Quantum illumination represents one of the most interesting examples of quantum technologies. On the one hand, it can find significant applications; on the other hand, it is one of the few quantum protocols robust against noise and losses. Here we present a short summary of the history of this quantum protocol.
Solal Rapaport, Laurent Pautet, Samuel Tardieu
et al.
Version Control Systems (VCS) like Git allow developers to locally rewrite recorded history, e.g., to reorder and suppress commits or specific data in them. These alterations have legitimate use cases, but become problematic when performed on public branches that have downstream users: they break push/pull workflows, challenge the integrity and reproducibility of repositories, and create opportunities for supply chain attackers to sneak into them nefarious changes. We conduct the first large-scale investigation of Git history alterations in public code repositories. We analyze 111 M (millions) repositories archived by Software Heritage, which preserves VCS histories even across alterations. We find history alterations in 1.22 M repositories, for a total of 8.7 M rewritten histories. We categorize changes by where they happen (which repositories, which branches) and what is changed in them (files or commit metadata). Conducting two targeted case studies we show that altered histories recurrently change licenses retroactively, or are used to remove ''secrets'' (e.g., private keys) committed by mistake. As these behaviors correspond to bad practices-in terms of project governance or security management, respectively-that software recipients might want to avoid, we introduce GitHistorian, an automated tool, that developers can use to spot and describe history alterations in public Git repositories.
David Hartmann, José Renato Laranjeira de Pereira, Chiara Streitbörger
et al.
The European legislature has proposed the Digital Services Act (DSA) and Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) to regulate platforms and Artificial Intelligence (AI) products. We review to what extent third-party audits are part of both laws and how is access to information on models and the data provided. By considering the value of third-party audits and third-party data access in an audit ecosystem, we identify a regulatory gap in that the AIA does not provide access to data for researchers and civil society. Our contributions to the literature include: (1) Defining an AI audit ecosystem incorporating compliance and oversight. (2) Highlighting a regulatory gap within the DSA and AIA regulatory framework, preventing the establishment of an AI audit ecosystem that has effective oversight by civil society and academia. (3) Emphasizing that third-party audits by research and civil society must be part of that ecosystem, we call for AIA amendments and delegated acts to include data and model access for certain AI products. Furthermore, we call for the DSA to provide NGOs and investigative journalists with data access to platforms by delegated acts and for adaptions and amendments of the AIA to provide third-party audits and data and model access, at least for high-risk systems. Regulations modeled after EU AI regulations should enable data access and third-party audits, fostering an AI audit ecosystem that promotes compliance and oversight mechanisms.
The article gives a description of the repositories of cartographic sources of the Perm region — archives, museums and libraries. The issues of acquisition of cartographic funds are studied, the sources are described by thematic composition, chronological framework, technique of execution. The history of the cartographic archive of Ivan Yakovlevich Krivoshchekov, a Ural geographer and cartographer of the late 19th — early 20th centuries, is revealed, which includes documents on the territory of the Perm province and, in a small amount, Russia. Transferred in 1918 to the library of the Perm State University, the archive was subsequently divided into three repositories and, unfortunately, has not been preserved in full. In 2017, the preserved maps and plans from I. Ya.Krivoshchekov’s archive was digitized and became publicly available on the website of the project “Preservation, study and popularization of the heritage of the Ural cartographers of the mid-18th — early 20th centuries”. The article focuses on the use of maps and plans in digital projects of Russian researchers aimed at empowering users to gain access to documents. The exhibition activity of museums, archives and libraries, including that in virtual space, is presented. The publishing activity of custodian institutions is a rare practice due to a number of reasons, primarily the lack of financial and human resources. The composition of the cartographic collections of large repositorie — the State Archives of the Perm Territory and the Perm Museum of Local Lore — is considered in more detail. The article defines the prospects for further introduction into scientific circulation of cartographic sources from the funds of institutions in the Perm region.
Machine learning (ML) is the science of credit assignment. It seeks to find patterns in observations that explain and predict the consequences of events and actions. This then helps to improve future performance. Minsky's so-called "fundamental credit assignment problem" (1963) surfaces in all sciences including physics (why is the world the way it is?) and history (which persons/ideas/actions have shaped society and civilisation?). Here I focus on the history of ML itself. Modern artificial intelligence (AI) is dominated by artificial neural networks (NNs) and deep learning, both of which are conceptually closer to the old field of cybernetics than what was traditionally called AI (e.g., expert systems and logic programming). A modern history of AI & ML must emphasize breakthroughs outside the scope of shallow AI text books. In particular, it must cover the mathematical foundations of today's NNs such as the chain rule (1676), the first NNs (circa 1800), the first practical AI (1914), the theory of AI and its limitations (1931-34), and the first working deep learning algorithms (1965-). From the perspective of 2025, I provide a timeline of the most significant events in the history of NNs, ML, deep learning, AI, computer science, and mathematics in general, crediting the individuals who laid the field's foundations. The text contains numerous hyperlinks to relevant overview sites. With a ten-year delay, it supplements my 2015 award-winning deep learning survey which provides hundreds of additional references. Finally, I will put things in a broader historical context, spanning from the Big Bang to when the universe will be many times older than it is now.
The study of Islamic history today may not have been regulated through literature, either in foreign languages or using Indonesian (translations or works of the nation's children). Many books have studied the history of Islam that we can get to fill our information, but no one book is so complete, one literature with another can complement each other to form knowledge of Islamic history. From the thought that no single work is perfect and on the contrary will complement each other, the author of this book aims to present the book Sejarah Peradaban Islam to be a reference and teaching material for the history of Islamic civilization course. The author hopes that this work will not only serve as a reference for students majoring in history at various universities, but has also become a public reading as an important contribution to reinventing Islamic civilization in the past, present, and future.Previously, this book entitled Sejarah Islam was only published in a limited edition (30 copies) by Rayhan Intermedia six years ago for student reading. After undergoing revisions in several parts as well as adjusting the curriculum and lecture materials, a book with the title Sejarah Peradaban Islam was presented. This book is intended for everyone, from all walks of life. Although it focuses on Islam, it can be read by anyone who wants to gain additional knowledge about Islamic history.The flow of study in the book does not follow the periodization of Islamic history as written by Harun Nasution, which is divided into the classical period (650-1250 AD), the middle period (1250-1800 AD), and the modern period (1800 AD). His presentation in the book is more based on the growth and development of Islamic civilization in various regions and the reign of a certain caliph or king, however, it does not ignore the characteristics of the times and the character of the period in which Islam grew and developed. In certain parts of the book, it also reviews the roots and implications of the social revolution, the glorious achievements of the rulers, and the peaks of the development of Islamic civilization in various parts of the world.The book of Sejarah Peradaban Islam from Ahmadin needs to be reviewed to know what is in the book, considering some of the previous things. In addition, also to find out what weaknesses and strengths are contained in the book, it is possible to recommend the book as additional reading for others.
This paper approaches the Swedish Chaco-Cordillera Expedition to the North of Argentina and South of Bolivia (1901-1902) and it focuses on the archaeological objects recovered. Besides the analysis performed by Eric von Rosen in 1902-1903, no further in-depth studies of the collection had been since carried out, despite its great potential to elucidate different aspects of the Andean and lowlands’ pre-Columbian past. Combining the analysis of the publications made by the members of the expedition and their unpublished personal documentation, as well as the study of the collection itself, this paper aims to offer new data on these findings and show the contribution that these materials, and the interpretations the Swedish researchers formulated about them, made to the understanding of the metallurgy and mining activities developed during the pre-Columbian Late Period (AD 1200-1550) in the Puna of Jujuy, Argentina.
The letters of the well-known émigré historian and essayist are published. The letters are stored in the Bakhmeteff archive of Russian and East European culture at Columbia University. In the introduction, the publisher shows the assistance rendered to G. Fedotov by the well-known figures of the Russian diaspora in the United States and characterizes the importance of the correspondence for study of how he was looking for his place in the American academic community. The historian hoped to find it due to the invitation to attend the meetings of the Theological Discussion Group. Particular attention is paid to G. Fedotov’s critical understanding of the intellectual heritage of his former colleague, Fr. S. Bulgakov, caused by the need to deliver lectures at Divinity School. The consequences of this were reflected in The Russian Religious Mind, the final work of the historian, in which he criticized pagan hylozoism found in Kievan Christianity, and negatively assessed the Byzantine influence. The text of the letters is presented in accordance with the present-day spelling rules and accompanied with the necessary commentary.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
Shizhe Chen, Pierre-Louis Guhur, Cordelia Schmid
et al.
Vision-and-language navigation (VLN) aims to build autonomous visual agents that follow instructions and navigate in real scenes. To remember previously visited locations and actions taken, most approaches to VLN implement memory using recurrent states. Instead, we introduce a History Aware Multimodal Transformer (HAMT) to incorporate a long-horizon history into multimodal decision making. HAMT efficiently encodes all the past panoramic observations via a hierarchical vision transformer (ViT), which first encodes individual images with ViT, then models spatial relation between images in a panoramic observation and finally takes into account temporal relation between panoramas in the history. It, then, jointly combines text, history and current observation to predict the next action. We first train HAMT end-to-end using several proxy tasks including single step action prediction and spatial relation prediction, and then use reinforcement learning to further improve the navigation policy. HAMT achieves new state of the art on a broad range of VLN tasks, including VLN with fine-grained instructions (R2R, RxR), high-level instructions (R2R-Last, REVERIE), dialogs (CVDN) as well as long-horizon VLN (R4R, R2R-Back). We demonstrate HAMT to be particularly effective for navigation tasks with longer trajectories.
Users' detailed browsing activity - such as what sites they are spending time on and for how long, and what tabs they have open and which one is focused at any given time - is useful for a number of research and practical applications. Gathering such data, however, requires that users install and use a monitoring tool over long periods of time. In contrast, browser extensions can gain instantaneous access months of browser history data. However, the browser history is incomplete: it records only navigation events, missing important information such as time spent or tab focused. In this work, we aim to reconstruct time spent on sites with only users' browsing histories. We gathered three months of browsing history and two weeks of ground-truth detailed browsing activity from 185 participants. We developed a machine learning algorithm that predicts whether the browser window is focused and active at one second-level granularity with an F1-score of 0.84. During periods when the browser is active, the algorithm can predict which the domain the user was looking at with 76.2% accuracy. We can use these results to reconstruct the total time spent online for each user with an R^2 value of 0.96, and the total time each user spent on each domain with an R^2 value of 0.92.
کوهها از دیرباز مظهر برکت و رحمت برای انسانها بودهاند. در تمدنهای باستانی، اغلب آیینهای مذهبی بر فراز کوهها برپا میشده، چراکه در تصور مردم، کوه نزدیکترین مکان به آسمان و جایگاه خدایان و، همچنین زندگی در کوه نشان بریدن از تعلقات دنیایی و پیوستن به علایق آن جهانی بوده است. اما به دلایل جغرافیایی، کوه برای سرزمین ایران و مردم آن دارای اهمیت بیشتری بوده است. آب، از مهمترین کارکرد برای ایرانیان به شمار میرفته است و علاوه بر آن، کارکردهای دفاعی، معیشتی، هوای مطبوع و سایر کارکردهای کالبدی آن سبب شده تا کوهها برای ایرانیان جدای از یک عنصر عینی و کالبدی، دارای معانی ذهنی نیز باشد. کوه برای ایرانیان یک مرکز و نمادی از بهشت بوده و ایرانیان در آن به عبادت میپرداختند. در ادوار تاریخی نیز، همواره کوه مورد ستایش ایرانیان بوده است. اما به مرور زمان و با ورود مذهب و مدرنیته در دو مرحلۀ تاریخی، اهمیت و کارکردهای این عنصر طبیعی-تاریخی برای ایرانیان کم شده است. امروزه شاهد آنیم که کاهش کارکردها و اهمیت کوه در زندگی مردم، منجر به کاهش اهمیت آن در ذهن مردم ساکن کوهپایۀ البرز شده است. چنانکه علیرغم تأکیدات بسیار در مطالعات علمی و طرحهای جامع شهری، ساکنان تهران، امروزه نمیتوانند از مواهب و مزیتهای کوههای شمالی خود بهرهمند شوند و نسبت به تخریب آن هم دچار بیتفاوتی شدهاند. نگارندگان مقاله بر این باورند که این کوهها در حال حاضر در ذهن تهرانیها، دارای معانی متعدد هستند ولی این معانی آنقدر پررنگ نیست که ساکنان تهران را نسبت به تخریب و تجاوز به کوه حساس کند و به طور کلی این مسئله اولویت و مطالبه تهرانیها نیست. لذا در این پژوهش با هدف یافتن معانی ذهنی مردم از کوههای البرز، از روش پدیدارشناسی استفاده شده و تحلیل یافتهها نیز از روش تحلیل مضمون و براساس دستهبندی سلسلهمراتبی با نظریات کینگ و رایان و برنارد صورت گرفته است.
Alfredo Garbuno-Inigo, F. Alejandro DiazDelaO, Konstantin M. Zuev
The scientific understanding of real-world processes has dramatically improved over the years through computer simulations. Such simulators represent complex mathematical models that are implemented as computer codes which are often expensive. The validity of using a particular simulator to draw accurate conclusions relies on the assumption that the computer code is correctly calibrated. This calibration procedure is often pursued under extensive experimentation and comparison with data from a real-world process. The problem is that the data collection may be so expensive that only a handful of experiments are feasible. History matching is a calibration technique that, given a simulator, it iteratively discards regions of the input space using an implausibility measure. When the simulator is computationally expensive, an emulator is used to explore the input space. In this paper, a Gaussian process provides a complete probabilistic output that is incorporated into the implausibility measure. The identification of regions of interest is accomplished with recently developed annealing sampling techniques. Active learning functions are incorporated into the history matching procedure to refocus on the input space and improve the emulator. The efficiency of the proposed framework is tested in well-known examples from the history matching literature, as well as in a proposed testbed of functions of higher dimensions.
Radio frequency (RF) superconductivity has become a key technology for many modern particle accelerators. One of its most salient features of this technology is the ability of superconducting RF cavities to deliver high accelerating gradients in continuous-wave and long-pulse modes of operation. However, reaching the current state of the technology was not an easy fit. Over many years scientists and engineers had to overcome several serous performance limitations. In this paper, I attempt to the best of my knowledge to trace the history of accelerating gradients evolution in the field of superconducting radio frequency. I will restrict the scope to primary innovations along with some of the ensuing developments in developing cavities made of bulk niobium. But I will not cover all the many applications and findings over the subsequent decades of progress that were based on the primary discoveries and inventions. I will also not cover a number of other important topics in the history of cavity developments, such as the drive for higher Q values, or the push for lower cavity costs via Nb/Cu cavities or large grain Nb cavities.
تأثیرپذیری فضاهای جمعی از رفتارهای اجتماعی و مکانیزمهای حقوقی و اقتصادی به عنوان بخشی از بافت شهر، ماهیتی ویژه و متمایز بدان میبخشد که واجد برخورداری از یک پیوستگی اجتماعی- مکانی است؛ و موضوع مطالعات اندیشمندان رشتههای گوناگون از جمله جغرافیدانان، مردمشناسان، جامعهشناسان نظری، باستانشناسان، برنامهریزان شهری و ... واقع شده است. بسیاری از فضاهای جمعی علیرغم تحول نظامها و نهادهای موثر بر شکلگیری و مدیریت فضاهای شهری در طی تاریخ، همچنان با حفظ کاراکتر اولیه به عنوان فضاهای پویا، فعال و پاسخگو مطرح هستند. این تحقیق با مفروض داشتن آنکه ثبات فضا در گرو عدم تغییر در رفتار است و تداوم رفتاری خاص در طی زمان، مبین وجود فلسفهای خاص برای آن رفتار میباشد؛ با هدف شناخت ابعاد استمرار فعالیتهای جمعی در فضا- که به اندازه تغییر و تحولات شهری واجد اهمیت است- به روش موردپژوهی مبتنی بر مطالعات کتابخانهای و مشاهدات میدانی، دو نمونه از مصادیق فضاهای جمعی را مورد بررسی قرار داده است. ضربآهنگ تحولات فضایی بر روی نمودار ترسیم گردیده که مبین کنش جمعی انسان و فضای فیزیکی در رابطهای پیوسته با محور زمان، و نشان دهنده اهمیت بعد تاریخی مکان به عنوان یکی از موثرترین فاکتورها در کیفیت فضای جمعی است. نتایج تحقیق مبین آن است که همافزایی ناشی از هماهنگی ضربآهنگ رفتارهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی، سیاسی و ... به تجلی فضاهای جمعی چند وجهی و باز در زندگی اجتماعی منجر میشود که میتوانند همبستگی اجتماعی و غنای فرهنگی را تقویت کنند و با تثبیت نقش همچنان پویا باشند.