Hasil untuk "History America"

C. Spigner

J. L. Wilson

A. Greenwald

K. Winemiller, K. Rose

John C. Coffee

Paul C. Helmreich

J. Robinson, R. Sack

J. Peters

D. Soltis, Ashley B. Morris, J. McLachlan et al.

D. Reich, N. Patterson, D. Campbell et al.

The peopling of the Americas has been the subject of extensive genetic, archaeological and linguistic research; however, central questions remain unresolved. One contentious issue is whether the settlement occurred by means of a single migration or multiple streams of migration from Siberia. The pattern of dispersals within the Americas is also poorly understood. To address these questions at a higher resolution than was previously possible, we assembled data from 52 Native American and 17 Siberian groups genotyped at 364,470 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Here we show that Native Americans descend from at least three streams of Asian gene flow. Most descend entirely from a single ancestral population that we call ‘First American’. However, speakers of Eskimo–Aleut languages from the Arctic inherit almost half their ancestry from a second stream of Asian gene flow, and the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyan from Canada inherit roughly one-tenth of their ancestry from a third stream. We show that the initial peopling followed a southward expansion facilitated by the coast, with sequential population splits and little gene flow after divergence, especially in South America. A major exception is in Chibchan speakers on both sides of the Panama isthmus, who have ancestry from both North and South America.

H. W. Castner

R. Kagan

M. Raghavan, Matthias Steinrücken, Kelley Harris et al.

S. Weaver, N. Forrester

W. Haag

German Morong-Reyes, Matthias Gloël

En 1563, y en medio de la discusión sobre la perpetuidad de las encomiendas en el Perú (1560-1570), un parecer fue remitido al presidente del Consejo de Indias, Juan Sarmiento (ca.1518-1564). Tal escrito, titulado Parecer cerca de la perpetuidad y buen gobierno de los indios del Perú y aviso de lo que deben hacer los encomenderos para salvarse –cuya autoría es desconocida– constituye una respuesta teóricamente elaborada, opuesta a los informes y pareceres de factura dominica que promovían el fin de las encomiendas como responsables directas del abuso, explotación y miseria de los indios. En este artículo se analiza este documento considerando su contexto de producción en virtud de ponderar el ejercicio del buen gobierno respecto de la necesidad de mantener los fueros y costumbres de los naturales. La hipótesis central plantea que este texto, junto a un conjunto no menor de textos oficiales, seculares y religiosos, al servicio del buen gobierno y del asentamiento de la policía cristiana en los reinos del Perú, es parte de una discursividad general que en la década de 1560 a 1570 resaltaba positivamente las prácticas de gobernanza incaicas, a la vez que ratificaba  el argumento sobre la inferioridad natural de los indios.

F. Welker, M. Collins, Jessica A. Thomas et al.

Gregory ambrano

Archivo histórico de Kipus: Revista Andina de Letras y Estudios Culturales, 1999.

Jó Klanovicz

A. Moreno-Estrada, S. Gravel, Fouad Zakharia et al.

The Caribbean basin is home to some of the most complex interactions in recent history among previously diverged human populations. Here, we investigate the population genetic history of this region by characterizing patterns of genome-wide variation among 330 individuals from three of the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola), two mainland (Honduras, Colombia), and three Native South American (Yukpa, Bari, and Warao) populations. We combine these data with a unique database of genomic variation in over 3,000 individuals from diverse European, African, and Native American populations. We use local ancestry inference and tract length distributions to test different demographic scenarios for the pre- and post-colonial history of the region. We develop a novel ancestry-specific PCA (ASPCA) method to reconstruct the sub-continental origin of Native American, European, and African haplotypes from admixed genomes. We find that the most likely source of the indigenous ancestry in Caribbean islanders is a Native South American component shared among inland Amazonian tribes, Central America, and the Yucatan peninsula, suggesting extensive gene flow across the Caribbean in pre-Columbian times. We find evidence of two pulses of African migration. The first pulse—which today is reflected by shorter, older ancestry tracts—consists of a genetic component more similar to coastal West African regions involved in early stages of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The second pulse—reflected by longer, younger tracts—is more similar to present-day West-Central African populations, supporting historical records of later transatlantic deportation. Surprisingly, we also identify a Latino-specific European component that has significantly diverged from its parental Iberian source populations, presumably as a result of small European founder population size. We demonstrate that the ancestral components in admixed genomes can be traced back to distinct sub-continental source populations with far greater resolution than previously thought, even when limited pre-Columbian Caribbean haplotypes have survived.