Keith Andrew, Eric V. Steinfelds, Kristopher A. Andrew
Lorentzian topology change may be resolved into an ordered sequence of localized, orientation-sensitive operations rather than treated solely as a global transition between spatial manifolds. We develop a generator-history framework in which topology-changing spacetimes are represented algebraically as compositions of elementary local events, independent of dynamics, quantization, or anomaly inflow. Braid groups arise as the minimal realization of ordered, invertible pairwise exchanges, while higher-valence generators extend the construction to networked processes. Within this framework we identify parity-odd conformal curvature as the unique nontrivial local curvature pseudoscalar (without derivatives) capable of aggregating oriented generator content in four-dimensional Lorentzian vacuum geometry. The dual Weyl contraction changes sign under orientation reversal and therefore isolates chiral generator accumulation, while parity-even curvature scalars are insensitive to such structure. The associated spacetime integral functions as a covariant geometric diagnostic of chiral topology change that depends on generator histories and does not descend to endpoint-only equivalence classes obtained by Markov-type coarse-graining. The resulting picture isolates a pre-quantum geometric layer beneath spectral asymmetry: oriented generator dynamics induce parity-odd curvature compatible with the Pontryagin density appearing in the Atiyah Patodi Singer index theorem yet remains defined entirely within classical Lorentzian geometry. This framework clarifies the algebraic and geometric substrate underlying chiral topology change without introducing new gravitational dynamics or topological invariants.
Introduction Progression of COVID-19 to severe disease and death is insufficiently understood. Objective Summarize the prevalence of risk factors and adverse outcomes and determine their associations in COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized. Methods We searched Medline, Embase and Web of Science for case-series and observational studies of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through August 31, 2020. Data were analyzed by fixed-effects meta-analysis using Shore’s adjusted confidence intervals to address heterogeneity. Results Seventy-seven studies comprising 38906 hospitalized patients met inclusion criteria; 21468 from the US-Europe and 9740 from China. Overall prevalence of death [% (95% CI)] from COVID-19 was 20% (18–23%); 23% (19–27%) in the US and Europe and 11% (7–16%) for China. Of those that died, 85% were aged≥60 years, 66% were males, and 66%, 44%, 39%, 37%, and 27% had hypertension, smoking history, diabetes, heart disease, and chronic kidney disease (CKD), respectively. The case fatality risk [%(95% CI)] were 52% (46–60) for heart disease, 51% (43–59) for COPD, 48% (37–63) for chronic kidney disease (CKD), 39% for chronic liver disease (CLD), 28% (23–36%) for hypertension, and 24% (17–33%) for diabetes. Summary relative risk (sRR) of death were higher for age≥60 years [sRR = 3.6; 95% CI: 3.0–4.4], males [1.3; 1.2–1.4], smoking history [1.3; 1.1–1.6], COPD [1.7; 1.4–2.0], hypertension [1.8; 1.6–2.0], diabetes [1.5; 1.4–1.7], heart disease [2.1; 1.8–2.4], CKD [2.5; 2.1–3.0]. The prevalence of hypertension (55%), diabetes (33%), smoking history (23%) and heart disease (17%) among the COVID-19 hospitalized patients in the US were substantially higher than that of the general US population, suggesting increased susceptibility to infection or disease progression for the individuals with comorbidities. Conclusions Public health screening for COVID-19 can be prioritized based on risk-groups. Appropriately addressing the modifiable risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, and diabetes could reduce morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19; public messaging can be accordingly adapted.
Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie dziejów cmentarza katolickiego w Stawiszynie oraz przybliżenie sylwetek osób, które zapisały się na kartach historii tej niewielkiej miejscowości. W części pierwszej przedstawiono krótko dzieje miasta, a następnie zaprezentowano losy cmentarza przykościelnego oraz parafialnego położonego przy ulicy Kaliskiej, z uwzględnieniem próby ustalenia daty powstania tego ostatniego. W ostatniej części przedstawiono biogramy wybranych osób, które zasłużyły się dla lokalnej społeczności.
Ольга Викторовна Кочукова, Сергей Анатольевич Кочуков
В статье анализируются материалы политической карикатуры, представленной на страницах сатирических журналов Австро-Венгрии периода Великого восточного (Балканского) кризиса 1870-х годов (Die Bombe, Der Floh, Kikeriki). Предпринята попытка систематизировать феминные образы австрийской политической карикатуры периода Балканского кризиса. Рассматривается проблема формирования характерных предпочтений австрийской политической карикатуры в распределении вариаций феминных образов в изображениях Австро-Венгерской, Османской, Российской империй и балканских народов и государств. Выделены способы противопоставления феминных и маскулинных символов стран-участников основных событий Восточного кризиса 1875–1878 гг.
This article explores the significance of memorial plaques in Russian cities as sites of history, memory and aesthetics that create a new sensorium of the urban sphere. The plaques, affixed to historic buildings, serve as tangible markers that commemorate significant events and figures from the past. Taking the case of the historic center of St. Petersburg, the article examines how these plaques create a sense of historicity and contribute to the formation of a shared cultural background within the urban sphere. The plaques evolve from simple inscriptions to more elaborate and visually appealing designs. It also highlights the controversies surrounding the selection of individuals to be materialized and remembered and the aesthetic concerns raised by some residents. Meanwhile, the two contemporary projects challenge traditional commemorative practices and their aesthetics: Last Address, which commemorates victims of political repression through individualized plaques, and the Gandhi artist group’s street art interventions. These projects offer alternative approaches to memorialization and engage in dialogue with existing monuments and plaques. These micro-interventions show grassroot resistance within memorializing practices and aesthetics. The article emphasizes the contested nature of public space and the role of memorial plaques in shaping collective memory and historical narratives in Russian cities.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Literature (General)
The fundamental principle of the art of war is victory, a doctrine also present in the facts of arms, known through numerous quotations, in the complex peninsular political-military context in the central centuries of the Middle Ages. However, the Hispanic exceptionable granted by the permeable border with Al-Andalus integrates this principle, if we confront it with Western Europe. During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, due to the advance towards the south of the Christian kingdoms that strengthen their territory A militarized society is formed regulated by a series of provisions that govern the military obligations feudal-vassal, of the different social groups, among them are the inhabitants of the towns and cities of the Christian kingdoms giving rise to the term “a society for war”, characterized by special rules and jurisdictions regulatingt the relations between the border settlements and their lords, in substance a particular border law different from the rules governing the interior of the kingdom. The one that contemplates the service of arms, in its different modalities (apellido, cabalgada o hueste) as an essential element of its provisions.
History (General) and history of Europe, Military Science
Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) reasoning involves predicting future events based on historical information. However, due to the unpredictability of future events, this task is highly challenging. To address this issue, we propose a multi-scale hybrid architecture model based on ensemble learning, called RLGNet (Repeating-Local-Global History Network). Inspired by the application of multi-scale information in other fields, we introduce the concept of multi-scale information into TKG reasoning. Specifically, RLGNet captures and integrates different levels of historical information by combining modules that process information at various scales. The model comprises three modules: the Repeating History Module focuses on identifying repetitive patterns and trends in historical data, the Local History Module captures short-term changes and details, and the Global History Module provides a macro perspective on long-term changes. Additionally, to address the limitations of previous single-architecture models in generalizing across single-step and multi-step reasoning tasks, we adopted architectures based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP) for the Local and Global History Modules, respectively. This hybrid architecture design enables the model to complement both multi-step and single-step reasoning capabilities. Finally, to address the issue of noise in TKGs, we adopt an ensemble learning strategy, combining the predictions of the three modules to reduce the impact of noise on the final prediction results. In the evaluation on six benchmark datasets, our approach generally outperforms existing TKG reasoning models in multi-step and single-step reasoning tasks.
We study user history modeling via Transformer encoders in deep learning recommendation models (DLRM). Such architectures can significantly improve recommendation quality, but usually incur high latency cost necessitating infrastructure upgrades or very small Transformer models. An important part of user history modeling is early fusion of the candidate item and various methods have been studied. We revisit early fusion and compare concatenation of the candidate to each history item against appending it to the end of the list as a separate item. Using the latter method, allows us to reformulate the recently proposed amortized history inference algorithm M-FALCON \cite{zhai2024actions} for the case of DLRM models. We show via experimental results that appending with cross-attention performs on par with concatenation and that amortization significantly reduces inference costs. We conclude with results from deploying this model on the LinkedIn Feed and Ads surfaces, where amortization reduces latency by 30\% compared to non-amortized inference.
Este artículo analizará los principales argumentos desarrollados en las primeras discusiones que se realizaron sobre el voto de las mujeres en Brasil y Uruguay desde una perspectiva de género y de historias cruzadas. Se busca visibilizar las primeras discusiones latinoamericanas al respecto de los derechos políticos de las mujeres, así como comparar las distintas realidades y encontrar los puntos de conexión y de diferencias. Se rastrean algunos pensadores que influyeron sobre los diputados que presentaban y discutían los proyectos de ley. Las fuentes trabajadas son los Anales de la Constituyente de Brasil, de las Cortes en Portugal, de la Cámara de Diputados de Uruguay y las obras de autores positivistas que fueron citados por los propios parlamentarios. Los resultados de este análisis se expresan en el diálogo que los diputados hicieron con autores internacionales citados que influyeron en la clase política de ambos países. Identificar y analizar el argumento de la maternidad como condición fundamental para otorgar los derechos políticos fue uno de los aportes de este artículo.
In many online sequential decision-making scenarios, a learner's choices affect not just their current costs but also the future ones. In this work, we look at one particular case of such a situation where the costs depend on the time average of past decisions over a history horizon. We first recast this problem with history dependent costs as a problem of decision making under stage-wise constraints. To tackle this, we then propose the novel Follow-The-Adaptively-Regularized-Leader (FTARL) algorithm. Our innovative algorithm incorporates adaptive regularizers that depend explicitly on past decisions, allowing us to enforce stage-wise constraints while simultaneously enabling us to establish tight regret bounds. We also discuss the implications of the length of history horizon on design of no-regret algorithms for our problem and present impossibility results when it is the full learning horizon.
Aleksandra Eliseeva, Yaroslav Sokolov, Egor Bogomolov
et al.
Commit messages are crucial to software development, allowing developers to track changes and collaborate effectively. Despite their utility, most commit messages lack important information since writing high-quality commit messages is tedious and time-consuming. The active research on commit message generation (CMG) has not yet led to wide adoption in practice. We argue that if we could shift the focus from commit message generation to commit message completion and use previous commit history as additional context, we could significantly improve the quality and the personal nature of the resulting commit messages. In this paper, we propose and evaluate both of these novel ideas. Since the existing datasets lack historical data, we collect and share a novel dataset called CommitChronicle, containing 10.7M commits across 20 programming languages. We use this dataset to evaluate the completion setting and the usefulness of the historical context for state-of-the-art CMG models and GPT-3.5-turbo. Our results show that in some contexts, commit message completion shows better results than generation, and that while in general GPT-3.5-turbo performs worse, it shows potential for long and detailed messages. As for the history, the results show that historical information improves the performance of CMG models in the generation task, and the performance of GPT-3.5-turbo in both generation and completion.
Marcello Carmagnani, Las conexiones del mundo y el Atlántico, 1450- 1850, El Colegio de México/Fideicomiso Historia de las Américas/Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, 2021, 279 p.
Introduction. The article deals with the Crimean period (August 1941 – June 1942) in the life of Basan Badminovich Gorodovikov, Hero of the Soviet Union and a major military and political figure of Kalmykia. The present article aims at describing and analyzing this less-known period of his biography, which was significant and full of dramatic events. Data and research methods. For the purposes of this research, the author has used a wide range of archival materials, as well as memoirs of participants of the partisan movement in the Crimea (including unpublished papers). Results. The author describes the first battles in the north of the Crimea in which Gorodovikov’s regiment was engaged; then, its retreat into the mountains and transition to partisans, the creation of a partisan detachment and the actions behind enemy lines. The activities of Gorodovikov’s detachment are shown against the general background of the partisan movement in the Crimea; special attention given to the discussion of warfare under the specific conditions on the peninsula. The article focuses on the role of the military personnel, especially at the first stage of the partisan movement, revealing, among other things, the problems in the relationship between the command staff of the 48th cavalry division and the partisan leaders in the Crimea. For the first time, the article sheds light on the history of awarding Gorodovikov with the Order of the Red Banner, which was the first award of the Crimean partisans. The dramatic story of his evacuation from the partisan forest to the “Bol´shaia zemlia” is also documented in detail; with previously unknown documents and materials introduced in this paper. The undertaken research allows to conclude that the Crimean period in the life of Gorodovikov was one of the most dramatic in his biography. During a difficult period for the Crimea, he became the commander of one of the most successful partisan detachments, which after he left was officially named after him, its first commander. Notably, Gorodovikov was among the first Crimean partisans to be awarded a military order and to get a promotion in rank and in office.
History (General), Oriental languages and literatures
The article studies the history of a small timber-harvesting colony that was created in the times of the GULAG labor camps, outlived the period of being a political colony, and was transformed into a museum, the Museum of the History of Political Repression Perm–36, in the 1990s. Based on the analysis of publications of the 1990s–2000s, an attempt was made to recreate the history of comprehension of the era of political repression using the example of a certain museum. From the active study of the topic in the early 1990s and establishment of a public museum with support from the Perm Oblast administration, Perm–36 moved on to undergo severe criticism from the local and federal press, deprivation of financing and administrative support and, finally, rather rough dismissal of the museum administration and appointment of top managers from the Ministry of Culture. The public museum had a powerful creative and scientific potential that allowed it to develop, implement new forms of work, and attract the international museum and human rights community, but, unfortunately, the State Memorial Museum of the History of Political Repression Perm–36 has become an ordinary regional museum in fact. In the first years of being a state museum (2015–16), the administration of Perm-36 tried to revise the directions of work of the public museum. This was expressed in its attempts to justify the authorities and the cruel laws of the time when the colony existed and to find some incriminating evidence against its political prisoners. New exhibitions of the museum (e.g. “Broken by windfalls”) highlighted the state’s need for the prisoners’ work, in particular in harvesting timber needed for the reconstruction of war-ravaged cities, the successes in mechanization of camp production, and so on. The public outcry forced the leadership of the museum to adjust its course. Now, according to the development concept adopted in 2019, the activities of the reserve museum are aimed at preserving the memory of victims of political repression in order to prevent such tragedies in the future. The state museum Perm–36 continues to open new exhibitions and expositions that tell the story of the colony through the stories of people from the GULAG camps, dissidents, and human rights activists. However, the activities of the state memorial museum, which is deprived of public initiative and creative potential of the first directors, cannot yet rise to the level of international recognition and significance that its predecessor, the public museum, used to have.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
Lady Wallace had a remarkable life but she has remained a tantalizingly enigmatic figure, not least because we have nothing written in her own hand. She was born in Paris to unmarried parents, a factotum and a linen maid, in 1819. She lived in England from 1872 until her death in 1897, but had a reputation here for speaking only French. Yet she bequeathed to the British nation an art collection described by Lord Rosebery in 1900 as ‘the greatest gift, I believe, that has ever been made by an individual to our country’: the Wallace Collection. Assessing her motivation in making the bequest is not straightforward. While it has been generally assumed that she was simply fulfilling her late husband Sir Richard’s wishes, information circulating at the time and published by the Wallace Collection for many years afterwards stated that she made the bequest at the suggestion of the Wallaces’ private secretary and her residuary legatee, Sir John Murray Scott. Another dichotomy concerns her personality and taste: was she intellectually unremarkable and lacking in discernment, as Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild judged her, or ‘a very refined, shy and excellent lady’, as described by Lord Esher? This article will assess Lady Wallace and her achievements within the context of her time, before considering her afterlife at the Wallace Collection and the role of her bequest in influencing later women patrons of the arts.