Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Dušan Tomažič, Alija Suljić

Avtorja v prispevku obravnavata zgodovino naseljevanja Slovencev na območju Tuzelskega kantona, kamor so prvi priseljenci prišli že v času Avstro-Ogrske. Analizirata popise prebivalstva med letoma 1910 in 2013, s poudarkom na vplivu vojne v BiH na demografske spremembe. Leta 1993 je bilo zaradi humanitarnih potreb ustanovljeno Društvo Slovenska skupnost, v katerega se je vključilo 660 družin oziroma skoraj 1.700 prebivalcev. Zaradi izseljevanja pa se je leta 2013 za Slovence izreklo le še 51 oseb.

Felicitas Hauck, Andrea Borho, Lucía Romero Gibu et al.

Immigrants are exposed to a variety of stressors, such as ethnic discrimination, and therefore experience a higher risk of developing adverse health outcomes. However, the role of potentially protective psychological factors is not well-studied. The present study addresses the question how discrimination and institutional verbal violence (IVV)11 VV = verbal violence; IVV = institutional verbal violence are associated with chronic stress in an immigrant sample. In addition, this study highlights moderating effects of migration-specific variables (first or second migration generation and citizenship status).Participants (n = 232; 69.4 % female) completed an online-survey, which included demographics, questionnaires (Everyday Discrimination Scale, EDS; Perceived Stress Scale, PSS-4; Resilience Scale, RS-11; Self-Compassion Scale, SCS-SF) as well as a self-developed questionnaire on institutional verbal violence. Only participants living in Germany with migration background (self or one parent migrated to Germany) were included.Results showed that perceived discrimination and institutional verbal violence were highly associated with chronic stress. Further, self-compassion buffered the connection between discrimination and stress, whereas resilience was no protective factor. The inclusion of migration-specific variables showed that the second-generation sub-group experienced less discrimination-related stress and self-compassion was shown to be particularly protective within this sub-group. Citizenship status did not appear to be a moderator, but especially persons with temporary or permanent residence status, compared to German/EU-citizens, reported higher values of verbal violence and discrimination-related stress.These findings highlight the importance of considering not only psychological but also structural and societal protective and risk factors, as they may be differentially associated with immigrants’ stress perceptions. Implications for future research and practical implementations are presented.

Jagmeet Singh

Formula connecting dips of unmigrated 2D and prestack time migrated constant offset gathers was recently proposed (Singh, 2024). A handy formula for 2D prestack migration aperture was also derived. We extend the same work to the 3D case, that is, we derive prestack time migration aperture, and formula connecting dips as a function of dip of a planar reflector and azimuth w.r.t. the dip direction.

Sabrina Generali, Denise Cogo

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as experiências de educadores(as) da rede municipal de ensino da cidade de Boa Vista (RR) relacionadas à presença da diversidade imigratória de crianças venezuelanas e às possibilidades de inclusão de práticas interculturais em espaços escolares. O marco teórico abarca os conceitos de fronteira, interculturalidade e imigração. A metodologia, de caráter qualitativo, abrangeu entrevistas e pesquisa exploratória, bibliográfica e documental. A análise empírica se desenvolve em torno de três dimensões das experiências de educadores(as) relacionadas à interculturalidade: a visão dos(as) educadores(as) sobre a relação com a fronteira, as escolas de Boa Vista como espaços de diversidade migratória e a ausência de políticas públicas voltadas à interculturalidade. Como resultados, observamos possibilidades e limites de desenvolvimento de práticas educativas interculturais no contexto da fronteira, a ausência de projetos e políticas interculturais nas escolas e o entendimento de que a presença de migrantes é provisória.

Christophe Humbert

We seek to define whether a process of technological innovation for gerontological coordination has generated an institutional innovation in its wake. While the French gerontological field has been described as mainly organized around the biomedical management of dependent old age, our analyses consist in determining whether the innovation work carried out has given the older adults concerned greater decision-making. No institutional innovations emerged according to our observations. Institutional rigidities remained throughout our fieldwork. The IS is thus an analyzer of the power relations between actors at the departmental level, as well as a catalyst for much more modest changes than those postulated, which were already in progress.

Steve Kwok-Leung Chan

This research examines the unskilled labor migration using private intermediaries in South Korea. The study also reviews the Employment Permit System of South Korea in this regard. The empirical study took place in South Korea with a supplementary trip visiting the migration origin, Bangkok, Thailand. A qualitative method was used with the predominant part being a semi-structured interview with Thai undocumented workers in Daegu. This research fills the gap in the existing body of research by uncovering the process of undocumented labor migration in the discourse of culture of migration. The tolerant practice of the Thai Government towards undocumented workers has set an example to prospective Thai migrant workers who follow the undocumented path to go to Korea. The unique fuzzy attitude of some Thais led them to try their luck without a concrete plan to go to work in South Korea on a whim. The informal brokers find their role even they are excluded in the Employment Permit System of South Korea. They actively convey a positive but biased image of an easy path of undocumented labor migration as an alternative to the formal procedure.

Kensuke Ohtake

This paper studies a mathematical model of city formation by migration of firms and workers. The Core-Periphery model in the new economic geography, which considers the single migration of workers driven by real wage inequality among regions, is extended to incorporate the migration of firms driven by real profit inequality among regions. In this dual migration model, it is found that the behavior of the solutions is qualitatively similar to that of solutions of the single migration model, which is frequently used in the new economic geography (NEG). That is, 1) spatially homogeneous distributions of firms and workers become destabilized and eventually form several cities where both firms and workers agglomerate; 2) The number of cities decreases as transport costs decrease. The results have provided a more general theoretical justification for the use of the single migration models in NEG.

Jimmy-Xuan Shen, Haoming Howard Li, Ann Rutt et al.

To accelerate the development of novel ion-conducting materials, we present a general graph-theoretic analysis framework for ion migration in any crystalline structure. The nodes of the graph represent metastable sites of the migrating ion and the edges represent discrete migration events between adjacent sites. Starting from a collection of possible metastable migration sites, the framework assigns a weight to the edges by calculating the individual migration energy barriers between those sites. Connected pathways in the periodic simulation cell corresponding to macroscopic ion migration are identified by searching for the lowest-cost cycle in the periodic migration graph. To exemplify the utility of the framework, we present the automatic analyses of Li migration in different polymorphs of VO(PO4), with the resulting identification of two distinct crystal structures with simple migration pathways demonstrating overall < 300 meV migration barriers.

Frithjof Karsch, Hubert Simma, Tomoteru Yoshie

The International Lattice Data Grid (ILDG) is a community-wide initiative to realize the sharing of primary data from lattice QCD simulations according to the principles of FAIR data. We recall the basic concepts of ILDG as a federation of autonomous regional grids with common standards for (meta-)data and services, and report on current activities, progress, and plans to restore and extend the usability of ILDG.

João Daniel Antunes Cardoso do Lago Carvalho

O tráfico de escravos africanos foi uma das principais instituições que se desenvolveram desde o fim da Idade Média, alcançando seu apogeu no século XIX, num momento muito singular. O desenvolvimento do capitalismo na Europa, notadamente na Inglaterra, e a abertura econômica das Américas, com a Crise do Antigo Regime e a criação de novos Estados, criaram novas oportunidades, tanto para aqueles que viviam no continente americano, quanto para os europeus. Uma dessas atividades foi a mineração que, no Brasil, já era bem conhecida desde o século XVIII. E muitas das firmas que se instalaram em Minas Gerais, como a Imperial Brazilian Mining Association, utilizaram-se do trabalho de escravos, num comércio interprovincial bem rentável, movimentado inclusive por cidadãos ingleses, indo de encontro a ideia de uma Inglaterra unida contra a escravidão e o tráfico de escravos.

Frank den Hollander, Shubhamoy Nandan

We consider a spatial version of the classical Moran model with seed-banks where the constituent populations have finite sizes. Individuals live in colonies labelled by $\mathbb{Z}^d$, $d\geq 1$, playing the role of a geographic space, carry one of the two $types$: $\heartsuit$ or $\spadesuit$, and change type via $resampling$ as long as they are $active$. Each colony contains a seed-bank into which individuals can enter to become $dormant$, suspending their resampling until they exit the seed-bank and become active again. Individuals resample not only from their own colony, but also from other colonies according to a symmetric random walk transition kernel. The latter is referred to as $migration$. The sizes of the populations vary across colonies and remain constant in time. It was shown in Hollander and Nandan (2021) that the system is well-defined, admits a family of equilibria parametrized by the initial density of type $\heartsuit$, and exhibits a dichotomy between $clustering$ (mono-type equilibrium) and $coexistence$ (multi-type equilibrium). This dichotomy is determined by a clustering criterion that is given in terms of a dual of the system, which consists of a system of $interacting$ coalescing random walks. In this paper we provide an alternative clustering criterion, given in terms of an auxiliary dual that is simpler than the original dual, and identify a range of parameters for which the criterion is met, which we refer to as the $clustering$ $regime$. It turns out that if the sizes of the active populations are non-clumping (i.e., do not take arbitrarily large values in finite regions of the geographic space) and the relative strengths of the seed-banks (i.e., the ratio of the sizes of dormant and active population in each colony) are bounded uniformly over the geographic space, then clustering prevails if and only if the (symmetrised) migration kernel is recurrent.

Luna Phipps-Costin, Carolyn Jane Anderson, Michael Greenberg et al.

Gradually typed languages allow programmers to mix statically and dynamically typed code, enabling them to incrementally reap the benefits of static typing as they add type annotations to their code. However, this type migration process is typically a manual effort with limited tool support. This paper examines the problem of \emph{automated type migration}: given a dynamic program, infer additional or improved type annotations. Existing type migration algorithms prioritize different goals, such as maximizing type precision, maintaining compatibility with unmigrated code, and preserving the semantics of the original program. We argue that the type migration problem involves fundamental compromises: optimizing for a single goal often comes at the expense of others. Ideally, a type migration tool would flexibly accommodate a range of user priorities. We present TypeWhich, a new approach to automated type migration for the gradually-typed lambda calculus with some extensions. Unlike prior work, which relies on custom solvers, TypeWhich produces constraints for an off-the-shelf MaxSMT solver. This allows us to easily express objectives, such as minimizing the number of necessary syntactic coercions, and constraining the type of the migration to be compatible with unmigrated code. We present the first comprehensive evaluation of GTLC type migration algorithms, and compare TypeWhich to four other tools from the literature. Our evaluation uses prior benchmarks, and a new set of ``challenge problems.'' Moreover, we design a new evaluation methodology that highlights the subtleties of gradual type migration. In addition, we apply TypeWhich to a suite of benchmarks for Grift, a programming language based on the GTLC. TypeWhich is able to reconstruct all human-written annotations on all but one program.

Nikos Pitsillos, Ameya Pore, Bjorn Sand Jensen et al.

We present an introspective framework inspired by the process of how humans perform introspection. Our working assumption is that neural network activations encode information, and building internal states from these activations can improve the performance of an actor-critic model. We perform experiments where we first train a Variational Autoencoder model to reconstruct the activations of a feature extraction network and use the latent space to improve the performance of an actor-critic when deciding which low-level robotic behaviour to execute. We show that internal states reduce the number of episodes needed by about 1300 episodes while training an actor-critic, denoting faster convergence to get a high success value while completing a robotic task.

Katherine Copenhagen, Ricard Alert, Ned S. Wingreen et al.

The soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus lives in densely packed groups that form dynamic three-dimensional patterns in response to environmental changes, such as droplet-like fruiting bodies during starvation. The development of these multicellular structures begins with the sequential formation of cell layers in a process that is poorly understood. Using confocal three-dimensional imaging, we find that motile rod-shaped M. xanthus cells are densely packed and aligned in each layer, forming an active nematic liquid crystal. Cell alignment is nearly perfect throughout the population except at point defects that carry half-integer topological charge. We observe that new cell layers preferentially form at the position of +1/2 defects, whereas holes preferentially open at -1/2 defects. To explain these findings, we model the bacterial colony as an extensile active nematic fluid with anisotropic friction. In agreement with our experimental measurements, this model predicts an influx of cells toward +1/2 defects, and an outflux of cells from -1/2 defects. Our results suggest that cell motility and mechanical cell-cell interactions are sufficient to promote the formation of cell layers at topological defects, thereby seeding fruiting bodies in colonies of M. xanthus.

R. Bhattacharyya, Partha Konar

The basic Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model is extended to include effects of progressive social awareness, lockdowns and anthropogenic migration. It is found that social awareness can effectively contain the spread by lowering the basic reproduction rate $R_0$. Interestingly, the awareness is found to be more effective in a society which can adopt the awareness faster compared to the one having a slower response. The paper also separates the mortality fraction from the clinically recovered fraction and attempts to model the outcome of lockdowns, in absence and presence of social awareness. It is seen that staggered exits from lockdowns are not only economically beneficial but also helps to curb the infection spread. Moreover, a staggered exit strategy with progressive social awareness is found to be the most efficient intervention. The paper also explores the effects of anthropogenic migration on the dynamics of the epidemic in a two-zone scenario. The calculations yield dissimilar evolution of different fractions in different zones. Such models can be convenient to strategize the division of a large zone into smaller sub-zones for a disproportionate imposition of lockdown, or, an exit from one. Calculations are done with parameters consistent with the SARS-COV-2 pathogen in the Indian context.

Jernej Mlekuž

Besedilo odgovarja na vprašanje, kako je o prebegih iz Jugoslavije v letih 1945–1965 pisalo slovensko časopisje. V obravnavanem obdobju je bilo izseljevanje iz SFRJ omejeno in nadzorovano, prebegi sankcionirani in mediji instrumentalizirani kot ideološki aparat oblasti. Prebegi niso bili tema, ki bi se je časopisje prav pogosto lotevalo. Kadar pa jih vendarle postavilo na časopisni papir, jih je kriminaliziralo in moralno obsojalo. Če je glas »prepustilo« tudi prebežnikom samim, je bil to glas obžalovanja in kesanja, s sporočilom, da odhod v tujino prinaša trpljenje, gorje ali celo pogubo.

David B. Brückner, Alexandra Fink, Joachim O. Rädler et al.

Cell-to-cell variability is inherent to numerous biological processes, including cell migration. Quantifying and characterizing the variability of migrating cells is challenging, as it requires monitoring many cells for long time windows under identical conditions. Here, we observe the migration of single human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in confining two-state micropatterns. To describe the stochastic dynamics of this confined migration, we employ a dynamical systems approach. We identify statistics to measure the behavioural variance of the migration, which significantly exceed those predicted by a population-averaged stochastic model. This additional variance can be explained by the combination of an 'aging' process and population heterogeneity. To quantify population heterogeneity, we decompose the cells into subpopulations of slow and fast cells, revealing the presence of distinct classes of dynamical systems describing the migration, ranging from bistable to limit cycle behaviour. Our findings highlight the breadth of migration behaviours present in cell populations.

Virginia Santiago dos Santos Góes

O presente trabalho tem como tema central a educação em direitos humanos, objetivando debater a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, compreendendo que o mundo, em sua complexidade, é permeado por relações de poder interconectadas às microlocalidades. Visa-se, com isso, identificar possibilidades de construção dos direitos humanos no diálogo intercultural. Justifica-se a proposta apresentada pela necessidade de debate coletivo sobre os direitos humanos, tanto em seu aspecto teórico-conceitual como sua concretização na vida social. Neste sentido, a educação é identificada como locus importante para análise dos direitos humanos.

Klaus Jansen, Kim-Manuel Klein, Maria Kosche et al.

We consider the relaxed online strip packing problem: Rectangular items arrive online and have to be packed without rotations into a strip of fixed width such that the packing height is minimized. Thereby, repacking of previously packed items is allowed. The amount of repacking is measured by the migration factor, defined as the total size of repacked items divided by the size of the arriving item. First, we show that no algorithm with constant migration factor can produce solutions with asymptotic ratio better than 4/3. Against this background, we allow amortized migration, i.e. to save migration for a later time step. As a main result, we present an AFPTAS with asymptotic ratio $1 + \mathcal{O}(ε)$ for any $ε> 0$ and amortized migration factor polynomial in $1 / ε$. To our best knowledge, this is the first algorithm for online strip packing considered in a repacking model.

María Jesús Rodríguez Aumente, Alfonso Cuadros Riobó