Hasil untuk "Environmental law"

Solomon Prince Nathaniel, Emmanuel Uche, Mamello Amelia Nchake et al.

Abstract The United States ranks among the most developed countries in the world in terms of economic development, technological innovation, and human capital development. Furthermore, the US is among the countries with the largest ecological footprint (EFP), with its EFP per capita higher than the global average. This questions the stringency of environmental policies in the US as well as the role of green energy in alleviating the country’s ecological well-being. The objective of this study is to scrutinize the association between environmental policy stringency (EPS), green energy, and EFP in the United States. To achieve this, innovative methodologies (namely, wavelet quantile correlation and the causality approach) are employed, utilizing data from 1990 to 2022. The findings reveal that EPS warrants a substantial reduction in the EFP in the US. Although notable heterogeneous effects exist, the evidence suggests a strong negative relationship between EPS and EFP. Akin to the impact of EPS, green energy consumption produces a varying negative and positive impact on EFP over the distributions. Nevertheless, a critical observation herein is the predominant negative contribution of green energy consumption to EFP. Except in the lowest and uppermost quantiles, the contributions of green energy thereafter remain insufficient to engender ecological sustainability. Further findings reveal that both green energy and EPS significantly Granger-caused EFP across the time and quantile dimensions. Thus, this research highlights that policymakers consider a combination of market tools such as emission limits, carbon pricing, and waste reduction to optimize environmental outcomes and alleviate environmental stress.

Andreas Tedy Mulyono, Evelina Sudargo

This article examines the shortcomings of environmental law enforcement in Indonesia concerning culpa (negligence) by individual offenders. Criminal sanctions in such cases often produce superficial “greenwashing” verdicts, where penalties appear strict yet fail to deliver substantive justice or environmental restoration. Although based on ecological damage assessments, these calculations rarely serve a practical function, as proving negligence becomes secondary and compensation remains unused. As a result, rulings reveal a disconnect between environmental harm and sanctions imposed, with imprisonment and fines disproportionately burdening negligent individuals while offering little ecological benefit. Using a normative juridical approach combining statutory, conceptual, and case analyses, this study finds that the system fosters inefficiency, with costly assessments underutilized and appeals largely abandoned, leaving clemency as the only viable remedy. It argues that community service sanctions focused on ecological rehabilitation would provide a fairer, more feasible, and future-oriented alternative that aligns accountability with environmental recovery.

Vahid Daghigh, Thomas E. Lacy Jr., Hamid Daghigh et al.

Latania fiber is a novel natural fiber that exhibits superior mechanical properties compared to the widely used jute fiber. The main objective of this research is to investigate the influence of humidity and temperature on the aging of latania fiber-reinforced epoxy (LFRE) composites. Standard flat specimens, fabricated by hand lay-up, were immersed in distilled water and the Caspian Sea water at temperatures of 4 and 25 °C. Fick's law and the hyperbolic tangent methods were employed to characterize the moisture diffusion response. Lowering the service temperature reduced the moisture uptake rate and the water diffusion coefficient. Tensile tests were conducted to analyze and compare the mechanical behavior of pristine and aged LFRE composites. Both tensile modulus and strength were reduced upon moisture uptake. The fracture morphology of the water-aged LFRE composites was examined by scanning electron microscopy after tensile tests. The finite element ABAQUS was used to model the water diffusion into LFRE. With limited data on water absorption in this novel LFRE composite and increasing demand for sustainable materials, this study addresses a gap in understanding environmental durability essential for broader structural applications.

Philine S. E. zu Ermgassen, Thomas A. Worthington, Jonathan R. Gair et al.

Abstract Mangroves are a critical habitat that provide a suite of ecosystem services and support livelihoods. Here we undertook a global analysis to model the density and abundance of 37 commercially important juvenile fish and juvenile and resident invertebrates that are known to extensively use mangroves, by fitting expert-identified drivers of density to fish and invertebrate density data from published field studies. The numerical model predicted high densities throughout parts of Southeast and South Asia, the northern coast of South America, the Red Sea, and the Caribbean and Central America. Application of our model globally estimates that mangroves support an annual abundance of over 700 billion juvenile fish and invertebrates. While abundance at the early life-history stage does not directly equate to potential economic or biomass gains, this estimate indicates the critical role of mangroves globally in supporting fish and fisheries, and further builds the case for their conservation and restoration.

Cüneyt Kaya, Mert Minaz, Yasemen Şentürk Koca et al.

Abstract Microplastic (MP) pollution has emerged as a significant environmental threat, particularly in regions with sensitive biodiversity. The Irano-Anatolian Hotspot, home to diverse and endangered fish species, remains largely unexplored in terms of MP contamination. This study aims to assess MP pollution in the Tigris, Euphrates, and Lake Van drainages by investigating MP abundance, size distribution, polymer composition, and potential pollution sources. Surface water (SW) and sediment (SD) samples were collected from multiple stations, and MPs were identified using microscopic and spectroscopic analyses. MP abundance in SW ranged up to 545.4 MPs/m3, while SD samples exhibited values up to 33.2 MPs/kg. The results indicate that MP abundance is significantly higher near densely populated areas, suggesting a strong correlation with anthropogenic activities. The dominant MP types include fibers, fragments, and films, primarily composed of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), pointing to sources, such as packaging materials, fishing gear, and laundry effluents. MP size distribution indicated that smaller particles (< 1 mm) accounted for 47.7% in SD, while larger MPs (> 1 mm) were more prevalent in SW (80.8%), highlighting the influence of hydrodynamic factors. These findings provide critical baseline data on MP pollution in the region while highlighting the urgent need for mitigation strategies. Taking into consideration, the potential bioavailability of MPs to aquatic organisms, future research should focus on seasonal variations and trophic transfer risks. Raising public awareness and implementing adaptive management strategies are essential for protecting the region’s aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity.

Marta Dell’Ovo, Marco Rossitti, Francesca Torrieri et al.

Regional Law 19/2019 introduced new tools for Negotiated Planning (NP) in Lombardy, aimed at facilitating collaboration between public and private entities. This law introduces various instruments for coordinating public and private entities, such as the Framework Agreement for Territorial Development (Accordo Quadro di Sviluppo Territoriale - AQST), the Program Agreement (Accordo di Programma - AdP), the Simplified Local Agreement (Accordo Locale Semplificato - ALS) and the Agreement for Economic, Social, and Territorial Revitalization (Accordo di Rilancio Economico, Sociale e Territoriale - AREST). However, the assessment of regional interest and performance monitoring of NP proposals remain problematic due to the lack of transparent and replicable indicators. This research paper presents a multidimensional evaluation model, which introduces innovative criteria and indicators to evaluate NP proposals. With the support of multicriteria analysis as a reference evaluation methodology, the model relies on binary indicators to assess the programmatic, planning, territorial, environmental, social, economic-financial, employment and procedural coherence of the proposals. The application of the model to real case studies also makes it possible to test its effectiveness and improve the monitoring of NP instruments. The proposed model thus aims at improving the management and effectiveness of the NP instruments, offering a robust and replicable method for evaluation and monitoring.

Norollah Rahmani Picha, Azita Jahanshad, Farzaneh Heidarpour

The measures taken by companies are in line with their activities, in addition to ensuring the interests of shareholders and the company, and have social, environmental, and economic effects on society. Today, we are witnessing an increase in the concerns of society under the influence of these measures. One of these measures is the payment of taxes by the company, which can lead to an increase in social services and the prosperity of the economic system and generally improve the status of society. The primary purpose of this research is to explain the methodology of social and stakeholder analysis to participate in corporate sustainability by using the tax compliance of stock exchange companies. The current research is developmental-practical regarding objective, mixed-exploratory (causal) data, and survey-cross-sectional. Therefore, this research method to achieve the mentioned goals is descriptive-analytical. In this research, the components are first determined by the Delphi method, and then the significance of the components is checked using the factor analysis method by Smart PLS Software. The research findings in the first stage, which were obtained by using a questionnaire and receiving the opinions of experts, include the identification of the following components: the perception of stakeholders, including internal stakeholders and our company; Social norms, including personal, descriptive, subjective and predicted norms, and participation in corporate sustainability includes desire, plan, commitment, and enthusiasm. Also, in the second stage, which was done by distributing questionnaires among the accountants and financial managers of the companies admitted to the stock exchange, the results show that social and stakeholder-related indicators, which include stakeholders' perceptions and social norms, lead to tax compliance to participate in corporate sustainability. In previous studies, the subject of corporate sustainability used tax compliance to examine the impact or relationship. In this research, modeling was carried out, so the present results can provide useful suggestions to law-making institutions, including the audit organization and the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization, so that these organizations apply more appropriate regulations.

Neli Aparecida de Mello-Théry

This article is a reflection on the environmental policies elaborated and implemented over the last fifteen years, in particular those on biodiversity conservation, climate change and the Law on Forests (former Forestry Code). The contradictions, advances and setbacks in the environmental policy of the Lula and Dilma governments are visible on the national scene and environmental risks continue to increase. Some specific plans and programs (particularly on deforestation in Amazonia) and climate change policy have made progress. Others have worsened a rather precarious situation, as was the case with the Forest Act. Our analysis will show the evolutions and continuities of current public policies.

Inna Levytska, Alyona Klymchuk, Natalia Biletska et al.

Ukraine has been a priority partner of the EU since the signing of the Association Agreement in 2014. It was the significant financial and economic support of the EU as a whole and, in particular, of individual EU member states that became a key tool for avoiding catastrophic consequences in the financial and economic system of our country at the beginning of a full-scale war and for the current financing of the state budget deficit. Today, the European Union's support for Ukraine is extremely significant, although it is accompanied by a number of problematic issues that require an in-depth study of certain aspects of economic partnership in terms of finding ways and directions to improve the use of the potential of bilateral economic relations with the European Union as a whole and with individual EU member states. The methodological basis of the study is based on general scientific and special methods of economic theory, in particular, methods of theoretical generalization and comparative analysis for a comprehensive consideration of the research issue, and statistical methods of analysis. In the course of the study, the statistical materials of the European Union and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine on foreign trade in goods were used. Modern scientific views on the content and prospects of Ukraine's economic partnership with the EU are studied. The key stages of the development of Ukraine's economic partnership with the European Union are summarized and schematized, with details of the areas of sectoral cooperation. The main indicators of trade relations and their role in the economies of the studied countries are analyzed. The key obstacles to further deepening of the economic partnership are substantiated, the elimination of which should be the primary goal of our country on the way to European integration. The obtained results can serve for further study of trade relations and their role in the economies of the studied countries.

BUCUR LOUISA-MARIA

The foundation of a healthy Single Market is represented by a strong trade policy. Over the years that shaped the European Union as it is known today, European trade policy had to adjust to new tendencies regarding economic growth, free trade and respecting new regulations set in place by the new wave of green economy. The European Union’s (EU) Green Deal is the main new growth strategy to transition the EU economy to a sustainable economic model. Being green, mindful of the carbon neutrality challenges the trade policy and pushes the law makers and other entities to take serious action. The European Green Deal aims to boost the efficient use of resources by moving to a clean, circular economy and stop climate change, revert biodiversity loss and cut pollution. One of the most important challenges faced by the European Union’s trade policy represents its alignment with the imperatives of environmental sustainability and Green Deal. Focusing on trading partners around the world, the study assesses the impact of EU trade policy on the adoption of initiatives to promote environmental protection, decent working conditions, ecolabelling, and sustainable marketing of natural resources. Considering trade agreements as tools to promote sustainable development goals and emphasizing the need for coherence between trade policy and environmental commitments, this article will use explanatory graphs and data collected from the European Commission and others to demonstrate the need for a common framework to contribute to achieving the Paris Agreement's environmental, economic and social sustainability goals.

Song Wang, Tingting Zhang, Jiaxin Li et al.

Abstract The objective is to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, controlling CO2 emissions is a primary problem to be solved in the current environmental protection field. Eliminating the environmental pollution of dyes in industrial wastewater is also an urgent problem to be solved in the field of environmental protection. The adsorption technique is an effective way to deal with these two issues. Developing high-efficiency adsorbents is an essential work in the adsorption field. In this work, a simple carbonization method has been developed to prepare porous carbon. The morphology and structure of the prepared porous carbon were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and surface area measurement. By studying the influence of preparation conditions on the structure and properties of the prepared carbon materials, it was found that the carbon materials prepared at 900 ℃ (PCMCA-900) exhibited a high specific surface area of 1476 m2 g−1 and a high total pore volume of 0.951 cm3 g−1. The PCMCA-900 showed the highest CO2 uptake of 7.67 mmol g−1 at 0 ºC and the adsorption capacity of PCMCA-900 decreased by less than 5% after 10 times recycling. Moreover, when PCMCA-900 was used as an adsorbent to remove Congo red in water, an adsorption capacity of 652.3 mg g−1 was achieved. Therefore, potassium citrate-derived porous carbon is a desirable candidate for excellent CO2 adsorption and Congo red in industrial wastewater.

Levy Andoke Andoke, Eliran Arazi, Hernando Castro Suárez et al.

Although Indigenous Peoples' rights to own, control and manage their lands and territories are well established under international law, Indigenous Peoples affected by forest conservation and climate protection programmes continue to denounce interventions that fail to uphold their rights. This article focuses on the internationally funded Visión Amazonía REDD Early Movers programme in the Colombian Amazon. Drawing on observations and critiques by Indigenous rightsholders in the Middle Caquetá River and human rights insights from a legal complaint raised by one Indigenous community against the programme, we demonstrate the programme's inadequate protection of collective rights, especially relating to the fundamental right to free, prior and informed consent and the resulting inequitable benefit sharing. We focus on conflicting views between Indigenous and non-Indigenous actors over the definition of direct effects on Indigenous Peoples (which triggers the requirement for prior consultation and consent), the basis for inclusion of Indigenous Peoples as programme beneficiaries, and the role accorded to Indigenous science in such programmes. Notions of permission and consent in the customary law and economic practices of the concerned Indigenous Peoples are central to the conviviality and reproduction of human and non-human societies within their territories. To ensure more accountable and sustainable international environmental finance and conservation interventions, and to ensure respect for Indigenous Peoples' self-determination and territorial and cultural rights, we recommend that these initiatives adopt human rights-based, pluri-legal and intercultural approaches centring on the right to free, prior and informed consent as a structuring principle. Additionally, we call for more robust measures in forest and climate protection programmes, to recognize and respect customary law, collective property, traditional livelihoods and Indigenous science.

Xiwen HUANG, Hui ZHU

The management of the Bohai Sea's marine ecological environment is complex and long-term. As a unique weapon for China's management of the marine ecological environment, under the requirements of implementing the 14th Five-Year Plan to thoroughly fight the Battle of Bohai Sea, the construction of the Bay (Beach) Chief System is an important means of ecological environment management in the Bohai Sea Rim. In the context of coordinated regional environmental governance, the operation of the Bay (Beach) Chief System of the three provinces and one city in the Bohai Sea Rim is manifested in their governance, lack of legislative coordination, law enforcement coordination, and judicial coordination, and Multi-benefit synergy and co-governance subject. Therefore, the construction of the Bay (Beach) Chief System in the Bohai Sea Rim should focus on the improvement of coordinated legislation, coordinated law enforcement, and coordinated justice in the region. It is an important way to strengthen the participation of multiple stakeholders in the region in the governance of the marine ecological environment.

Dheni Irawan

The global COVID-19 outbreak has had a major impact on the marine and fisheries industry in Indonesia. This is also felt by fishermen in Lampung Province with the decline in demand for fishery products in the domestic and international markets in Lampung Province. The overall decline in the fisheries production cycle is influenced by the decline in demand from consumers. The local government has an important role to help restore the condition. The problem in this research is how the authority of the local government of Lampung Province in the management of fisheries resources in the era of regional autonomy and how the efforts of the marine and fisheries office of Lampung Province in an effort to achieve fisheries production in the era of regional autonomy. The research method used is normative research with statute approach. The results of this study are in accordance with the Governor's Regulation on the determination of the main tasks and functions of the Lampung Province Maritime and Fisheries Service as an implementing element of local government in the field of marine and fisheries led by a Head of Service who is responsible to the Governor. he goal is to implement the commitment of the Governor and Deputy Governor elected in 2019-2024 on marine and the Berjaya Fishermen Program to prioritize the welfare of the fishing industry, especially fishermen and their families. The Lampung Provincial Maritime and Fisheries Service provides solutions in the form of feed assistance in collaboration with Lampung University, fish nurseries and distribution in four districts and cities as well as Mobilizing registration and licensing to increase the capacity of fishermen and facilitate licensing and shipping documentation.

S. Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Naghmeh Nasiritousi

Harun Şeşen

Gholamreza Gholipour , nasrin mahra

The idea of criminalizing ecocide as an international crime, for the first time, was raised in the 1970s. However, this green idea did not become an international criminal norm because of the opposition of some powerful governments, the resistance of large business enterprises, and preponderance of economic development discourse over environmental law discourse. At the time of drafting statute of the international criminal court (1998), "war ecocide" was criminalized only as one of the manifestations of war crimes, even that was accompanied with so many conditions and limitations that it has almost been impossible to effectively prosecute and try ecocide perpetrators. This resulted in the impunity of ecocide perpetrators all around the world and in the continuation of the gradual destruction of the earth and its vital resources. In order to put an end to this environmental impunity, it is imperative that the international community criminalize ecocide crime (in peacetime) as the most severe and most serious environmental crime and put this crime within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.

S. Parker, D. Storey, A. Witteloostuijn

The starting point of this study is Gibrat’s Law, which is contrasted with strategic management. This logic is subsequently applied to a group of remarkably dynamic, high-growth firms: gazelles. Strategic management theory emphasises the importance of firms adjusting strategies in response to changes in the external environment. In our study, it is used to explain several key empirical findings using a novel British data set containing information on more than 100 gazelles. These findings help explain: (1) why Gibrat’s Law of random firm growth processes does not generally hold, (2) which strategy and environmental variables have a predictable influence on firm performance and (3) why routine application of ‘best practice’ strategies is unlikely to foster firm growth in a changing economic environment. In so doing, this paper contributes to the large body of literature on small-firm growth.

Indriana Dwi Mutiara Sari

The enactment of Law No. 32 of 2009 on the Protection and Management of the Environment, which states that managing and protecting the environment needs to be done as well as possible, based on the benefits provided by the environment itself. The industrial waste pollution phenomenon in Bawen, Semarang had threaten the sustainability of the environment functions. Environmental pollution due to industrial waste disposal will interfere the quality of people’s lifes and can degrade the quality of the environment on an ongoing basis. The problem of this research is how the waste procedure, PT. Apac Inti Corpora manages its waste disposal and its obstacles.Based on this research, known that PT. Apac Inti Corpora is using the Central Java Provincial Regulation No. 5 of 2012 on the Amendment of the Central Java Provincial Regulation No. 10 of 2004. How to cite item: Sari, I. (2018). Pengelolaan Limbah Industri PT. Apac Inti Corpora Bawen Semarang. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 9(2), 186-194. doi:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v9i2.2773

Валентина Давидівна Воднік

Problem setting. The problems of the phenomenon of social orphanhood, its causes, negative consequences, external and internal factors of appearance are highlighted; promising directions for improving the lives of orphans and children deprived of parental care in Ukraine are identified. Recent research and publications analysis. These problems attract the attention of many scholars. The analysis of their research allows to distinguish several approaches in modern scientific research, which determine the essence of social orphanhood: socio-economic; psychological and pedagogical, legal; sociological. Ukrainian sociologists study the problem of homeless children as a consequence of family disadvantages, consider the social consequences of deprivation of parental children, and analyze the relationships between children and parents, the place and role of the family in the life of the child. The purpose of the article is to analyze some actual issues of social protection of children-orphans  and children deprived of parental care. Рresenting main material. The dynamism of social processes during the period of building civil society in Ukraine, the crisis situation in many spheres of public life, economic, social, environmental and other issues affected, first of all, the most socially unprotected category of people - children, especially children- orphans and children deprived of parental care. The level of orphanhood, and especially social, is an important key strategic indicator of the transformation of family values and relationships, state family policy, and the general demographic situation in the country. One of the highest social value of the state is the social protection of orphans and children deprived of parental care. The study of nature, causes, consequences, trends of this social phenomenon has both scientific and practical significance. It should be the basis for the improvement of social relations and institutions of civil society, social norms and practices of their application, to strengthen the system of social control, the consistent implementation of measures of moral and legal education, social prevention and responsibility. All of them are aimed at ensuring maximum protection of the individual, satisfaction of the interests of citizens, democratization and humanization of our society. In Ukraine, for a long time now, there is an urgent need to develop an effective strategy in the field of social protection of orphans and children deprived of parental care. Conclusions of the research. In the conditions of the establishment and development of a democratic rule of law, the construction of civil society in Ukraine, social protection of orphans and children deprived of parental care is one of the main directions of the country's domestic policy. It is about influence on processes that have an exceptional significance for the future development of society.