Hasil untuk "Cattle"

Lukas Trzebiatowski, Frederike Wehrle, Markus Freick et al.

This study aimed to systematically review the literature of the last 24 years to determine the influence of dam heat stress, nutrition, body condition, vaccination, parity, and twin pregnancy on calf morbidity and mortality. The systematic search was carried out using PubMed, CAB Abstracts, and Web of Science databases. The final number of included studies was 11 for heat stress, 21 for nutrition, 11 for body condition, 11 for vaccination, 23 for parity, and 18 for twin pregnancy. The body condition score, parity, and twin pregnancy had an influence on perinatal mortality. Vaccination, parity, and twin pregnancy had an influence on mortality up to weaning. Heat stress, nutrition, and twin pregnancy had an influence on the immunoglobulin transfer to the calves. Nutrition, body condition score, vaccination, and parity had an influence on morbidity. This systematic review provides evidence that prenatal factors have an influence on calf morbidity and mortality.

Jia W. Tan, Susan D. Eicher, Janice E. Kritchevsky et al.

IntroductionProbiotics are a promising intervention for modulating the microbiome and the immune system, promoting health benefits in cattle. While studies have characterized the calf lung bacterial profile with and without oral probiotics, simultaneous probiotic effects on the bacterial populations of multiple sites along the respiratory tract have not been characterized.MethodsThis study utilized the same pre-weaning diary calf group from our previous studies to characterize the bacterial populations present in the nostril and tonsil across control and treatment groups and nine sampling time points. DNA was exacted from the nostril and tonsil swabs and lung lavage fluids, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene hypervariable regions 1-3 were subsequently sequenced.ResultsTemporal variation in alpha bacterial diversity within the nostril, tonsil, and lung samples was observed, indicating distinct bacterial compositions among sampling time points. Oral probiotic treatment did not change alpha diversity in any respiratory tissue, however, spatial variability in bacterial taxa composition was observed among the three respiratory tract regions. While the majority of differentially abundant taxa in probiotic treated calves were unique to their anatomical location, a few were common to two anatomical locations and one Finegoldia amplicon sequence variant was differentially abundant in all three anatomical locations.DiscussionIn conclusion, these findings contribute to the understanding of the dynamic nature of bacterial diversity and the potential effects of probiotics within the bovine respiratory tract and provides insight for future studies of probiotics on animal health, disease prevention, and management.

Daniel M. Polizel, Rodrigo S. Marques, Arnaldo C. Limede et al.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of narasin inclusion on the growth performance of grazing beef cattle under similar forage availability and quality. All three experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design according to the initial BW. Exp 1: 200 Nellore calves (initial BW = 177 ± 15 kg) were randomly allocated in three treatments for 84 d during the rainy season: (1) CONT: mineral supplement; (2) 1400 N: 1400 mg of narasin/kg of supplement; and (3) 2100 N: 2100 mg of narasin/kg of supplement. Narasin inclusion increased (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01) ADG by 0.077 kg/d and final BW by 6.7 kg, with no differences (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.50) between narasin doses. Exp 2: 240 Nellore calves (initial BW = 195 ± 19 kg) were allocated to CONT or N1400 for 112 d during the rainy season. Narasin inclusion increased (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01) ADG by 0.082 kg/d and final BW by 9.1 kg. Exp 3: 150 Nellore yearlings (initial BW = 332 ± 22 kg) were allocated for 112 d during the dry season: (1) PROT: protein supplement and (2) PROT250: inclusion of 250 mg of narasin/kg of supplement. Narasin inclusion increased (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.04) ADG by 0.048 kg and final BW by 5.3 kg. For all experiments, narasin inclusion did not impact (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.25) supplement intake. Hence, inclusion of narasin in mineral and protein supplements consistently enhances growth performance of grazing beef cattle across different seasons and production stages, without impacting supplement intake, providing an effective nutritional strategy to enhance productivity on tropical pastures.

Yu Gao, Ying Ma, Lina Pan et al.

ABSTRACT: Yak milk is rich in essential milk proteins of nutritional and therapeutic value. In this study, whey proteins of milk from 3 yak breeds (Gannan, GN; Huanhu, HH; Maiwa, MW) in China were comprehensively identified and compared using a data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics approach. A total of 632 proteins were identified in yak milk whey samples, in which immune-related proteins were abundant. Compared with other milks, more proteins were involved in oxidation-reduction process and with ATP binding. In addition, we identified 96, 155, and 164 differentially expressed proteins (DEP) for GN versus HH, GN versus MW, and HH versus MW, respectively. “Phagosome” and “complement and coagulation cascades” were the most significant pathways for DEP of GN versus HH and GN or HH versus MW yak milk based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that DEP for the 3 comparisons had significant biological interactions but were associated with different functions. The results provide useful information on yak milk from different breeds in China, and elucidate the biological functions of yak milk proteins.

Lisa-Marie Schünemann, Hans-Joachim Schuberth

Innate immune training is defined as a property of innate immune cells to react stronger to a secondary contact with pathogens. Induction of innate immune training has been reported for a variety of pathogens and selected pattern recognition receptor-ligands, such as β-glucans (βG). We examined whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall component βG induces training in bovine monocytes in vitro based on a heightened TNF secretion after stimulation by trained monocyte-derived macrophages with Escherichia coli LPS. Sorted CD14-expressing monocytes (classical and intermediate monocytes), as well as single populations of sorted classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes could not be trained by βG, whereas macrophages derived from plastic-adherent mononuclear cell preparations displayed features of a trained function. The hypothesis, that non-classical monocytes need to be present in a mixed monocyte population in order to be trained by βG could be verified by a successful training of positively sorted whole monocyte populations (CD14CD16/M) containing all three monocyte subpopulations. The trainability depended on conditions favoring M1 polarization of macrophages. Altogether, innate immune training of bovine monocytes seems to depend on the presence of non-classical monocytes. This adds new information to the role of this monocyte subpopulation in the bovine immune system.

Wan-Ying Xie, Ya-Ting Wang, Jun Yuan et al.

Compost-based organic fertilizers made from animal manures may contain high levels of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the factors affecting the abundance and profile of ARGs in organic fertilizers remain unclear. We conducted a national-wide survey in China to investigate the effect of material type and composting process on ARG abundance in commercial organic fertilizers and quantified the contributions of bacterial composition and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) to the structuring of ARGs, using quantitative PCR and Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The tetracycline, sulfonamide, aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance genes were present at high levels in all organic fertilizers. Seven ARGs that confer resistance to clinically important antibiotics, including three β-lactam resistance genes, three quinolone resistance genes and the colistin resistance gene mcr-1, were detected in 8 – 50% the compost samples, whereas the vancomycin resistance gene vanC was not detected. Raw material type had a significant (p < 0.001) effect on the ARG abundance, with composts made from animal feces except some cattle feces generally having higher loads of ARGs than those from non-animal raw materials. Composting process type showed no significant (p > 0.05) effect on ARG abundance in the organic fertilizers. MGEs exerted a greater influence on ARG composition than bacterial community, suggesting a strong mobility of ARGs in the organic fertilizers. Our study highlights the need to manage the risk of ARG dissemination from agricultural wastes.

Gabriela Bottani-Claros, Elisabeth Jonas, Erling Strandberg

Abstract Local livestock breeds play an important role in the food security of smallholders in developing countries in the Global South. They are also a reservoir of potentially valuable genes for adaptation of global animal genetic resources. The Creole cattle population from Pasorapa, Bolivia, is threatened by effects of climate change and unplanned crossbreeding. The aim of this study was to assess the current situation in this population and to evaluate factors to be considered before implementing conservation and genetic improvement programs in order to achieve the sustainable development goals 1, 2, 13 and 15, which refer to no poverty, zero hunger, climate change and life on land, respectively. We examined and analyzed the most important elements related to the production system and farmers’ perceptions that could affect the design of such programs. Open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires and interviews were performed with 81 smallholders from 11 communities in Pasorapa. A rearing system based on two stages and animals feeding mainly on native plants during both, involves a strong interaction between the environment and the production system. A survey of farmers’ perceptions about diseases, mortality causes, and selection criteria revealed that farmers in Pasorapa consider coat color an important trait when selecting breeding and replacement animals. Half of all interviewees perceived an association between coat color and traits such as temperament, milk yield, and beef production. In a SWOT analysis we discussed the vulnerability of the system to climate change impacts and the contribution of this traditional system to rural mitigation. Overall, this work revealed the importance of this local ecotype and identified key factors to consider when developing breeding and conservation programs.

Emma Strous, Arne Vanhoudt, Anja Smolenaars et al.

Platelet and leukocyte count reference intervals (RIs) for cattle differ by age and while adult RIs are known, RIs for calves are studied less. The aims of this observational study are to evaluate variation of platelet counts of Holstein Friesian calves over the first 14 days of life and to propose RIs for platelet and leukocyte counts of Holstein Friesian calves aged 0–60 days. In a longitudinal study, 19 calves were blood sampled 17 times, in the first 14 days of their lives. Blood was collected in a citrate blood tube and platelet counts were determined. We assessed the course of platelet counts. In a field study, 457 healthy calves were blood sampled once. Blood was collected in an EDTA blood tube and platelet and leukocyte counts were determined. The RIs were calculated by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Platelet counts started to increase 24 h after birth (mean platelet count 381 × 10⁹/L ± 138 × 10⁹/L) and stabilized after five days (mean platelet count 642 × 10⁹/L ± 265 × 10⁹/L). In calves up to six days of age, platelet counts were lower than in calves older than five days. In conclusion, the RIs of platelet and leukocyte counts in calves were wider in range than the RIs for adult cattle, therefore, calf specific RIs for platelet and leukocyte counts should be used. From 6 until 60 days of age, we propose an RI for platelet counts of 287–1372 × 10⁹/L and for the first 60 days of life an RI for leukocyte counts of 4.0–18.9 × 10⁹/L.

Julia Teodoro de Souza Nicolau, João Henrique Alves Souza, Pedro Augusto Arroyo et al.

The biomass productivity and nutrient composition of microalgae, such as Chlorella vulgaris, depend on the cultivation process and the nutrient content of growth media. Thus, in this study aimed to investigate the biomass productivity of C. vulgaris cultivated in fish and dairy cattle wastewaters. Thirty wastewater samples (2.5 L) were collected from system of production. Microalgae were cultivated in Erlenmeyer flasks containing 10 mL of microalgae and 1,790 mL of wastewater under constant light of 5,000 lux for 16 days at 25 ± 2.0 °C. Wastewater samples differed in composition. Biomass productivity was 47 % higher (P<0.0001) in dairy cattle than in fish wastewater, reaching 67.61 g m?3 day?1 (dry matter basis, DM) when compared by Student’s t-test (P<0.05). Cultivation media also had an effect on biomass chemical composition. The C. vulgaris grown in dairy cattle wastewater was higher in crude protein and ash contents (359.6 g kg?1 DM and 230.4 g kg?1 DM, respectively), whereas microalgae grown in fish wastewater had higher nitrogen-free extract content (347.8 g kg?1 DM). Crude fat content did not vary greatly (mean of 313.15 g kg?1 DM). The pH (8.0 – 8.7) and ammonia concentration (0.07 to 0.4 mg L?1) in fish wastewater was stable throughout the 16-day experimental period. In dairy wastewater, pH increased up (6.3 to 8.9) to the fourth day and remained constant thereafter, and ammonia concentration increased up (24.3 to 28.7 mg L?1) to the eighth day and then it declined (2.1 mg L?1). The C. vulgaris was successfully grown in both wastewaters, but productivity was higher in dairy cattle wastewater.

Maria Chiara Fabbri, Christos Dadousis, Francesco Tiezzi et al.

In the present study, GeneSeek GGP-LDv4 33k single nucleotide polymorphism chip was used to detect runs of homozygosity (ROH) in eight Italian beef cattle breeds, six breeds with distribution limited to Tuscany (Calvana, Mucca Pisana, Pontremolese) or Sardinia (Sarda, Sardo Bruna and Sardo Modicana) and two cosmopolitan breeds (Charolais and Limousine). ROH detection analyses were used to estimate autozygosity and inbreeding and to identify genomic regions with high frequency of ROH, which might reflect selection signatures. Comparative analysis among breeds revealed differences in length and distribution of ROH and inbreeding levels. The Charolais, Limousine, Sarda, and Sardo Bruna breeds were found to have a high frequency of short ROH (~ 15.000); Calvana and Mucca Pisana presented also runs longer than 16 Mbp. The highest level of average genomic inbreeding was observed in Tuscan breeds, around 0.3, while Sardinian and cosmopolitan breeds showed values around 0.2. The population structure and genetic distances were analyzed through principal component and multidimensional scaling analyses, and resulted in a clear separation among the breeds, with clusters related to productive purposes. The frequency of ROH occurrence revealed eight breed-specific genomic regions where genes of potential selective and conservative interest are located (e.g. MYOG, CHI3L1, CHIT1 (BTA16), TIMELESS, APOF, OR10P1, OR6C4, OR2AP1, OR6C2, OR6C68, CACNG2 (BTA5), COL5A2 and COL3A1 (BTA2)). In all breeds, we found the largest proportion of homozygous by descent segments to be those that represent inbreeding events that occurred around 32 generations ago, with Tuscan breeds also having a significant proportion of segments relating to more recent inbreeding.

Ousmane M. Sanogo, Salif Doumbia, Katrien Descheemaeker

Promotion of small ruminant farming by the women's groups of Nampossela and Nitabougoro in the Koutiala district of southern Mali. The rearing of domestic animals, especially cattle and sheep, plays an important role in achieving food security and contributes significantly to the incomes of rural populations. In rural areas, for example, there are agricultural producers who practice beef and sheep fattening to increase and secure income. It is in this context that the present study was initiated. The objective of this study was to determine the zoo-economic performance of feeding fattening sheep. A questionnaire was used to collect information on sheep ages, purchase price, weighing, feed, manure production, sale price, etc. the study sample included 52 sheep in 2016 and 91 sheep in 2017. These sheep were divided into three treatments: T0 (control, sheep fed with fodder tree leaves, fresh grass and bran), T1 (sheep fed with fodder tree leaves, fresh grass and cotton seed cake) and T2 (sheep fed with fodder tree leaves, fresh grass, bran and cotton seed cake). The sheep breeds used consisted of Djallonke and Bali-Bali. The data analysis shows that in 2016, Average Daily Weight Gain (ADG) was 42±25, 55±18 and 67±33 g /day respectively for T0, T1 and T2 treatments. While in 2017, the ADG was of 28±22 g/day (T0), 46±28 g/day (T1) and 42±27 g/day (T2). Through these results, it was found that the sheep belonging to the treatments (T1 and T2) had the highest ADG in comparison with the control sheep (T0). In addition, the cumulative production of dried manure throughout the fattening period fluctuated between 33 (T0) and 43 kg per sheep (T1 and T2) in 2016 against 37 (T0) and 44 kg per sheep (T1) in 2017. On sale, the T1 and T2 processing sheep achieved on average the highest profit margin. In view of these results it is recommended for sheep fattening to supplement the sheep with cotton cake for a better production of meat and manure.

Salvatore Catania, Michele Gastaldelli, Eliana Schiavon et al.

Italian beef production is mainly based on a feedlot system where calves are housed with mixed aged cattle often in conditions favourable to bovine respiratory disease (BRD). In Veneto, an indoor system is also used for imported bulls around 300–350 kg. Mycoplasmas, in particular <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> and <i>Mycoplasma dispar</i>, contribute to BRD in young calves, but their role in the disease in older cattle has not been investigated. In this study, ten heads of cattle were selected from each of the 24 groups kept in 13 different farms. Bulls were sampled by nasal swabbing at 0, 15, and 60 days after arrival for <i>Mycoplasma</i> isolation. Identification was carried out by 16S-rDNA PCR followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. <i>M. bovis</i>, <i>M. dispar</i>, and <i>M. bovirhinis</i> were identified, and prevalence was analysed by mixed-effects logistic regression models. This showed that most bulls arrived free of <i>M. bovis</i>, but within two weeks, approximately 40% became infected, decreasing to 13% by the last sampling. In contrast, the prevalence of <i>M. dispar</i> was not dependent on time or seasonality, while <i>M. bovirhinis</i> only showed a seasonality-dependent trend. The Italian fattening system creates an ideal environment for infection with <i>M. bovis</i>, probably originating from previously stabled animals.

Erika Hilbold, Ottmar Distl, Martina Hoedemaker et al.

Male factor infertility is a problem in today&#8217;s society but many underlying causes are still unknown. The generation of a conditional Sertoli cell (SC)-specific connexin 43 (Cx43) knockout mouse line (SCCx43KO) has provided a translational model. Expression of the gap junction protein Cx43 between adjacent SCs as well as between SCs and germ cells (GCs) is known to be essential for the initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis in different species and men. Adult SCCx43KO males show altered spermatogenesis and are infertile. Thus, the present study aims to identify molecular mechanisms leading to testicular alterations in prepubertal SCCx43KO mice. Transcriptome analysis of 8-, 10- and 12-day-old mice was performed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Additionally, candidate genes were examined by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. NGS revealed many significantly differentially expressed genes in the SCCx43KO mice. For example, GC-specific genes were mostly downregulated and found to be involved in meiosis and spermatogonial differentiation (e.g., <i>Dmrtb1</i>, <i>Sohlh1</i>). In contrast, SC-specific genes implicated in SC maturation and proliferation were mostly upregulated (e.g., <i>Amh</i>, <i>Fshr</i>). In conclusion, Cx43 in SCs appears to be required for normal progression of the first wave of spermatogenesis, especially for the mitosis-meiosis switch, and also for the regulation of prepubertal SC maturation.

Galip BAKIR, Mustafa KİBAR

This study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the satisfaction and sustainability of bovine livestock farms in Muş province along with certain factors known to affect these parameters such as age, educational status, duration of livestock farming, number of animals and race. The research material consisted of the survey data collected from 346 farms in Muş province and 5 districts. Crosstables of data are constituted on SPSS package program and chi square analysis are done for significance testing. Our analysis revealed that 59.4% of the farmers were satisfied with livestock farming and 88.9% of them wanted to keep their livestock. When asked about the reason of the desire for keeping their livestock; 43.3% of the farmers replied that they had no other jobs, 20.1% said that they found the livestock farming profitable, 18.5% declared that they were happy with the income and 9.4% indicated that they enjoyed livestock farming. On the other hand, when the farmers who did not have the desire of keeping their livestock farms were asked about the reason of their choices, the results turned out to be as 72.5% finding it non-profitable, 21.5% not having enough time, and 6% not enjoying animal farming. The effect of the factors such as the type and location of the establishment, the age and educational status of the farmers, the length of the livestock farming, the number of animals and the race were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01) on these decisions. As a result, it is determined that most farmers are satisfied with the livestock and the factors such as profitability, sufficient income and lack of other jobs come to the fore in order to maintain livestock activity. In order to sustain the enterprises, incentives for increasing the income from livestock and reducing the cost are thought to be beneficial.

Helen Oroboghae OGEFERE, Salome O. AGBE, Ephraim Ehidiamen IBADIN

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among Gram negative bacteria isolated from cattle feces in Benin City, Nigeria. A total of 250 Gram negative bacteria isolates were recovered from cattle feces and were processed microbiologically using standard techniques. Emergent colonies were identified and antibacterial susceptibility tests were determined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. All bacterial isolates were screened for the presence of ESBL using the double-disc synergy method. A total of 37 (14.8%) isolates were positive for ESBL, with 33 (13.2%) indicated by ceftazidime, while only 4 (1.6%) were indicated by both ceftazidime and cefotaxime (P < 0.0001). Of the Gram negative bacterial isolates recovered, Salmonella species was the most prevalent ESBL-producer with 55.0% prevalence (P = 0.0092), while no isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced ESBL. ESBL-positive isolates showed poor susceptibility to the tested antibacterial agents in comparison with non-ESBL-producers and imipenem was the most active antibiotic. The prevalence of ESBL among Gram negative bacilli recovered from cattle feces was 14.8%. The study advises prudent use of antibiotics in the treatment of cattle and harps on improved hygiene in managing cattle, as they are potential reservoirs of ESBL-producing organisms.

Christian Quinet, Guy Czaplicki, Elise Dion et al.

Infection due to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is endemic in most cattle-producing countries throughout the world. The key elements of a BVDV control programme are biosecurity, elimination of persistently infected animals and surveillance. Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is a notifiable disease in Belgium and an official eradication programme started from January 2015, based on testing ear notches sampled during the official identification and registration of calves at birth. An antigen-capture ELISA test based on the detection of BVDV Erns protein is used. Ear notch sample may also be used to characterize the genotype of the calf when appropriate elution/dilution buffer is added. Both BVDV antigen-ELISA analysis and animal traceability could be performed.With regards to the reference protocol used in the preparation of ear notch samples, alternative procedures were tested in terms of BVDV analytic sensitivity, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, as well as quality and purity of animal DNA.The Allflex DNA Buffer D showed promising results in BVDV diagnosis and genome analyses, opening new perspectives for the livestock industry by the exploitation of the animal genome. Due to the high number of cattle involved in the Belgian official BVDV eradication programme based on ear notch tags sample, a large database on both BVDV status of newborn calves and cattle genome could be created for subsequent different uses (e.g. traceability, determination of parentage, genetic signatures throughout the genome associated with particular traits) evolving through a more integrated animal health.

D. Monniaux, D. Chupin, J. Saumande

R. Pierson, O. J. Ginther

O. I. Azawi

V. A. Karatunov, P. I. Zelenkov, I. N. Tuzov

This study was aimed at detecting variation in hematologic characteristics in young Holstein cattle during completion of growing and fattening under intensive technology. The tests were held at Arteks-Agro Ltd., Kustchevsky District of Krasnodar Krai using progeny of Holstein breed cattle of Australian selection imported in 2008. The study was held in 2009 - 2011. For the purpose of the test, calves were obtained from Reflection Sovereign line heifers and divided into 4 groups (n=128). Each group consisted of 32 calves: I - control; and II, III, IV - test groups divided into two subgroups of 16 male and 16 female calves each. Hematologic evaluation was taken at 12, 15 and 18 months. Blood samples were taken from jugular vein in the morning, before feeding (n=3 from each subgroup). Metabolism increases with age in both bull-caves and heifers. During completion of growing and fattening in Holstein bull-calves and during growing in heifers hematologic properties were observed influenced by different milk feeding standards at the milk feeding period. Animals in test groups III and IV had better growth rates, and featured higher live weight as compared to groups I and II. Hematological characteristics in those groups were higher accordingly. Therefore, we recommend higher standards of milk feeding with addition of probiotic Cellobacterin in growing both replacement heifers and bull-calves for meat.