Hasil untuk "Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages"

Gruber Helmut

Abdelrahman Abounegm, Nikolai Kudasov, Alexey Stepanov

We report on a half-semester course focused around implementation of type systems in programming languages. The course assumes basics of classical compiler construction, in particular, the abstract syntax representation, the Visitor pattern, and parsing. The course is built around a language Stella with a minimalistic core and a set of small extensions, covering algebraic data types, references, exceptions, exhaustive pattern matching, subtyping, recursive types, universal polymorphism, and type reconstruction. Optionally, an implementation of an interpreter and a compiler is offered to the students. To facilitate fast development and variety of implementation languages we rely on the BNF Converter tool and provide templates for the students in multiple languages. Finally, we report some results of teaching based on students' achievements.

Alessandra de Freitas, Ruth Bohunovsky

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir gênero enquanto categoria social na área de Alemão como Língua Estrangeira (ALE). A partir do exemplo de um material didático sobre a drag queen austríaca Conchita Wurst, elaborado com orientação pela aprendizagem cultural (Altmayer 2016; Fornoff 2016; Fornoff & Koreik 2020), abordamos as possibilidades de um ensino-aprendizagem de ALE no Brasil que seja sensível à diversidade. Para tanto, a partir dos estudos de gênero (Scott 1995; Lauretis 1994; Butler [1990] 2003), discutimos a categoria “gênero”, explorando suas relações com a linguagem, de modo a demonstrar sua pertinência no contexto de ensino-aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira. Além disso, dialogamos com publicações anteriores que abordam questões de gênero na área de ALE (Peuschel 2018; Freese & Völkel 2022; Elsen 2018), acentuando aspectos envolvidos em discussões sobre gênero em sala de aula. Em seguida, apresentamos o material didático, relatando brevemente o contexto de produção, o processo de elaboração e descrevendo a unidade didática em si. Finalmente, defendemos que a unidade didática pode ser considerada uma contribuição para a promoção de um ensino-aprendizagem de ALE sensível à diversidade.

Shunya Oguchi, Shoji Yuen

We present a reversible intermediate language with concurrency for translating a high-level concurrent programming language to another lower-level concurrent programming language, keeping reversibility. Intermediate languages are commonly used in compiling a source program to an object code program closer to the machine code, where an intermediate language enables behavioral analysis and optimization to be decomposed in steps. We propose CRIL (Concurrent Reversible Intermediate Language) as an extension of RIL used by Mogensen for a functional reversible language, incorporating a multi-thread process invocation and the synchronization primitives based on the P-V operations. We show that the operational semantics of CRIL enjoy the properties of reversibility, including the causal safety and causal liveness proposed by Lanese et al., checking the axiomatic properties. The operational semantics is defined by composing the bidirectional control flow with the dependency information on updating the memory, called annotation DAG. We show a simple example of `airline ticketing' to illustrate how CRIL preserves the causality for reversibility in imperative programs with concurrency.

Michael Kirkedal Thomsen

This PhD dissertation investigates garbage-free reversible computing systems from abstract design to physical gate-level implementation. Designed in reversible logic, we propose a ripple-block carry adder and work towards a reversible circuit for general multiplication. At a higher-level, abstract designs are proposed for reversible systems, such as a small von Neumann architecture that can execute programs written in a simple reversible two-address instruction set, a novel reversible arithmetic logic unit, and a linear cosine transform. To aid the design of reversible logic circuits we have designed two reversible functional hardware description languages: a linear-typed higher-level language and a gate-level point-free combinator language. We suggest a garbage-free design flow, where circuits are described in the higher-level language and then translated to the combinator language, from which methods to place-and-route of CMOS gates can be applied. We have also made standard cell layouts of the reversible gates in complementary pass-gate CMOS logic and used these to fabricate the ALU design. In total, this dissertation has shown that it is possible to design non-trivial reversible computing systems without garbage and that support from languages (computer aided design) can make this process easier.

I. Larsson, Kari Kinn

This article introduces American Swedish (AmSw) into the discussion of the C-domain in heritage Scandinavian. The study is based on spontaneous speech data from the Swedish part of the Corpus of American Nordic Speech (CANS), compared to a baseline of homeland Swedish dialect speakers. We show that the C-domain in AmSw is primarily characterized by stability; this is evidenced by a relatively robust V2 syntax and left dislocation patterns that resemble the homeland baseline. However, we also show that AmSw diverges in some respects: there are some V2 violations and a stronger preference for SV clauses (subject-initial main clauses) at the expense of XVS clauses (non-subject-initial main clauses). These results are similar to previous findings from American Norwegian. We argue that the diverging patterns exhibited by AmSw speakers are not indicative of any fundamental change in their Swedish grammar. The occasional V2 violations are attributed to parallel activation of English and Swedish, and speakers sometimes failing to inhibit English, which is their dominant language. The increase of SV clauses is analyzed as a preference for the canonical word order of the dominant language, but within the limits of what the heritage grammar permits. The patterns in AmSw can be described as cases of attrition and cross-linguistic influence; however, we argue for a nuanced use of these terms.

Monika Riedel

Der zu den jüngeren Trends des Online-Journalismus gehörende Audio-Podcast trat zunächst als überwiegend privat produzierte, themenorientierte Sendung für kleine Communitys in Erscheinung. Da er nicht nur für die Behandlung komplexer Sachthemen bestens geeignet ist, sondern auch die Meinungsvielfalt, die kulturelle Teilhabe und den öffentlichen Dialog fördert, steht er inzwischen auch bei den Printmedienhäusern sowie Rundfunk- und Fernsehanstalten des deutschsprachigen Raums im Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit. Der Beitrag zeigt anhand der Audio-Podcasts Rice and Shine und Voice Versa. Zwei Sprachen, eine Story wie die Themen Diversität, Zugehörigkeit und Mehrsprachigkeit von Einwander*innen und ihren Nachkommen neu gedacht werden. Der vorliegende Artikel setzt sich mit den Potenzialen der exemplarischen Podcasts auseinander, die für einen didaktischen Entwurf zum Themenfeld transmediales und (inter-)kulturelles Lernen untersucht werden sollen.   Abstract (english): Teaching Transculturality and Translinguality with the Podcasts Rice and Shine and Voice Versa One of the more recent trends in online journalism is the audio podcast, a medium which first appeared as a predominantly privately produced, issue-oriented broadcast for small communities. A podcast is however not only an ideal medium for discussing complex factual topics, but it also secures a diversity of opinion, cultural participation, and public dialogue. In recent years, the podcast further has become the focus of attention for publishing- and media companies as well as radio and television broadcasters in the German-speaking countries. This article will investigate the two exemplary audio podcasts Rice and Shine and Voice Versa. Two Languages, One Story on how topics such as (ethnic) diversity, cultural affiliation and multilingualism are being rethought by immigrants and their descendants. By closely questioning the potential for framing topics from the field of transculturality and translinguality, I will develop a teaching concept which focuses on the issues of transmedia- as well (inter-)cultural learning.

Agnieszka Małocha-Krupa

The paper is dedicated to issues related to designations of women in the Polish language from the second half of the 19th century until the present time. The socio-cultural history of a group of Polish feminine personal nouns (referred to as feminitives or feminatives) which denote women's social and/or occupational status is discussed. It is argued that feminine personal nouns have been directly dependent on various ideologies: women's emancipation, socrealism and feminism. Ideologies have impacted the use of feminatives, by intensifying or limiting their use in discourse during a particular period, and the attitude of language users to ideologies has influenced the way in which feminatives are perceived. While presenting the richness of the repertoire of gender exponents in contemporary Polish, the possibility of the incorporation of feminine personal formations into dictionaries of general Polish in a scientific and objective manner is investigated. A similar idea was proposed at Wrocław University, as a result of which a group of female lexicographers compiled Słownik nazw żeńskich polszczyzny [Dictionary of Polish Female Nouns]. Some of its innovative lexicographical assumptions (description, not prescription, a discourse-centred method) are discussed in this article. The text corpus presented in the article enables the reader to trace the history of feminine personal nouns in Polish, i.e. their disappearance and re-appearance in the language.

Stefan Hoffmann

We introduce a subclass of the commutative regular languages that is characterized by the property that the state set of the minimal deterministic automaton can be written as a certain Cartesian product. This class behaves much better with respect to the state complexity of the shuffle, for which we find the bound~$2nm$ if the input languages have state complexities $n$ and $m$, and the upward and downward closure and interior operations, for which we find the bound~$n$. In general, only the bounds $(2nm)^{|Σ|}$ and $n^{|Σ|}$ are known for these operations in the commutative case. We prove different characterizations of this class and present results to construct languages from this class. Lastly, in a slightly more general setting of partial commutativity, we introduce other, related, language classes and investigate the relations between them.

Wojciech Lewandowski, Jaume Mateu

Abstract Languages can be divided into two main types depending on how they express motion ( Talmy, 1991 , 2000 ). Satellite-framed languages (S-languages; e.g., English, German, Polish) express path outside the verb root leaving the verb free to encode manner (e.g., The bottle floated into the cave), while verb-framed languages (V-languages; e.g., Japanese, Spanish, Turkish) lexicalize path in the verb root and manner in an adjunct (e.g., Spanish La botella entro en la cueva flotando ‘The bottle entered the cave floating’). However, recent works suggest that languages also exhibit intratypological variation, i.e., variation within the same typological affiliation as well as intralinguistic variation, i.e., variation within particular languages. This paper aims to further delimit motion encoding patterns by focusing on the interplay between abstract argument structure constructions, verbs, and directional satellites. Based on data from Germanic, Romance, and Slavic languages, we propose that (i) Talmy's (2000) typology can be better accounted for in terms of verb-construction combinability constraints and (ii) intertypological, intratypological, and intralinguistic variability in the expression of motion can be regarded as a byproduct of the availability of particular verb-construction mappings in the world's languages.

Patricia Helena Baialuna de Andrade

Hans Keilson faz parte do numeroso grupo de escritores de língua alemã que publicou entre as décadas de 1930 e 1950 obras sobre a Segunda Guerra Mundial e temas tangentes. Reconhecido tardiamente, Keilson escreveu romances, autobiografia e ensaios em que se confundem suas experiências, seu conhecimento técnico como psicanalista e a ficção. Neste artigo propomos uma leitura da novela Comédia em tom menor (Komödie in Moll), destacando a empatia como chave fundamental para leitura da obra, a focalização como expediente narrativo para alcançá-la, e a presença de elementos cômicos imiscuídos à realidade grave e por vezes trágica que é construída no conto.

Andreas Søeborg Kirkedal, Barbara Plank, Leon Derczynski et al.

E. Roivainen

International comparisons of IQ test norms show differences between nations. In the present study, nonverbal reasoning, processing speed and working memory subtest scores of the US, German, French, Finnish, and Scandinavian (combined Swedish-Norwegian-Danish sample) WAIS IV standardization samples were compared. The European samples had higher scores on the reasoning subtests compared to the American sample, corroborating earlier studies. The Finnish and Scandinavian samples had lower processing speed and working memory scores than the American, German, and French samples. Mechanisms that may underlie the observed national IQ profiles include: (1) test-taking attitudes-in tests that require balancing speed and accuracy of performance Americans may prioritize fast performance while Europeans avoid mistakes; (2) differences between languages in digit articulation times; and (3) educational factors-the European advantage on reasoning subtests may be based on there being better educational systems in Europe as compared to the US.

A. Beider

According to its main system-level characteristics, Yiddish belongs to the High German branch of West Germanic languages. During its development, it underwent an important influence of Hebrew. In modern times, we can distinguish three main varieties of Yiddish: (1) Western Yiddish in western German-speaking territories; (2) Yiddish spoken until the 20th century in Central Europe (Czech and East German lands), and (3) Eastern Yiddish in eastern Europe. From the point of view of Germanistics, it is appropriate to consider that the inception of Yiddish varieties corresponds to the Early New High German period (1350–1650). It was during that period that the Jewish vernacular idiom started to have system-level differences in comparison to the dialects spoken by German Christians, namely, in phonology and grammar. Before that period, differences surely existed in such domains, surface level for any language, as orthography and lexicon. The German dialects from southern Germany represent the linguistic basis for Western Yiddish. The medieval Bohemian dialect of German represents the linguistic basis for Yiddish spoken in Central Europe and eastern Europe. Due to permanent contacts with the Slavic Christian population, Eastern Yiddish underwent numerous changes in all of its systems due to the strong influence of Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian. It eventually branched into three subdialects: Lithuanian Yiddish, Polish Yiddish, and Ukrainian Yiddish. In modern times, in numerous countries the decline of the use of Yiddish as a living language was related to the assimilation of local Jews to the culture of the Gentile majority. At the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century it was the case in various German-speaking provinces of Central Europe and western Europe where local Jews abandoned Yiddish in favor to German. Similar shifts to the dominant non-Jewish languages took place during the 20th century in various western European countries. In the USSR, during the 1920s and the 1930s the shift to Russian was already well advanced. For those who survived the Holocaust, the assimilation accelerated during the following decades. In Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, and Romania, Yiddish-speaking communities were decimated by the Holocaust. In North America, most immigrant families shifted to English within a generation or two. Yet, because of a permanent influx of masses of native speakers between the 1880s and the 1920s, Yiddish was actively used until the mid-20th century even in certain secular Jewish groups. However, during the second half of the 20th century its decline was accelerated outside of certain Haredi groups.

Sven Tarp

Contextualization, i.e. to provide solutions to users' information needs directly in the situation or context where these needs occur, played a significant role in the work of the Greek scribes who inserted glosses into manuscript copies of the works of Homer and other earlier writers in order to explain obsolete and unusual words. After the invention of the glossary, a schism developed within lexicography. On the one hand, there was the new compilation of glossaries and dictionaries of a still more complex and sophisticated nature. On the other hand, there was the traditional insertion of glosses into manuscript copies of books from previous periods. Although the advent of dictionaries diminished the use of contextualization procedures they were still adhered to in some publications. This paper discusses the occurrence of contextualization and personalization procedures in different eras and environments and it is shown how these procedures also introduced a lexicographic practice to some extra-dictionary environments. The importance of contextualization and personalization in modern-day lexicography is stressed. Lexicographers often have had unfulfilled dreams of new possibilities within the digital environment. However, the lack of adequate technology has made their dreams impossible – at that stage. Today new technologies and collaboration between lexicography and information science offer numerous new challenges that can be met by lexicographers. It is shown how lexicographical products being integrated into information tools little by little are closing the more than two thousand year old schism in European lexicography, i.e. reuniting contextualization and personalization. Lexicographers, the modern-day scribes, have to endeavour to make the seemingly impossible possible.

Will Crichton

I present a new approach to teaching a graduate-level programming languages course focused on using systems programming ideas and languages like WebAssembly and Rust to motivate PL theory. Drawing on students' prior experience with low-level languages, the course shows how type systems and PL theory are used to avoid tricky real-world errors that students encounter in practice. I reflect on the curricular design and lessons learned from two years of teaching at Stanford, showing that integrating systems ideas can provide students a more grounded and enjoyable education in programming languages. The curriculum, course notes, and assignments are freely available: http://cs242.stanford.edu/f18/

Martin Beaudry

We explore from an algebraic viewpoint the properties of the tree languages definable with a first-order formula involving the ancestor predicate, using the description of these languages as those recognized by iterated block products of forest algebras defined from finite counter monoids. Proofs of nondefinability are infinite sequences of sets of forests, one for each level of the hierarchy of quantification levels that defines the corresponding variety of languages. The forests at a given level are built recursively by inserting forests from previous level at the ports of a suitable set of multicontexts. We show that a recursive proof exists for the syntactic algebra of every non-definable language. We also investigate certain types of uniform recursive proofs. For this purpose, we define from a forest algebra an algebra of mappings and an extended algebra, which we also use to redefine the notion of aperiodicity in a way that generalizes the existing ones.

Simon Halfon, Philippe Schnoebelen

We show that the shuffle $L \unicode{x29E2} F$ of a piecewise-testable language $L$ and a finite language $F$ is piecewise-testable. The proof relies on a classic but little-used automata-theoretic characterization of piecewise-testable languages. We also discuss some mild generalizations of the main result, and provide bounds on the piecewise complexity of $L \unicode{x29E2} F$.

Takuma Imamura

Suenaga and Hasuo introduced a nonstandard programming language ${\bf While}^{\bf dt}$ which models hybrid systems. We demonstrate why ${\bf While}^{\bf dt}$ is not suitable for modeling actual computations.

J. Bobaljik