Hasil untuk "Comparative grammar"

Rodrigo Portari

Este artigo propõe a montagem como procedimento metodológico aplicável às pesquisas em comunicação, especialmente aquelas que lidam com visualidades, temporalidades e memória. A partir das contribuições de Aby Warburg e Georges Didi-Huberman, apresenta-se a montagem como uma forma de pensamento visual anacrônico, que se contrapõe à linearidade histórica e favorece leituras críticas e sensíveis dos produtos midiáticos. O texto discute a montagem como gesto interpretativo e político, exemplifica sua aplicabilidade a partir de pesquisas anteriores do autor, e problematiza seus limites enquanto método. Conclui-se que, ao operar pela justaposição e pela analogia, a montagem constitui-se como um dispositivo epistemológico capaz de revelar tensões, deslocamentos e resistências nas imagens que circulam no cotidiano midiático.

Mariana BALOŞESCU

The Romanian Camil Petrescu (1894-1957) and the Portuguese José Régio (1901-1969) are contemporary writers, representative of European interwar modernism. Without having known each other, they wrote exceptional novels (The Last Night of Love, The First Night of War; The Bed of Procrustes; Jogo da cabra-cega), where they in no way imitate Proustianism, but participate in the creation of the radical modernist spirit of European urban culture in the first part of the 20th century, precisely anticipating the major crisis of aestheticphilosophical modernity and its obvious failure in the current forms of posthumanism. It is particularly significant for all modernist novel thinking to observe in their novels the way in which they expressed the nihilism of their European generation. Both, in novels as different in narrative detail as they are similar in their ultimate messages, revealed, from pure artistic intuition, the anti-human energy of the humanisms of modernity. Camil Petrescu and José Régio start from Bergsonian theses and then from those of Husserl’s phenomenology – nuclear theses of the modernism of the time – but they do not remain anchored in them, but quickly come to see their limits, while they project, even through the prism of this philosophical meditation moved into the field of literature, another inner man than the Christian one, different or opposite to the pre-Christian one – Socratic or Platonic. Camil Petrescu and José Régio situate themselves, like the entire generation, in the middle of a serious philosophical-aesthetic contradiction, which best describes the crisis of artistic modernity in the first half of the 20th century. Camil Petrescu and José Régio are part of the generation of post-1919 Proustian writers decisively influenced by the Bergsonian position on the subject. Literature and philosophy are placed at the service, if not subordinated, of a unitary problematic, arising from psychology, affectivity, emotivity, sensation – therefore from the internal dynamics of the subject. As Bergson suggests as early as 1889, the social self – the exteriority of the subject – is seen only as a projection of the deep, interior self.

Ingeborg Margrete Berge, Arild Michel Bakken, Atle Skaftun

Denne artikkelen undersøker hvordan læreren legger til rette for elevenes deltakelse i tekstsamtaler på 2. trinn og hvilken faglig praksis som er representert i disse samtalene. I analysene tar vi utgangspunkt i Mortimer og Scotts (2003) rammeverk for å gripe og beskrive talens betydning og funksjon knyttet til undervisning og læring i skolefag, og vi knytter elevenes faglige praksis til Shanahan og Shanahans (2008) sortering i tre nivå av literacyutvikling: basic, intermediate og disciplinary literacy. Resultatene indikerer at lærernes bruk av tekster er avgjørende for hva slags didaktiske formål som settes i spill i undervisningen, og at tydeligere faglig forankring kombinert med enkle grep kan tilføre tekstarbeidet i begynneropplæringen både dybde og en meningsfull retning. English abstract Tracing disciplinary literacy in year 2. Text conversations in Norwegian L1 classrooms This article examines how the teacher facilitates the students’ participation in text conversations in 2nd grade Norwegian L1 classrooms, and which literacy practice is represented in these conversations. The analyses are based on Mortimer & Scott’s (2003) framework designed to grasp and describe the significance and function of talk in education and learning in school subjects, and the students’ literacy practices are analyzed through Shanahan and Shanahan’s (2008) three levels of literacy development: basic, intermediate, and disciplinary literacy. Results indicate that how teachers use the text determines which teaching purposes are in play, and that a deeper disciplinary anchoring combined with a few simple moves can provide more depth and meaningful direction for working with texts in early literacy instruction.

Weronika Urbanik-Pęk

El presente capítulo tiende a describir los rasgos de la entonación declarativa neutra de la interlengua español hablado por polacos. Sigue la metodología del Análisis Melódico del Habla presentado en Cantero (2002) y expuesto más tarde en forma de protocolo en Cantero y Font-Rotchés (2009, 2020). El corpus está constituido por 100 enunciados espontáneos declarativos, emitidos por casi 30 informantes. Se han analizado todos los enunciados teniendo en cuenta sus tres partes fundamentales, el primer pico, el cuerpo y la inflexión final. Los resultados se pueden concluir de manera siguiente: la mayoría de los contornos carece del primer pico y los que lo tienen, suelen trasladarlo a la átona posterior. El cuerpo de la mayoría de los enunciados transcurre plano, o presenta un descenso permanente. La inflexión final suele ser plana y, en menor grado, es ascendente o descendente.

Masoud Fekri, Neda Fazeli

The novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" is one of the successful fiction works of recent years in Persian literature, which attracted the attention of Iranian readers and translators of other languages. Due to entering various social and cultural situations in the modern and urban areas of Iran, this novel contains many cultural components that challenge translators. Going through these cultural components requires exact interaction and familiarity with contemporary Iranian culture. This work was translated into Arabic twice in 2014. "Ivir" offers seven strategies for translating cultural elements, including borrowing, defining, literal translating, replacing, word-building, and deleting and adding. In this study, the performance of two translators of the novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" in the transfer of cultural elements based on "Ivir" approaches has been investigated. By analyzing and comparing the two translations, it is clear that the most used method is the replacing strategy, which is sometimes accompanied by defining and adding.

Vanesa Vázquez Novo

Zelda Fitzgerald has remained under Scott Fitzgerald’s shadow for too long. It was not until the seventies that scholars such as Nancy Milford started to focus on her life and works. Since then, interest in Zelda has done nothing but increase. Recent biographies, articles, and novels about Zelda represent the need to place her in the spotlight by focusing not only on her life and her tumultuous marriage to Scott Fitzgerald, but also on her artistic career as a writer, dancer, and painter. During her short life, Zelda tried to find her own voice, despite her husband’s opposition and her frequent hospitalizations in different mental institutions. This article seeks to explore Zelda’s growth from flapper to writer in order to highlight her self-determination to become a renowned and independent artist. 

Xiaohui Yuan

A lacuna in interpreting studies pertains to what constitutes an interpreter’s identities in social and sociopsychological contexts and how they operate, influencing the interpreter’s decision-making and behaviours at interpreting-facilitated events. In this research, two key symbolic interactionism frameworks, structural symbolic interactionism (SSI) and perceptual control theory, are drawn on to formulate a symbolic interactionist model of interpreter’s identity management (SIMIIM) with a view to investigating higher socio-structural and individual psychological influence on an interpreter’s identity management. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) of a professional public service interpreter’s perceptions of her lived experience of interpreting and the sense of self is undertaken to illustrate the key elements of the model. Issues regarding moral identity, professional identity, social and communicative factors challenging the interpreter’s identity management, and impacts of identity nonverification on the interpreter’s wellbeing are discussed. Introducing symbolic interactionism to interpreting studies for the first time, it is hoped that this research will encourage further efforts to explore an interpreter’s identity management at social and individual levels, which is key to an informed understanding of the interpreter’s behaviour and of the issues of interpreting ethics in public service interpreting.

Alain Rabatel

This paper examines texts evoking religious conceptions based on the absence of pity (and, a fortiori, of appeal to pity) towards human beings lowered to the status of enemies, both in DAECH magazine, Dar al-Islam, and in Voltaire’s correspondence regarding the punishments Catholics inflicted to the Sirvens. These texts emphasize the importance of problematizing the appeal to pity (which will be done here by looking at indirect argumentation) from the point of view of its content and of its manifestations and analyses, as the link between religion(s) and compassion or pity is not self-evident. The paper examines why there is no appeal to pity in the intolerant conceptions of religion; it then identifies the positive reasons for expressing pity and looks more specifically into the duty of pity. Thirdly, the paper examines an original discursive use of the appeal of pity in a semi-private, semi-public letter written by Voltaire in relation to the Sirven affair. Eventually, it outlines a linguistic problematization drawing on Michel Meyer’s notion of problematological questioning (2017) in relation to the discursive strategies adopted by Voltaire, strategies that unravel a pathemic paradox: the text becomes all the more touching because it contains relatively few pathemes and it spurs to action as the appeal to pity arouses, in addition to compassion, a feeling of indignation towards the iniquities that overwhelm the innocent victims.

О. П. Штонь

Статтю присвячено з’ясуванню лінгвостилістичної специфіки порівнянь у портретному письмі Володимира Даниленка. зокрема в його романах та оповіданнях. Виявлено порівняння в жіночих і чоловічих фізичних та психологічних портретах, визначено специфіку суб’єктів досліджуваних компаративем.

Izumi Haruta, K. Mineshima, D. Bekki

Comparative constructions play an important role in natural language inference. However, attempts to study semantic representations and logical inferences for comparatives from the computational perspective are not well developed, due to the complexity of their syntactic structures and inference patterns. In this study, using a framework based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG), we present a compositional semantics that maps various comparative constructions in English to semantic representations and introduces an inference system that effectively handles logical inference with comparatives, including those involving numeral adjectives, antonyms, and quantification. We evaluate the performance of our system on the FraCaS test suite and show that the system can handle a variety of complex logical inferences with comparatives.

F. Dimpel, Katharina Zeppezauer-Wachauer, D. Schlager

Abstract Short epics in Middle High German are a challenge for author attribution procedures as they involve dealing with short texts, incomplete normalisation, and generic tests. Firstly, the paper discusses optimisation methods using basic form and grammar tags extracted from the ‘Mittelhochdeutsche Begriffsdatenbank’ (Middle High German Conceptual Database). As part of this, an evaluation test with normalised Middle High German texts is carried out where 20 texts with known authorship are used as ‘guessing texts’ and a further 19 works of the same authors as ‘comparison texts’. The use of grammar tags or basic forms, instead of inflected word forms leads to a deterioration of the recognition rate and the combination of basic forms or grammar tags with word forms leads to a slight improvement. Secondly, the authorship of the ‘Halbe Birne’ will be investigated with eight texts by Konrad von Würzburg, as well as a comparative corpus of 14 tales (German ‘Mären’) and seven novels. This leads to a direct calculation of which words can be specifically ascribed to Konrad von Würzburg. This method is first evaluated by determining the distinctive words on four Konrad texts; a control test on four other Konrad texts shows that a preferred use of the distinctive words leads to a significant increase in the recognition rate. Then, a Konrad-specific vocabulary is determined on the basis of eight Konrad texts. Using these distinctive words it can finally be shown that Konrad can be attributed with some certainty as the author of the ‘Halbe Birne’.

Hans Petter Helland

Our main objective in this paper is to show how linguistic properties can be transferred from one system to another. Consequences of transfer are evaluated, both positive and negative, for the acquisition of possessives in French L2 or L3 by Norwegian learners. We take as a starting point a comparative description of the possessive systems in French and Norwegian and examine interlanguage grammars of adult learners of French both in a Norwegian university setting and in an immersion context. On the basis of results from production-comprehension tests we can predict and explain interlanguage errors in the students' L2-grammar (negative transfer) using comparative grammatical constraints (reflexive-irreflexive contrasts, binding constraints, explicit marking of the possessor, orientation towards the possessor or the possessum, etc.). We can also predict cases where the learners make fewer errors or no errors at all (positive transfer). In this way we are able to measure the importance of transfer, both negative and positive, for the acquisition of French as foreign language by Norwegian adult learners.

R. Baalbaki

Josef Štefčik

Richard D. Brecht

The arc of a multilingual America is long, but it bends towards universal access. The 20th century has been characterized as “a graveyard for languages” (Rumbaut, 2009) in this country, as decades-long subjugation of non-English languages through educational, immigration, and government policies. I However, in the last two decades of that century, world events dealing with economic competitiveness and national security strengthened this nation’s growing awareness of languages, particularly the so-called LCTLs. Added to this was the decades-long struggle for recognizing and valuing the nation’s heritage languages, which helped broaden the concept of “less commonly taught language” and its attendant professional communities. Besides increasing LCTL awareness and visibility, these developments more importantly forged a coalescence or alliance among the languages that could no longer be ignored and that demanded a stronger voice in the national dialogue about the well-being of this nation.

Vahideh Abolhasanizadeh, Anis Masoumi

The purpose of the present study is to explore the process of vowel reduction in Kermani accent. The process of vowel reduction occurs in unstressed syllables which shifts vowels toward other vowels. In this study, 5 male and 5 female native speakers of Kermani accent, pronounced 24 words in 3 repetitions containing six simple vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables. The participants’ productions were recorded using Shure microphone and were analyzed using Praat software (Ver. 5.2.24). A text grid was made for each word. Then, duration, F1, F2 and F0 of vowels were measured and compared in stressed and unstressed syllables. Overall, the obtained results confirmed that the duration and F0 of vowels decreases in unstressed syllables and the amount of F1 of all the vowels and the F2 of the vowels [ɑ, e, o, u] have a tendency towards the F1 and F2 of /ǝ/. Results also indicated that the process of vowel reduction is centripetal in Kermani accent.

Abigail R. Razon, J. Barnden