Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

لیلی عبدی

کشیا علی[1]پژوهشگر آمریکایی و متخصص مطالعات اسلامی است که بر مطالعه فقه اسلامی، اخلاق، زنان، جنسیت و سیره  پیامبر (ص) تمرکز دارد. وی در حال حاضر استاد دانشگاه بوستون است. علی کتاب خود را با عنوان  زندگانی‌های محمد [2] در سال 2014 میلادی در انتشارات دانشگاه هاروارد و در 342 صفحه به چاپ رسانده است.کتاب شامل یک مقدمه و شش فصل است: «محمد تاریخی»، «پیامبر راستین»، «مسلمانان برجسته»، «همسر محمد»، «مادر مؤمنان » و «مرد روشن‌فکر». همچنین یک گاه‌شماری ساده از چهار رویداد که شامل هجرت به مدینه، جنگ بدر، جنگ احد و فتح مکه است، قبل از مقدمۀ کتاب آمده است. ازدواج پیامبر(ص) که در فصل چهار و پنج به آن پرداخته شده، بیشتر مباحث این کتاب را تشکیل می‌دهد. نتیجه‌گیری، پی‌نوشت‌ها، فهرست منابع، سپاسگزاری و ضمائم از موارد پایانی کتاب است.

قباد رده, محمدقربان کیانی, سیدمحمد شیخ احمدی et al.

بازسازی شهر کرمانشاه پس از ویرانی کامل آن به دست مغولان مرهون خاندان زنگنه به­ویژه شیخعلی خان زنگنه حاکم کرمانشاه  است که مدتی پس از آن به مقام صدراعظمی صفویان رسید،اما هویت جدید و ساختار نوین اجتماعی، دینی و شهری کرمانشاهان وام­دارحاکمیت دولتشاه و فرزندانش در دورۀ قاجاریه است.اقدامات دولتشاه صرفاً به معماری و ساخت ابنیه محدود نبود،حضور تاثیرگذار روحانیت، تغییرات فرهنگی، حضور تجار، شاعران پارسی­زبان از سایر شهرهای ایران و هم­گرایی مردم کرمانشاه در قیاس با سایر مناطق کردنشین با دولت مرکزی از نتایج حاکمیت مقتدرانه دولتشاه بود. با مرگ دولتشاه و عداوت محمدشاه با فرزندان وی،کرمانشاه دوباره در سراشیبی رکود و انحطاط افتاد تا  اینکه در دوره ناصرالدین شاه و در سایه اقدامات عمادالدوله از فرزندان دولتشاه، توانست دوباره سر برآورد. این سوال مطرح می‌شود که اقدامات فرهنگی و اقتصادی این دو حاکم در کرمانشاه چگونه بوده است و وجوه تشابه و تمایز مهم وضعیت کرمانشاه در این زمینه در دوران دو شخصیت ذکر شده شامل چه موارد مهمی است؟ در این مقاله با روش تحلیلی و توصیفی و به کمک داده‌های تاریخی به این مهم پرداخته می‌شود.

Alexander Mazyrin, Inna Smolaykova

Documents from the fund of the Office of the Synod of the Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA. F. 796) characterizing the position of His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon, the Holy Synod and the Supreme Church Council of the Orthodox Russian Church on a number of issues of Church life in Ukraine in 1917-1918 are introduced into scientific circulation. Among the documents: letters from Patriarch Tikhon to the Ukrainian Ministers of Confessions in 1918 on the issue of episcopal supervision in some border Belarusian counties; reports to the Patriarch of the temporarily managing the Kiev diocese, Bishop Nazariy (Blinov) of Cherkasy on the Church affairs in Ukraine and especially in Kiev from late 1918 to mid-1919 with proposals for the organization of a new temporary Supreme Administration of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and on measures to calm down local nationalist activists; decisions of the Supreme Church Administration of the Orthodox Russian Church headed by the Patriarch on these proposals. The documents characterize St. Tikhon, on the one hand, as an Archpastor who cares about the spiritual well-being of his multinational flock, and on the other hand, as an adherent of the Canonical order, a supporter of Conciliar solutions to complex problems of Church life and an opponent of arbitrary actions (in particular, for nationalist reasons).

Hector Giacomini

This note offers an overview of how Josiah Willard Gibbs's Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, published simultaneously in London and New York in 1902, spread through European university libraries. Contrary to the received idea that the circulation of this text was slow, information gathered through direct contacts with numerous academic libraries, together with an examination of Yale University's archives, reveals an unexpectedly rapid material diffusion beginning on 15 March 1902. This early propagation can be explained by several channels: presentation copies sent by Yale University to leading universities, personal mailings by Gibbs himself to prominent scientists, and the distribution of copies by the American publisher to major scientific journals.

Benjamin Weineck

Irena Avsenik Nabergoj

This article analyses the poem of Deborah (Judg 5), one of the oldest examples of Hebrew poetry. Together with an even older form of prayer of praise, the Song of Moses (Exodus 15:1-18), it represents the beginnings of the psalm-prayer genre. It focuses on the analysis of the thematic-motivic and rhetorical elements of Deborah’s poem, which reveal the weakness of the tribes of Israel in comparison with the militarily organised Canaanite kingdoms and the strength of Jewish women in war. We are interested in how the women dealt with weakness, how they demonstrated strength and how they relied on the strength of God. The paper shows how only Deborah, a remarkable female figure of the Old Testament, prophetess, judge and military leader, dared to stand up to the destructive strategy of the Canaanites. By defeating the mighty Canaanite warlord Sisera, she demonstrated her extraordinary power in an area that is actually the domain of men, not women. Jael and Sisera’s mother are also portrayed with irony and other rhetorical figures. In the context of Scripture, Deborah’s original prayer of praise, thanking God for her triumph in war, is only justified by the knowledge that the tribes of Israel had to fight for their survival. A comparative analysis of Deborah's poem shows that the tradition of praise as prayer in connection with various female characters was enriched in the later Old Testament period.

Nikolay Vanifatev

Ruizhong Qiu, Dingsu Wang, Lei Ying et al.

Diffusion on graphs is ubiquitous with numerous high-impact applications. In these applications, complete diffusion histories play an essential role in terms of identifying dynamical patterns, reflecting on precaution actions, and forecasting intervention effects. Despite their importance, complete diffusion histories are rarely available and are highly challenging to reconstruct due to ill-posedness, explosive search space, and scarcity of training data. To date, few methods exist for diffusion history reconstruction. They are exclusively based on the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) formulation and require to know true diffusion parameters. In this paper, we study an even harder problem, namely reconstructing Diffusion history from A single SnapsHot} (DASH), where we seek to reconstruct the history from only the final snapshot without knowing true diffusion parameters. We start with theoretical analyses that reveal a fundamental limitation of the MLE formulation. We prove: (a) estimation error of diffusion parameters is unavoidable due to NP-hardness of diffusion parameter estimation, and (b) the MLE formulation is sensitive to estimation error of diffusion parameters. To overcome the inherent limitation of the MLE formulation, we propose a novel barycenter formulation: finding the barycenter of the posterior distribution of histories, which is provably stable against the estimation error of diffusion parameters. We further develop an effective solver named DIffusion hiTting Times with Optimal proposal (DITTO) by reducing the problem to estimating posterior expected hitting times via the Metropolis--Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo method (M--H MCMC) and employing an unsupervised graph neural network to learn an optimal proposal to accelerate the convergence of M--H MCMC. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.

Aleksey Sushko

The article analyzes the events in Omsk on February 15-22, 1918, when an attempt by the regional Soviet authorities to implement the "Decree on the separation of church from state and school from church" led to riots in, Soviet historiography called the "priest's rebellion". In the course of these events, the novice and housekeeper of the bishop's house, Nikolai Tsikura, was killed and later canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church. The aim of the work is to analyze the circumstances of the death of Nikolai Tsikura in the context of the events of the Civil War that broke out in Russia. Along with published reports in periodicals and published and unpublished memoirs, one of the key evidence of the topic under consideration is the act record of the death of Nikolai Tsikura, stored in the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region. The article introduces into scientific circulation a brief description of the personality of Nikolai Tsikura, given to him in connection with the events of the “priest’s rebellion” in the memoirs of Omskovite M.A. Stolpovsky, who personally knew him. After analyzing two points of view on the cause of the murder of Nikolai Tsikura (he defended the bishop during the arrest or was killed for no apparent reason), the author notes the absence of a source that allows to unambiguously answer that question. When analyzing the circumstances of the death of Nikolai Tsikura, special attention is paid to the fact that the bells rang by killed priest triggered the mass unrest in Omsk, brought the people out into the streets who defended Bishop Sylvester and other arrested priests from possible reprisals and postponed for a month the implementation in Omsk of the “Decree on the separation of church from state and school from church.” It is emphasized that the canonization of Nikolai Tsikura in In 2000, continued the church tradition of venerating him as a holy new martyr started in 1918 at the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Danko Georgiev, Eliahu Cohen

Quantum entanglement is a key resource, which grants quantum systems the ability to accomplish tasks that are classically impossible. Here, we apply Feynman's sum-over-histories formalism to interacting bipartite quantum systems and introduce entanglement measures for bipartite quantum histories. Based on the Schmidt decomposition of the matrix comprised of the Feynman propagator complex coefficients, we prove that bipartite quantum histories are entangled if and only if the Schmidt rank of this matrix is larger than 1. The proposed approach highlights the utility of using a separable basis for constructing the bipartite quantum histories and allows for quantification of their entanglement from the complete set of experimentally measured sequential weak values. We then illustrate the non-classical nature of entangled histories with the use of Hardy's overlapping interferometers and explain why local hidden variable theories are unable to correctly reproduce all observable quantum outcomes. Our theoretical results elucidate how the composite tensor product structure of multipartite quantum systems is naturally extended across time and clarify the difference between quantum histories viewed as projection operators in the history Hilbert space or viewed as chain operators and propagators in the standard Hilbert space.

Alejandro Gonzalez-Hevia, Daniel Gayo-Avello

Knowledge graphs have been adopted in many diverse fields for a variety of purposes. Most of those applications rely on valid and complete data to deliver their results, pressing the need to improve the quality of knowledge graphs. A number of solutions have been proposed to that end, ranging from rule-based approaches to the use of probabilistic methods, but there is an element that has not been considered yet: the edit history of the graph. In the case of collaborative knowledge graphs (e.g., Wikidata), those edits represent the process in which the community reaches some kind of fuzzy and distributed consensus over the information that best represents each entity, and can hold potentially interesting information to be used by knowledge graph refinement methods. In this paper, we explore the use of edit history information from Wikidata to improve the performance of type prediction methods. To do that, we have first built a JSON dataset containing the edit history of every instance from the 100 most important classes in Wikidata. This edit history information is then explored and analyzed, with a focus on its potential applicability in knowledge graph refinement tasks. Finally, we propose and evaluate two new methods to leverage this edit history information in knowledge graph embedding models for type prediction tasks. Our results show an improvement in one of the proposed methods against current approaches, showing the potential of using edit information in knowledge graph refinement tasks and opening new promising research lines within the field.

Andrey Perekatov

The article examines the main episodes in the struggle of prominent representatives of the Orthodox clergy to prohibit V. Protopopov’s play Black Ravens (1907) in the Russian Empire, using materials from pre-revolutionary periodicals. Written by the popular journalist and playwright Viktor Protopopov (1866–1916), the play Black Ravens was of an accusatory nature and, according to the author himself, was directed against the semi-fraudulent groups parasitising on the popular veneration of Fr. John of Kronstadt. Based on the analysis of the play and other sources, the article attempts to prove that its accusatory pathos was directed not so much against the swindlers as against the Kronstadt shepherd personally and against the traditional church in general. The ascetic tension of the religious life of Revd. Ioann Sergiev and his followers, combined with a fi rm commitment to the established forms of church ritual, were perceived by some representatives of Russian intellectual society as a manifestation of fanaticism and cultural backwardness. Many of them considered it their civic duty to fight this “cultural backwardness”. In turn, the admirers of the Kronstadt pastor tried to protect, by all available means, their spiritual values and religious feelings. The indiscretion in the choice of means and the excessive emotionality of the main participants in the struggle for the prohibition of the play caused some reputational damage and complicated the Russian Orthodox Church’s already diffi cult relations with society.The factors were used by its implacable enemies in propaganda purposes. Consideration of the confl ict between the clergy and the theater community around the Black Ravens, with an analysis of its causes and consequences, seems relevant in the context of today’s public debate over the use of symbols and plots on the theater stage and in cinematography that off end (deliberately or accidentally) the feelings of believers.

Eren Pilgir

Hz. Peygamber (s.a.s) Kur’ân-ı Kerim’in talimini sahâbesine yedi harf ruhsatı çerçevesinde yapmıştır. Dolayısıyla her sahâbî aynı kıraati talim etmemiş ve her biri kendi kıraatini bir diğer sahâbînin öğrendiği kıraatle karıştırmadan Kur’ân-ı Kerim’i tilavet etmiştir. Tatbik edilen bu usûl, kıraat ilminin müstakil bir disiplin olmasından sonra kaleme alınan eserlerde yer alan tarîklerin birbirine karışmasını engellemek için de uygulanmıştır. İşte bu yönteme ‘tahrîrât’ adı verilmiştir. Kıraat ilminin en bakir alanlarından olan tahrîrât, İbnü’l-Cezerī’nin (öl. 833/1429) en-Neşr fi’l-ḳırāʾāti’l-ʿaşr ve Ṭayyibetü’n-neşr fi’l-ḳırāʾāti’l-ʿaşr adlı eserlerinde yaklaşık bin tarîke yer vermesi sebebiyle aşere-i kübrâ üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Zira bu iki eserin içerdiği tarîk sayısının fazla olması tahrîrâtla alakalı daha fazla konuya yer verilmesini gerektirmiştir. Ancak dar çerçevede de olsa yedi kıraat ve aşere-i suğrâ ile alakalı tahrîrât edebiyatı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada Ḳāsım b. Fīrruh eş-Şāṭıbī’nin (öl. 590/1194) yazdığı ve yedi kıraat tedrisatının temel eserlerinden olan Ḥirzü’l-emānī ve vechü’t-tehānī üzerine kaleme alınmış tahrîrât eserlerinin tespiti ve tahlili amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda ayrıca Ḥirzü’l-emānī özelinde kaleme alınan tahrîrât eserlerinin içeriği “eimmeten” (أئمة), “yebsuṭ” (يبسط) ve “besṭaten” (بسطة) örnekleri üzerinden değerlendirilerek ilgili eserlerin bir bütünlük arz edip etmediğinin ortaya konulması hedeflenmiştir.

Aljaž Krajnc

After the emergence of Islam in the early seventh century, the Arabic language saw its rapid expansion and eventually become a theological language as well. Non-Muslim theologians living in the Islamic world began to express themselves in Arabic and wrote polemical literature against their adversaries from different religions and religious denominations. Of special importance were also Jewish theologians who wanted to demonstrate the correctness of their own religious beliefs and the ill-foundedness of Christian and Muslim doctrines. This paper is dedicated to the Arabic speaking Jewish theologian Dāwūd al-Muqammaṣ (the 9th century A.D.), whose work Twenty Chapters (ʿIšrūn maqāla) is the earliest extant summa theologiae in Arabic, i.e., a work which aims to address the totality of theological teachings of a certain religion. The eight chapter of this work contains a critique of the Christian doctrine that God is three, while the tenth chapter refutes the Christian teachings that the Son is from eternity begotten by the Father and that God was incarnated in reality. This paper places Dāwūd’s critique in the broader context of trans-confessional polemic in the medieval Islamic world with special attention to Judeo-Arabic tradition.

Tashi W. Gurung, Phurba D. Gurung

Masoud Dadbakhsh, حسین مفتخری

From the second half of the 13 solar hijri century, increase in the cultural and commercial relationships of iranian zoroastrians with Parsian society in India, has been resulted in a development of the cultural and educational activities of the zoroastrian society in Iran. Representstive of indian Persian, who beleived that the biggest problems of Iran are illiteracy and poor cultural situation, have been founded the schools and did several reforms in cultural and educatinal structure of iranian zoroastrians. After that the Reza shah got into power, in one side the tendency of the government for resuscitation of the antagonistic thought increased; And at the other side, modernisation and the integration of the cultural and educational system became one of the essential goals of the government. Above all, the main questions of this article are how these changes effect the state of Iranian Zoroastrians, and what is the role of them in developing process of cultural and educational activities? Based on descriptive and analytic consideration of historical documents and educational statistics, social state of Zoroastrians in the period of RezaShah was imporoved, and they play significant role in that period.

Nancy Mackin

Mieszkańcy obszarów autochtonicznych, takich jak Gwich’in, Inuvialuit, Copper Inuit, Sami i Coast Salish, przez pokolenia obserwacji i eksperymentów nauczyli się tworzyć specyficzną dla miejsca architekturę biomimetyczną. Aby dowiedzieć się więcej o dziedzictwie autochtonów, a także jego wpływie na architekturę, w procesy rekonstrukcji tradycyjnych schronień zaangażowano rdzennych ekspertów (Eskimosi, przedstawiciele Pierwotnych Narodów). Podczas rekonstrukcji zarówno młodzież, jak i starszyzna wyrażali entuzjazm i dumę z pomysłowości i użyteczności myśli architektonicznej swoich przodków. Niektóre ze zbudowanych podczas tych badań konstrukcji wciąż istnieje i służy jako schronienia awaryjne dla zbieraczy żywności. Podczas ekstremalnych warunków pogodowych schroniska mogą stanowić potencjalną sieć osadniczą zbieraczy, która umożliwiłaby rewitalizację tradycyjnych szlaków żywnościowych. Rekonstrukcje wykazują, że materiały budowlane, formy, technologie montażu i inne aspekty rdzennej architektury stanowią cenne źródło informacji dla przyszłych pokoleń architektów.

Hyemin Ahn, Obin Kwon, Kyoungdo Kim et al.

This paper emphasizes the importance of a robot's ability to refer to its task history, especially when it executes a series of pick-and-place manipulations by following language instructions given one by one. The advantage of referring to the manipulation history can be categorized into two folds: (1) the language instructions omitting details but using expressions referring to the past can be interpreted, and (2) the visual information of objects occluded by previous manipulations can be inferred. For this, we introduce a history-dependent manipulation task which objective is to visually ground a series of language instructions for proper pick-and-place manipulations by referring to the past. We also suggest a relevant dataset and model which can be a baseline, and show that our model trained with the proposed dataset can also be applied to the real world based on the CycleGAN. Our dataset and code are publicly available on the project website: https://sites.google.com/view/history-dependent-manipulation.

Mrigank Rochan, Mahesh Kumar Krishna Reddy, Linwei Ye et al.

Recently, there is an increasing interest in highlight detection research where the goal is to create a short duration video from a longer video by extracting its interesting moments. However, most existing methods ignore the fact that the definition of video highlight is highly subjective. Different users may have different preferences of highlight for the same input video. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective framework that learns to adapt highlight detection to a user by exploiting the user's history in the form of highlights that the user has previously created. Our framework consists of two sub-networks: a fully temporal convolutional highlight detection network $H$ that predicts highlight for an input video and a history encoder network $M$ for user history. We introduce a newly designed temporal-adaptive instance normalization (T-AIN) layer to $H$ where the two sub-networks interact with each other. T-AIN has affine parameters that are predicted from $M$ based on the user history and is responsible for the user-adaptive signal to $H$. Extensive experiments on a large-scale dataset show that our framework can make more accurate and user-specific highlight predictions.

Mansi Dhuria, Gaurav Goswami

The recently proposed Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC) can be used to constrain the energy scale of inflation. The conclusions however depend on the assumptions about post-inflationary history of the Universe. E.g. in the standard case of a thermal post-inflationary history in which the Universe stays radiation dominated at all times from the end of inflation to the epoch of radiation matter equality, TCC has been used to argue that the Hubble parameter during inflation, $H_{\inf}$, is below ${\cal O}(0.1) ~{\rm GeV}$. Cosmological scenarios with a non-thermal post-inflationary history are well-motivated alternatives to the standard picture and it is interesting to find out the possible constraints which TCC imposes on such scenarios. In this work, we find out the amount of enhancement of the TCC compatible bound on $H_{\inf}$ if post-inflationary history before nucleosynthesis was non-thermal. We then argue that if TCC is correct, for a large class of scenarios, it is not possible for the Universe to have undergone a phase of moduli domination.