship to international power. The analytical work asked questions such as ‘how does “customary law” operate?’ and ‘what are the strengths and weaknesses of argument on “human rights”, “humanitarian intervention” or “the definition of aggression”?’. The newer studies examined the life and times of ‘discursive formations’ with significant legal content such as ‘Spanish scholasticism’, ‘the public law of Europe’ or ‘ius naturae et gentium’ and, of course, ‘international law’ tout court.5 What did they mean? How did they emerge? What institutions were they associated with? What understandings of the world did they project? What were their strengths and weaknesses? There are many ways to write about the history of international law. Older histories were often composed as exercises in providential or ‘Whig’ history that told the story of international law as increasing institutional maturation and specialization of a ‘tradition’ going back to the formation of modern statehood and diplomacy, perhaps even into Greco-Roman antiquity. These studies were frequently inspired by a moral commitment to international law as a progressive force. Other histories have preferred to describe international law as an element in the unending struggle for power in a world history where imperial ‘epochs’ have followed each other in more or less monotonous succession. The tenor of these works has been more detached, even critical. Alongside linear or circular narratives, works with more limited ambition have focused on particular legal institutions such as ‘just war’ or more technical items such as ‘freedom of the high seas’, ‘diplomatic immunity’ or ‘investment law’. Many histories have concentrated on individual lawyers or moments; the interwar period being a recent favourite. Many have been written from a post-colonial angle.6 4 I have explained this in more detail in ‘Law of Nations and the Conflict of the Faculties’, 8 History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History (2018) 4. 5 The idea of ‘discursive formation’ comes, of course, from M. Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge (1972). While it is common to separate in Foucault’s career distinct ‘archaeological’ and ‘genealogical’ phases, I have read it as a much more continuously vacillating set of insights into the formation and operation of types of European knowledge as forms of European power. Like many others, in seeking inspiration, I find myself constantly coming back to all aspects of Foucault’s work. 6 I have discussed these in ‘A History of International Law Histories’, in B. Fassbender and A. Peters (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (2012) 943. 20 EJIL 30 (2019), 17–52 These debates have sometimes taken a methodological direction. Attention has been given to questions about ‘anachronism’ and the context.7 To what extent is it allowed to read a past text, a lawyer, period or institution by reference to considerations that are important today but were not present (in the same form) at that earlier moment? Is legal meaning imprisoned in context or does it travel in time? And what is ‘context’ in the first place? While such methodological strictures have their uses, the choices they present are sometimes overly Manichean. All significant history is inspired by contemporary concerns and carried out through the lenses provided by the present. All good history also seeks to understand its object, to the extent it can, by reference to the condi

Xiao Huang, Lishun Liu, Yun Song et al.

Background This study aimed to test the feasibility and titration methods used to achieve specific blood pressure (BP) control targets in hypertensive patients of rural China. Methods A randomized, controlled, open-label trial was conducted in Rongcheng, China. We enrolled 105 hypertensive participants aged over 60 years, and who had no history of stroke or cardiovascular disease. The patients were randomly assigned to one of three systolic-BP target groups: standard: 140 to < 150 mmHg; moderately intensive: 130 to < 140 mmHg; and intensive: < 130 mmHg. The patients were followed for 6 months. Discussion The optimal target for systolic blood pressure (SBP) lowering is still uncertain worldwide and such information is critically needed, especially in China. However, in China the rates of awareness, treatment and control are only 46.9%, 40.7%, and 15.3%, respectively. It is challenging to achieve BP control in the real world and it is very important to develop population-specific BP-control protocols that fully consider the population’s characteristics, such as age, sex, socio-economic status, compliance with medication, education level, and lifestyle. This randomized trial showed the feasibility and safety of the titration protocol to achieve desirable SBP targets (< 150, < 140, and < 130 mmHg) in a sample of rural, Chinese hypertensive patients. The three BP target groups had similar baseline characteristics. After 6 months of treatment, the mean SBP measured at an office visit was 137.2 mmHg, 131.1 mmHg, and 124.2 mmHg, respectively, in the three groups. Home BP and central aortic BP measurements were also obtained. At 6 months, home BP measurements (2 h after drug administration) showed a mean SBP of 130.9 mmHg in the standard group, 124.9 mmHg in the moderately intensive group, and 119.7 mmHg in the intensive group. No serious adverse events were recorded over the 6-month study period. Rates of adverse events, including dry cough, palpitations, and arthralgia, were low and showed no significant differences between the three groups. This trial provided real-world experience and laid the foundation for a future, large-scale, BP target study. Trial registration Feasibility Study of the Intensive Systolic Blood Pressure Control; ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02817503 . Registered retrospectively on 29 June 2016.

Natan Henrique Taveira Baptista, Leni Ribeiro Leite

Analisam-se os proêmios das épicas de Estácio, Tebaida (1.1-45) e Aquileida (1.1‑19), quanto à dedicação da obra a Domiciano. O proêmio tem importância central na obra, pois nele Estácio propõe uma cenografia adequada ao encômio imperial e à justificativa de sua opção pela temática mitológica. Utilizando os conceitos de éthos e cenografia, analisamos os proêmios épicos de Estácio e sustentamos que o modo pelo qual o poeta propõe essa excusatio contribuiu para a determinação de seu lugar poético e para a construção de seu éthos como poeta-cliente.

Tereza Virgínia Ribeiro Barbosa

Relato de pesquisa

Alejandro Abritta

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis cuantitativo de los versos del fr. 196a W. de Arquíloco, el “epodo de Colonia 1”, comparándolos con los preservados en otros fragmentos epódicos y en metro estíquico del mismo poeta, con el objetivo de mostrar cómo se manipulan los rasgos rítmicos para generar y traicionar las expectativas del auditorio. El análisis se presenta en la tercera sección, después de una introducción general al metro de los epodos y de una traducción del epodo de Colonia 1.

Μαρία Τσιναρίδη

Shima Khoshraftar, Sedigheh Mahdavi, Aijun An et al.

Many real world networks are very large and constantly change over time. These dynamic networks exist in various domains such as social networks, traffic networks and biological interactions. To handle large dynamic networks in downstream applications such as link prediction and anomaly detection, it is essential for such networks to be transferred into a low dimensional space. Recently, network embedding, a technique that converts a large graph into a low-dimensional representation, has become increasingly popular due to its strength in preserving the structure of a network. Efficient dynamic network embedding, however, has not yet been fully explored. In this paper, we present a dynamic network embedding method that integrates the history of nodes over time into the current state of nodes. The key contribution of our work is 1) generating dynamic network embedding by combining both dynamic and static node information 2) tracking history of neighbors of nodes using LSTM 3) significantly decreasing the time and memory by training an autoencoder LSTM model using temporal walks rather than adjacency matrices of graphs which are the common practice. We evaluate our method in multiple applications such as anomaly detection, link prediction and node classification in datasets from various domains.

Nadine Bernard