Hasil untuk "History of Law"

Giacinto Falco

ABSTRACT This article investigates the relationship between language and civic identity in two interconnected contexts: Classical Athens and Hellenistic-Roman Delos. Drawing on literary, epigraphic, and archaeological sources, it shows how linguistic competence served as a marker of civic inclusion or exclusion. In Athens, mastery of Attic was central to ideological constructions of citizenship and often used polemically, especially against demagogues. In Delos, by contrast, daily interaction among Greeks, Romans, and Easterners gave rise to multilingual practices and hybrid identity negotiations. Greek emerged as a vehicle for social permeability, while Latin reinforced legal distinctions. Adopting the theoretical framework of ‘metrolingualism’, the article argues that language, space, and material culture operated together in shaping civic identity. Yet, this fluidity unfolded within a stable juridical-institutional background that remained largely untouched: despite the multiplicity of voices and interactions, the boundary between citizens and non-citizens, between inclusion and exclusion, continued to be defined and preserved at the institutional level.

Lvmin Zhang, Shengqu Cai, Muyang Li et al.

Autoregressive video generation relies on history context for content consistency and storytelling. As video histories grow longer, efficiently encoding them remains an open problem - particularly for personal users and local workflows where compute and memory budgets are limited. We present a lightweight history encoder that maps long video histories into short-length embeddings, pretrained with a frame query objective that learns to attend to content features at arbitrary temporal positions. The pretraining stage provides the encoder with dense history coverage on large-scale video data; the subsequent finetuning stage adapts the pretrained encoder under an autoregressive video generation objective to establish content-level consistency. In this way, the lightweight embeddings achieve comparable performance to heavier alternatives. We evaluate the framework with ablative settings and discuss the architecture designs.

Balázs Pálvölgyi

Although the Hungarian political elite recognized that it is the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy which provided the country with a position of great power, from the 1890s onwards there was a noticeable increase in independent Hungarian expansionist efforts. Among the complex reasons for this were the results of the Hungarian state's modernization program, the economic development, and the emergence of a new elite of officials and politicians who had been socialised in the institutional system of Dualism, were au fait with the system, and were able to use it. The strengthening of Hungarian positions and the search for opportunities to assert the country’s interests within the common institutional system of Austria-Hungary, a series of economic policy measures, efforts to gain ground economically, mainly in the south-east, and, to a certain extent and in certain points, the goal of creating a Hungarian nation state emerged as means of achieving expansionist goals. Although the political elite could rightly feel that the country's room for manoeuvre, weight, and ability to assert its interests within the Monarchy had increased, giving rise to a certain optimism, this proved to be a kind of optical illusion. It is true that Hungary's clout within the Monarchy had increased, but the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was steadily losing its importance compared to the other great powers, so the Hungarian elite could formulate its ambitious goals as a strengthening element of a weakening Empire.

Agata Grudzińska

Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie i analizę stanowiska Aleksandra Mogilnickiego na temat zasad ustroju sądownictwa w latach 1926–1929. Mogilnicki był jednym z członków Komisji Kodyfikacyjnej ds. ustroju sądów. Chciał stworzenia przepisów, które najgłębiej wyrażały, precyzowały i zabezpieczały zasadę niezawisłości, nieusuwalności i nieprzenoszalności sędziów. W pierwszej części zostały przedstawione zasady ustroju sądownictwa zawarte w Konstytucji marcowej z 1921, tj.  niezawisłość, nieprzenoszalność sędziów. Prawo o ustroju sądów z 1928 r. nie wprowadziło jednak tych zasad w pełnym zakresie. Mogilnicki poddał krytyce przepisy, które dawały w rzeczywistości więcej uprawnień władzy wykonawczej niż sądowniczej. Jednocześnie przedstawił propozycje nowelizacji przepisów w celu realizacji zasady niezawisłości sędziowskiej i zwiększenia wpływu na sądy przez zgromadzenia ogólne sędziów. Mimo chwilowych zmian w prawie dokonanych w marcu 1929 r., dających pewne gwarancje sędziom, np. nieprzenoszalność, rok 1932 przyniósł ponowne ograniczenia.

Robert Law

Europa's surface exhibits many regions of complex topography termed 'chaos terrains'. One set of hypotheses for chaos terrain formation requires upward migration of liquid water from perched water bodies within the icy shell formed by convection and tidal heating. However, consideration of the behavior of terrestrial ice sheets suggests the upwards movement of water from englacial water bodies is uncommon. Instead, rapid downwards hydrofracture from supraglacial lakes - unbounded given a sufficient volume of water - can occur in relatively low tensile stress states given a sufficiently deep initial fracture due to the negative relative buoyancy of water. I suggest that downwards, not upwards, fracture may be more reasonable for perched water bodies but show that full hydrofracture is unlikely if the perched water body is located beneath a mechanically strong icy lid. However, full hydrofracture is possible in the event of lid break up over a perched water body and likely in the event of a meteor impact that generates sufficient meltwater and a tensile shock. This provides a possible mechanism for the transfer of biologically important nutrients to the subsurface ocean and the formation of chaos terrains.

Koun Shirai

Glass has long been considered a nonequilibrium material. The primary reason is its history-dependent properties: the obtained properties are not uniquely determined by two state variables alone, namely, temperature and volume, but are affected by the process parameters, such as cooling rates. However, closer observations show that this history dependence is common in solid; in crystal growth, the properties of an obtained crystal are affected by the preparation conditions through defect structures and metallurgical structures. The problem with the previous reasoning of history dependence lies in the lack of appropriate specification of state variables. Without knowledge of the latter, describing thermodynamic states is impossible. The guiding principle to find state variables is provided by the first law of thermodynamics. The state variables of solids have been searched by requiring that the internal energy $U$ is a state function. Detailed information about the abovementioned microstructures is needed to describe the state function $U$. This can be accomplished by specifying the time-averaged positions R_{j} of all atoms comprising the solids. Therefore, R_{j} is a state variable for solids. Defect states, being metastable states, represent equilibrium states within a finite time (relaxation time). However, eternal equilibrium is nonexistent: the perfect crystal is thermodynamically unstable. Equilibrium states can only be considered at the local level. Glass is thus in equilibrium as long as its structure does not change. The relaxation time is controlled by the energy barriers by which a structure is sustained, and this time restriction is intimately related to the definition of state variables. The most important property of state variables is their invariance to time averaging. The time-averaged quantity R_{j} meets this invariance property.

Eva Arief, Muhammad Saiful Islam

This study aims to analyze and investigate Indonesia's response to the Rohingya refugee crisis and examine its compliance with international law in addressing complex humanitarian challenges while tracing the history of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia since 2017. The research focuses on recent developments, including the surge in refugee arrivals and increasing tensions between newcomers and local residents. This study employs normative juridical research emphasizing a case study approach, utilizing secondary data analyzed qualitatively and presented using descriptive qualitative analysis techniques. The results indicate that Indonesia has principally committed to international law concerning refugees through concrete actions, diplomacy, and dialogue. However, the handling of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia, as regulated by PERPRES 125/2016, does not fully align with international legal principles, particularly the non-refoulement principle of the 1951 Convention. Refugees are considered illegal immigrants with temporary accommodation ending in relocation or repatriation. Further efforts are needed to ensure treatment aligns with human rights norms and provides adequate protection, including the right to employment, which is challenging due to the scarcity of job opportunities for Indonesian citizens themselves.

Yulita Putri, Abid Nurhuda, Adelia Apriska Lira et al.

Abstract Islamic law provides many methods for deciding a case, starting from the lafdziyah method to the makawiyah method carried out by four madzhab imams, one of whom is famous is Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal. This research aims to describe the history of the life and thoughts of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal. The method used is qualitative with literature study techniques then descriptive analysis is carried out. The research results show that Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal is a Sunni Islamic cleric from Baghdad, Iraq. His thinking tends towards literalism and conservatism in the interpretation of religion. This is because the legal istinbath method used by him is based on Nash (Al-Quran and Sunnah), Fatwa of the Companions, Mursal hadith, dha'if hadith, and Qiyas. One example of the application of legal istinbath in fiqh carried out by Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal is regarding the law on female judges in Islam where he believes that women should not be judges based on Nash Al-Quran surah An-Nnisa verse 34. However, in the current era, it is less relevant if it continues to be implemented because the ability to become a leader, judge, or any other profession should not be based on gender. This is also in line with the thoughts of Yusuf Al-Qardawi and several contemporary scholars who have gender-friendly thoughts. Keywords: History of the Life; Thoughts; Imam; Ahmad bin Hanbal.

O. V. Matveyev

Introduction. The author considers the historical and literary heritage of I. I. Dmitrenko as an integral phenomenon, claiming that it was an important place in the development of provincial historiography of pre-revolutionary Russia.Materials and methods. The work uses the historical-systemic method, which made it possible to consider the life path and historical heritage of I. I. Dmitrenko as an integral system in which all blocks and elements (the history of the Kuban Cossacks, provincial historiography, the service of a Cossack officer, literary and social activities, personalities, etc.) are interconnected and conditioned. The source base comprises archival funds of federal and regional significance, as well as historical and literary works by I. I. Dmitrenko, identified in the capital and regional materials of the periodical press, collections of historical documents compiled by a historian, etc.Analysis. The author specifies a number of data about the life and legacy of I. I. Dmitrenko. A study of I. I. Dmitrenko’s publications in Kubanskie Oblastnye Vedomosti showed that his articles and notes are a meaningful source on the personal history of the Troops, provide biographical information, and brief descriptions of Kuban generals and officers. One of the main directions of historical and literary creativity of I. I. Dmitrenko is the preservation of the historical memory of the Kuban Cossacks. He addressed this in his journalism, historical articles, archival searches, which resulted in fundamental collections of documents. The fundamental collection of documents compiled by I. I. Dmitrenko was not appreciated by his contemporaries. The periods of life and work of I. I. Dmitrenko in 1903–1917 and 1920–1936 require additional study.Results. The main merit of the historian was a great archaeographic work, the introduction into scientific circulation of a large number of rare documents that made it possible to present the early history of the Cossacks of the Kuban and the Terek. The historical heritage of the Cossack officer reminded of the glorious pages of the heroic past, critically comprehended the role of the state and officials in the life of the Cossacks. The dramatic fate of the historian, as in a mirror, reflected the contradictory era in the life of the country, which he selflessly served.

Stacey Law

In this article we investigate the positivity of Sylow branching coefficients for symmetric groups when $p = 3$. In particular, we complete the discussion begun by Giannelli and the author in arXiv:1712.02642 (J. Algebra) and developed in arXiv:1909.09446 (J. London Math. Soc.) concerning the case of odd primes.

Hei Law, Jia Deng

We propose a new approach, Synthetic Optimized Layout with Instance Detection (SOLID), to pretrain object detectors with synthetic images. Our "SOLID" approach consists of two main components: (1) generating synthetic images using a collection of unlabelled 3D models with optimized scene arrangement; (2) pretraining an object detector on "instance detection" task - given a query image depicting an object, detecting all instances of the exact same object in a target image. Our approach does not need any semantic labels for pretraining and allows the use of arbitrary, diverse 3D models. Experiments on COCO show that with optimized data generation and a proper pretraining task, synthetic data can be highly effective data for pretraining object detectors. In particular, pretraining on rendered images achieves performance competitive with pretraining on real images while using significantly less computing resources. Code is available at https://github.com/princeton-vl/SOLID.

Stacey Law, Yuji Okitani

In this note, we prove some new stability results for plethysm coefficients. As special cases, we verify a conjecture of Wildon, and show the stability of sequences recently predicted by Bessenrodt, Bowman and Paget to be weakly increasing.

Oleynik S.A.

After the collapse of the Soviet State, an extremely active criticism of the social system that existed in our country for more than seventy years was carried out (and continues to be carried out), state and public security bodies and troops were obstructed. At the same time, most of the materials testifying to the negative role of these state structures relied on sources such as the memoirs of participants in the events, apparently due to the fact that for the most part these materials were classified and still inaccessible to the general public. At the same time, the study of history should be based on objective facts of the surrounding reality. In regard, the proposed article attempts to reveal some of the features of the activities of these structures and the impact on the state of work with personnel in this closed department on the basis of declassified archival documents of the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk region. This approach is based on the fact that a sufficiently large number of penitentiary and other departmental institutions of the NKVD-NKGB of the USSR were stationed in the territory under consideration during the time period we are studying, and this area can be conditionally considered typical from the point of view of assessing the overall situation in the department.

Pavel Banďouch

The article focuses on one aspect of the work of apostolic nuncios to the emperor in the late 16th and early 17th century in the lands of the Crown of Bohemia. Based on the analysis of selected documents of ecclesiastical provenance, including correspondence between the nuncios and the Curia, it highlights the importance of legal terminology and turns of phrase in the discourse under study.

Zhengtianye Wang, Stephanie Law

The naturally existing chalcogenide Bi2Se3 is topologically nontrivial due to the band inversion caused by strong spin-orbit coupling inside the bulk of the material. The surface states are spin polarized, protected by the time-inversion symmetry, and thus robust to the scattering caused by non-magnetic defects. A high purity topological insulator thin film can be easily grown via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on various substrates to enable novel electronics, optics, and spintronics applications. However, the unique surface state properties have historically been limited by the film quality, which is evaluated by crystallinity, surface morphology, and transport data. Here we propose and investigate different MBE growth strategies to improve the quality of Bi2Se3 thin films grown by MBE. In addition, growths of topological trivial insulator (Bi0.5In0.5)2Se3 (BIS) are also investigated. BIS is often used as a buffer layer or separation layer for topological insulator heterostructures. Based on the surface passivation status, we have classified the substrates into two categories, self-passivated or unpassivated, and determine the optimal growth mechanisms on the representative sapphire and GaAs, respectively. Growth temperature is a crucial control parameter for the van der Waals epitaxy for both types of substrates. For Bi2Se3 on GaAs, the surface passivation status determines the dominant growth mechanism.

Yadh Ben Achour

Can we demonstrate that nothing in the world is more beautiful than democracy? This is the crucial question addressed in this study, which argues that, yes, we can indeed demonstrate such a thing. But to this end, it needs to be shown that democracy is based on a universal philosophical principle, one that rises above each nation’s particular democratic experiences and political regimes. This higher principle, I submit, is that of “nonsuffering,” standing as a universal humanist foundation for the democratic norm, beyond all empirical experiences of democracy, but capable of encompassing all of them. The universality of this principle of nonsuffering is yet to be demonstrated, to be sure, but it can be understood as the origin from which come the five principles of the democratic norm: dignity, freedom, equality, participation in public affairs, and the rule of law. In history, democratic revolutions invoke these five principles globally. Which means that, in seeking to effect political, economic, and social change, revolutions give us proof that their core impetus is moral—their ultimate aim being to give effect to the principle of nonsuffering.

Andrew Brian Chrystall

This article explores how we interpret, write history, and make sense in a digital age. The study takes place at the intersection of three disciplines: Media and Communication Studies, Postcolonial Theory, and Law. This exploration is conducted in and through an examination of attempts to make sense of “official,” “legal” documents” that emerged out of indigenous ⬄ colonial encounters during the 19th century in New Zealand. Subsequently, this paper focuses on McKenzie’s seminal study of the New Zealand’s Treaty of Waitangi<i>/Te Tiriti o Waitangi</i>, and Jones and Hoskins’ study of The Second New Zealand Land Deed. These two studies are then interfaced with and considered in light of a recent governmental review of New Zealand’s ICT sector, infrastructure and markets. Here, the focus is on Regulating communications for the future: Review of the Telecommunications Act 2001, and the Telecommunications (New Regulatory Framework) Amendment Bill. This article finds that in a digital age—a world of deep fakes and total manipulability of mediated or recorded space—the hermeneut is required to enter and negotiate a (constrained) creative relationship: as an artisan, architect, or artist, with an interpretative context and/or medium.

Dmitry Zaytsev

Important episodes to assess the characteristics of the Homeric military ethics are the scenes when one of the Achaean heroes offers the others to stop the siege and return home. On the one hand, these scenes are necessary elements of military councils and are used by the poet to demonstrate the complexity of the situation of the Achaeans under Troy before making important decisions. In this case, the one who calls the meeting offers the cease of the siege, namely Agamemnon. He names the will of the gods the reason for the end of the siege and flight home. The latter can be clearly expressed by the signs of Zeus, or follow from the unfortunate situation - pestilence or military defeats. Achilles uses the idea to end the siege of Troy and return home as a threat. In his case, the threat to leave the army of the Achaeans is a natural consequence of the insult inflicted on the hero. V. Yeager proves this thesis and emphasizes the importance of maintaining a management model in the army and respect for ἀρετή of heroes. The moral condemnation of Achilles focuses on the fact that the hero is too stubborn in his anger and does not go to reconciliation with the guilty Agamemnon. Agamemnon comes up with a full-ledged plan to end the siege at a crisis moment, offering to lower some of the ships on the water and to escape from the Trojans at night. The elaboration of the draft retreat is enhanced with the deterioration of the situation of the Achaeans under Troy. If in the first songs no one seriously objects to the speaker proposing to end the siege, then later the sharp tone of the statements of Diomedes and Odysseus, condemning the idea to end the siege, indicates the realism of the plans discussed. The lifting of the siege is perceived by the characters of the poem as a disgrace for which they will later be accused of cowardice. Especially vividly, this idea is traced in Agamemnon's words to the wounded Menelaus and, of course, it clearly contrasts with the idea expressed by the same Agamemnon about the admissibility of night flight for the sake of saving the army.

Beata Kucia-Guściora

Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienie roli i sytuacji prawnej ministra skarbu II Rzeczypospolitej. Analizując kompetencje ministra w zakresie gospodarki budżetowej, wskazano na specyficzne aspekty centralizacji władzy oraz dominującą rolę ministra skarbu w procedurze budżetowej i jego wpływ na gospodarkę pozabudżetową systemu finansowego. Ministrowi skarbu powierzono wiele instrumentów prawnych do planowania i wprowadzania ustaw skarbowych. O jego uprzywilejowanej pozycji świadczyły także uprawnienia w sprawach związanych z zaciąganiem i zarządzaniem długiem publicznym. Istotne znaczenie miały również funkcje nadzorcze dotyczące monopoli państwowych, przedsiębiorstw państwowych, funduszy i samorządu terytorialnego.

Lang Liu, Zong-Kuan Guo, Rong-Gen Cai

We develop a formalism to calculate the merger rate density of primordial black hole binaries with a general mass function, by taking into account the merger history of primordial black holes. We apply the formalism to three specific mass functions, monochromatic, power-law and log-normal cases. In the former case, the merger rate density is dominated by the single-merger events, while in the latter two cases, the contribution of the multiple-merger events on the merger rate density can not be ignored. The effects of the merger history on the merger rate density depend on the mass function.