Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Moritz Nicklas

Khadija Khatun, Chen Shen, Jun Tanimoto et al.

Understanding how cooperation emerges in public goods games is crucial for addressing societal challenges. While optional participation can establish cooperation without identifying cooperators, it relies on specific assumptions -- that individuals abstain and receive a non-negative payoff, or that non-participants cause damage to public goods -- which limits our understanding of its broader role. We generalize this mechanism by considering non-participants' payoffs and their potential direct influence on public goods, allowing us to examine how various strategic motives for non-participation affect cooperation. Using replicator dynamics, we find that cooperation thrives only when non-participants are motivated by individualistic or prosocial values, with individualistic motivations yielding optimal cooperation. These findings are robust to mutation, which slightly enlarges the region where cooperation can be maintained through cyclic dominance among strategies. Our results suggest that while optional participation can benefit cooperation, its effectiveness is limited and highlights the limitations of bottom-up schemes in supporting public goods.

Alžběta Peštová

Kjell-Ragnar Berge

Ulyana Piterbarg, Lerrel Pinto, Rob Fergus

Neural Language Models (LMs) offer an exciting solution for general-purpose embodied control. However, a key technical issue arises when using an LM-based controller: environment observations must be converted to text, which coupled with history, results in long and verbose textual prompts. As a result, prior work in LM agents is limited to restricted domains with small observation size as well as minimal needs for interaction history or instruction tuning. In this paper, we introduce diff history, a simple and highly effective solution to these issues. By applying the Unix diff command on consecutive text observations in the interaction histories used to prompt LM policies, we can both abstract away redundant information and focus the content of textual inputs on the salient changes in the environment. On NetHack, an unsolved video game that requires long-horizon reasoning for decision-making, LMs tuned with diff history match state-of-the-art performance for neural agents while needing 1800x fewer training examples compared to prior work. Even on the simpler BabyAI-Text environment with concise text observations, we find that although diff history increases the length of prompts, the representation it provides offers a 25% improvement in the efficiency of low-sample instruction tuning. Further, we show that diff history scales favorably across different tuning dataset sizes. We open-source our code and data to https://diffhistory.github.io.

Manuel Hurtado, Taulant Kerci, Simon Tweed et al.

The All-Island power system (AIPS) of Ireland and Northern Ireland currently accommodates up to 75% of system non-synchronous penetration (SNSP) (e.g., wind). These unprecedented levels of renewable penetration challenge the operation of the power system. The AIPS is not always able to accommodate all of the available renewable generation due to binding operational and technical constraints. In this context, this paper analyses wind energy curtailment in the AIPS using actual data. It is found that there is a positive correlation between the installed wind capacity and curtailment levels, and that the trend is that these levels increase. The paper also shows that the main driver for curtailment in AIPS during 2020-2021 was the operational constraint that imposes a minimum number of conventional units online (MUON) (80% of the time), with the SNSP limit accounting for less than 20%. Other system-wide limits, such as rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) and inertia are found to have a negligible impact on wind curtailment.

Alexis Boulin, Elena Di Bernardino, Thomas Laloë et al.

The task of simplifying the complex spatio-temporal variables associated with climate modeling is of utmost importance and comes with significant challenges. In this research, our primary objective is to tailor clustering techniques to handle compound extreme events within gridded climate data across Europe. Specifically, we intend to identify subregions that display asymptotic independence concerning compound precipitation and wind speed extremes. To achieve this, we utilise daily precipitation sums and daily maximum wind speed data derived from the ERA5 reanalysis dataset spanning from 1979 to 2022. Our approach hinges on a tuning parameter and the application of a divergence measure to spotlight disparities in extremal dependence structures without relying on specific parametric assumptions. We propose a data-driven approach to determine the tuning parameter. This enables us to generate clusters that are spatially concentrated, which can provide more insightful information about the regional distribution of compound precipitation and wind speed extremes. In the process, we aim to elucidate the respective roles of extreme precipitation and wind speed in the resulting clusters. The proposed method is able to extract valuable information about extreme compound events while also significantly reducing the size of the dataset within reasonable computational timeframes.

Sven Jochem

Bjørg Seland

Sammendrag Artikkelen bygger på en studie av fem rettssaker fra tidsrommet 1805–1807. Alle sakene har bakgrunn i miljøet rundt haugianernes papirmølle på Fennefoss i Setesdal, der to menn og to kvinner var tiltalt for brudd på konventikkelplakaten. I tillegg ble lensmannen, som ble beskyldt for ikke å ha grepet inn mot ulovlig lekmannsforkynnelse, stevnet for tjenesteforsømmelse. Studien gir innblikk i hvordan motsetninger mellom øvrighet og lekfolk kunne komme til uttrykk i et lokalt rettsoppgjør på et tidspunkt da sentrale myndigheter forberedte den omfattende rettsprosessen mot Hans Nielsen Hauge. Undersøkelsen er konsentrert rundt spørsmål om hvordan tiltalen var utformet, hvordan forsvaret ble lagt opp, og hvordan lovverket ble anvendt. Ettersom to av sakene gjaldt kvinnelige forkynnere, er det dessuten interessant å se domstolens behandling i lys av et kjønnsmessig perspektiv.

Jens Johan Hyvik

Sammendrag Tokulturlæra var en oppfatning særlig i andre halvdel av 1800-tallet om at det norske folket var delt av en samfunnskløft mellom to kulturer, der embetsmannseliten stod på den ene siden og bøndene på den andre. Artikkelen drøfter sentrale trekk ved tokulturlæra på 1800-tallet og følger tankegangen og arven etter denne tankegangen videre innover på 1900-tallet. I den siste delen av artikkelen diskuteres det om tokulturlæra også kan være relevant for vår forståelse av noen sentrale samfunnsdebatter i dag.

Kristina Lahl

While Ludwig Winder's novel Die nachgeholten Freuden (1927) appears at first glance to be a quite straightforward narrative of the interwar and post-Austro-Hungarian Bohemian region, it proves to be, at a second glance, bewilderingly enigmatic. Previously known certainties collapse within the storyline as central powers lose their influence and the periphery moves into the power vacuum – a plot line not unusual within interwar literature and in line e.g. with proletarian literature. Winder's unique technique, however, lies in the fact that many different interpretation approaches regarding e.g. a proletarian, a psychoanalytical or a religious reading, are being offered to the reader like on a silver platter but are disintegrating as soon as they are examined closely. This essay aims to reveal the discrepancies within the novel, but at the same time argues that these inconsistencies are deliberate and account for the mastery of the novel which thus articulates a complex commentary on the time and space of its origin.

Andrea Maraschi

ABSTRACT: An increasing number of scholars has associated the Fimbulvetr myth with the dust veil event of 536 CE, due to several apparent consistencies between its representations in eddic tradition, contemporary historical accounts, and modern scientific evidence. In this article such consistencies are first summarized, with the aim of enhancing the debate and explaining why recording the dust veil event could have been important to its witnesses and to the creation of their cultural memory. Dendrochronological and archaeological evidence suggests that the 536 CE event was probably catastrophic, and this article argues that its memory may have been preserved and recorded in myth. The related myth may have had the purpose of handing down important teachings to future generations: the awareness that life is cyclically threatened by natural disasters, the value of humbleness before nature, and the hope that, no matter what happens, humankind is going to survive.

Michele Vespe, Stefano Maria Iacus, Carlos Santamaria et al.

The rapid spread of COVID-19 infections on a global level has highlighted the need for accurate, transparent and timely information regarding collective mobility patterns to inform de-escalation strategies as well as to provide forecasting capacity for re-escalation policies aiming at addressing further waves of the virus. Such information can be extracted using aggregate anonymised data from innovative sources such as mobile positioning data. This paper presents lessons learnt and results of a unique Business-to-Government (B2G) initiative between several Mobile Network Operators in Europe and the European Commission. Mobile positioning data have supported policy makers and practitioners with evidence and data-driven knowledge to understand and predict the spread of the disease, the effectiveness of the containment measures, their socio-economic impacts while feeding scenarios at EU scale and in a comparable way across countries. The challenges of this data sharing initiative are not limited to data quality, harmonisation, and comparability across countries, however important they are. Equally essential aspects that need to be addressed from the onset are related to data privacy, security, fundamental rights and commercial sensitivity.

Thavisha E. Dharmawardena, M. J. Barlow, J. E. Drew et al.

We report H$α$ filter photometry for 197 northern hemisphere planetary nebulae (PNe) obtained using imaging data from the IPHAS survey. H$α$+[N II] fluxes were measured for 46 confirmed or possible PNe discovered by the IPHAS survey and for 151 previously catalogued PNe that fell within the area of the northern Galactic Plane surveyed by IPHAS. After correcting for [N II] emission admitted by the IPHAS H$α$ filter, the resulting H$α$ fluxes were combined with published radio free-free fluxes and H$β$ fluxes, in order to estimate mean optical extinctions to 143 PNe using ratios involving their integrated Balmer line fluxes and their extinction-free radio fluxes. Distances to the PNe were then estimated using three different 3D interstellar dust extinction mapping methods, including the IPHAS-based H-MEAD algorithm of Sale (2014). These methods were used to plot dust extinction versus distance relationships for the lines of sight to the PNe; the intercepts with the derived dust optical extinctions allowed distances to the PNe to be inferred. For 17 of the PNe in our sample reliable Gaia DR2 distances were available and these have been compared with the distances derived using three different extinction mapping algorithms as well as with distances from the nebular radius vs. H$α$ surface brightness relation of Frew et al. (2016). That relation and the H-MEAD extinction mapping algorithm yielded the closest agreement with the Gaia DR2 distances.

Taima N. Furuyama, Fernando Antoneli, Isabel M. V. G. Carvalho et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic started in Wuhan, China, and caused the worldwide spread of the RNA virus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Because of its mutational rate, wide geographical distribution, and host response variance this coronavirus is currently evolving into an array of strains with increasing genetic diversity. Most variants apparently have neutral effects for disease spread and symptoms severity. However, in the viral Spike protein, which is responsible for host cell attachment and invasion, an emergent variant, containing the amino acid substitution D to G in position 614 (D614G), was suggested to increase viral infection capability. To test whether this variant has epidemiological impact, the temporal distributions of the SARS-CoV-2 samples bearing D or G at position 614 were compared in the USA, Asia and Europe. The epidemiological curves were compared at early and late epidemic stages. At early stages, where containment measures were still not fully implemented, the viral variants are supposed to be unconstrained and its growth curves might approximate the free viral dynamics. Our analysis shows that the D614G prevalence and the growth rates of COVID-19 epidemic curves are correlated in the USA, Asia and Europe. Our results suggest a selective sweep that can be explained, at least in part, by a propagation advantage of this variant, in other words, that the molecular level effects of D614G have sufficient impact on population transmission dynamics as to be detected by differences in rate coefficients of epidemic growth curves.

R. D. P. Grumitt, Angela C. Taylor, Luke Jew et al.

We present a point-source detection algorithm that employs the second order Spherical Mexican Hat wavelet filter (SMHW2), and use it on C-BASS northern intensity data to produce a catalogue of point-sources. This catalogue allows us to cross-check the C-BASS flux-density scale against existing source surveys, and provides the basis for a source mask which will be used in subsequent C-BASS and cosmic microwave background (CMB) analyses. The SMHW2 allows us to filter the entire sky at once, avoiding complications from edge effects arising when filtering small sky patches. The algorithm is validated against a set of Monte Carlo simulations, consisting of diffuse emission, instrumental noise, and various point-source populations. The simulated source populations are successfully recovered. The SMHW2 detection algorithm is used to produce a $4.76\,\mathrm{GHz}$ northern sky source catalogue in total intensity, containing 1784 sources and covering declinations $δ\geq-10^{\circ}$. The C-BASS catalogue is matched with the Green Bank 6\,cm (GB6) and Parkes-MIT-NRAO (PMN) catalogues over their areas of common sky coverage. From this we estimate the $90$ per cent completeness level to be approximately $610\,\mathrm{mJy}$, with a corresponding reliability of $98$ per cent, when masking the brightest $30$ per cent of the diffuse emission in the C-BASS northern sky map. We find the C-BASS and GB6 flux-density scales to be consistent with one another to within approximately $4$ per cent.

Chen Qu, Liu Yang, Minghui Qiu et al.

Conversational search is an emerging topic in the information retrieval community. One of the major challenges to multi-turn conversational search is to model the conversation history to answer the current question. Existing methods either prepend history turns to the current question or use complicated attention mechanisms to model the history. We propose a conceptually simple yet highly effective approach referred to as history answer embedding. It enables seamless integration of conversation history into a conversational question answering (ConvQA) model built on BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers). We first explain our view that ConvQA is a simplified but concrete setting of conversational search, and then we provide a general framework to solve ConvQA. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach under this framework. Finally, we analyze the impact of different numbers of history turns under different settings to provide new insights into conversation history modeling in ConvQA.

Mirva Johnson

ABSTRACT: Immigrant communities are particularly prone to language shift, a process where people stop speaking one language in favour of another, because speakers of minority languages often adopt the majority language over time. This article investigates language shift in the context of economic change at the turn of the 20th century in the Finnish-American community of Oulu, Wisconsin, and situates its history within the broader context of Finnish emigration. Through an analysis of quantitative data from the 1910 and 1920 Census in conjunction with qualitative evidence from local histories, this article shows how this community maintained their language through bilingual practices that helped to shape their identity as they experienced societal shifts that contributed to the gradual increase in English usage by the 1950s.

Ingeborg Fialová

Alex S. Binks, Robin. D. Jeffries, Jacob. L. Ward

Using the kinematically unbiased technique described in Binks, Jeffries & Maxted (2015), we present optical spectra for a further 122 rapidly-rotating (rotation periods < 6 days), X-ray active FGK stars, selected from the SuperWASP survey. We identify 17 new examples of young, probably single stars with ages of < 200 Myr and provide additional evidence for a new northern hemisphere kinematic association: the Pisces Moving Group (MG). The group consists of 14 lithium-rich G- and K-type stars, that have a dispersion of only $\sim $3 kms$^{-1}$ in each Galactic space velocity coordinate. The group members are approximately co-eval in the colour-magnitude diagram, with an age of 30-50 Myr, and have similar, though not identical, kinematics to the Octans-Near MG.