يتناول هذا البحث موقف إيران من الاتحاد العربي الهاشمي لعام 1958، وهو الحدث الذي مثل محاولة فريدة في التاريخ العربي المعاصر لتوحيد القوى الملكية بين العراق والأردن في إطار سياسي مشترك، بهدف مواجهة المد القومي العربي بقيادة الجمهورية العربية المتحدة برئاسة جمال عبد الناصر.
تسعى الدراسة إلى تحليل الموقف الإيراني الرسمي وغير الرسمي من هذا الاتحاد، من خلال تتبع ردود الأفعال السياسية والدبلوماسية الإيرانية إزاء هذه الوحدة. وتظهر النتائج أن الموقف الإيراني اتسم بالحذر والترقب، انطلاقاً من إدراك طهران لحساسية موقعها الإقليمي وعلاقاتها المعقدة مع العراق، إذ رأت في أي تغيير في سياسة بغداد الداخلية أو الخارجية احتمالاً لتهديد توازن مصالحها في منطقة الخليج العربي.
وبذلك، فإن الموقف الإيراني من الاتحاد لم يكن رفضاً صريحاً ولا تأييداً واضحاً، بل موقفاً وسطاً متوجساً يعكس طبيعة السياسة الإيرانية آنذاك القائمة على التحفظ والحذر في التعاطي مع التحالفات العربية.
This study, which bridges the disciplines of archaeology and microbiology, examines the ancient bacterial communities and antibiotic-resistance genes in soil samples collected from İnönü Cave in Zonguldak, Turkiye. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of historical human activities and their influence on microbial communities. Soil samples were gathered from four distinct cultural levels from the Chalcolithic Age to the Early Iron Age. The microbial communities were characterized, and antibiotic-resistance genes were identified using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and metagenomic studies. This interdisciplinary approach not only enriches our understanding of ancient microbial communities but also opens up new avenues for research and collaboration. The results of our study showed a wide range of microorganisms, including prominent bacterial groups such as Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Myxococcota, and Proteobacteria. The study identified the presence of the tetracycline resistance gene tetA in Chalcolithic samples, the class 1 integron intl1 in Early Bronze Age samples, and the oxacillinase gene OXA58 in Late Bronze Age samples. These findings underscore the long-term impact of human activities on microbial communities, as antibiotic-resistance genes have been present and have remained over various historical periods, perhaps influenced by both human activities and environmental variables. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the resilience and adaptability of microbial communities in the face of human-induced changes. The coexistence of these resistance genes and alterations in the microbial population suggest substantial connections between human activities and soil microbiota. This study, which draws on the fields of archaeology, microbiology, and environmental science, offers valuable insights into the ancient microbial ecology and underscores the enduring presence of antibiotic resistance. It emphasizes the necessity of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach, spanning multiple fields, to comprehend microbial communities' evolution and resistance mechanisms in archaeological settings.
The paper considers the technology of computer reconstruction of a lost unique historical architectural defensive complex, implemented using various sources in their content reflecting only fragmentary background information on the problem under study. In this case, the authors verified the excavations contained in the schemes of topographic plans of archaeological expeditions of different periods, which are presented in detail on the created synthetic topographic plan. I.e. the architectural objects discovered during various expeditions were systematically arranged in accordance with the reference to modern topographic data. Such detailed excavation of various fortress buildings, as well as a detailed study of their architectural analogues, allow us to identify linear parameters objectively necessary for their three-dimensional computer modeling. In other words, the authors have taken an integrated approach in reproducing the unique appearance of the fortification, which maximally corresponds to the basic concept of construction and the requirements for military fortifications of the period under study. The uniqueness of this work lies in the fact that the use of modern information technologies acts as a tool, which allow not only to restore the lost appearance of the first military-administrative center of the Amur region, but also to promote promising research on the history of the development of the Russian Far East.
Archaeology, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
ABSTRACT Declassified CORONA satellite imagery, collected from 1960–1972 as part of the world’s first intelligence satellite program, provides nearly global, high-resolution, stereo imagery that predates many of the land-use changes seen in recent decades, and thus has proven to be an immensely valuable resource for archaeological research. While challenges involved in spatially correcting these unusual panoramic film images has long served as a stumbling block to researchers, an online tool called “Sunspot” now offers a straightforward process for efficient and accurate orthorectification of CORONA, helping to unlock the potential of this historical imagery for global-scale archaeological prospection. With these new opportunities come significant new challenges in how best to search through large imagery datasets like that offered by CORONA. In contrast to currently popular trends in archaeological remote sensing that seek to employ either automated, machine learning-based approaches, or alternatively, crowd-sourced approaches to assist in the identification of ancient sites and features, this paper argues for systematic, intensive, and expert-led “brute force” methods. Results from a project that has sought to map all sites and related features across a large study in the northern Fertile Crescent illustrate how an expert-led analysis may be the best means of generating nuanced, contextual understandings of complex archaeological landscapes.
ABSTRACT Archaeological data is always incomplete, frequently unreliable, often replete with unknown unknowns, but we nevertheless make the best of what we have and use it to build our theories and extrapolations about past events. Is there any reason to think that digital data alter this already complicated relationship with archaeological data? How does the shift to an infinitely more flexible, fluid digital medium change the character of our data and our use of it? The introduction of Big Data is frequently said to herald a new epistemological paradigm, but what are the implications of this for archaeology? As we are increasingly subject to algorithmic agency, how can we best manage this new data regime? This paper seeks to unpick the nature of digital data and its use within a Big Data environment as a prerequisite to rational and appropriate digital data analysis in archaeology, and proposes a means towards developing a more reflexive, contextual approach to Big Data.
ABSTRACT Archaeological spatial databases have the potential to enable deep insights into human history. These compilations of data are at the interface of data management and data visualization. Yet issues of data governance such as the nature, management, quality, ownership, security, and accessibility of archaeological spatial databases are under examined in archaeology, a situation that can affect data intensive methods and “big” data approaches. Data governance including laws and policies associated with data have bearing on archaeological practices which, in turn, can impact map visualizations and subsequent decision-making. With the growth of the geospatial web and Web 2.0 technologies, there are increasing opportunities for archaeologists and the general public to collect and engage with digital archaeological data. In Canada, greater numbers of specialists from different sectors (research and education, government, private companies) now accumulate, store, and process digital archaeological data. We draw from the OCAP® (ownership, control, access, possession) principles to shed light on data governance in archaeology, with a focus on archaeological spatial databases in Canadian archaeology. In this context, we draw attention to the rights of Indigenous peoples, the legal and policy issues associated with archaeological spatial databases, and a need for greater engagement with Indigenous data governance principles.
Il saggio propone una rilettura della storia politica dell’Aquila da metà Trecento a fine Quattrocento, per attribuire il giusto peso a tre attori politici: signori, sovrani, mercanti. Attraverso l’analisi di forme e procedure istituzionali, gruppi e articolazioni sociali e fazioni si rimarca la centralità dei mercanti nel delineare gli assetti politici e la rappresentanza, si illustrano le con- vergenze e le divergenze fra partes e gruppo dirigente, e la sinergia fra quest’ultimo e i signori cittadini. Tale sinergia fu essenziale per il controllo del contado – di cui si esamina il ruolo politico – e per la negoziazione con la monarchia, che permette di considerare quest’ultima come una risorsa per gli aquilani. In conclusione, si riprendono gli aspetti trattati per mettere in luce alcuni elementi della cultura politica aquilana.
Empirical studies increasingly testify to the capacity for archaeological and cultural heritage sites to engender wonder, transformation, attachment, and community bonding amongst diverse individuals. Following political theorist Jane Bennett, these sites have the power to ‘enchant’ and, in so doing, they are seedbeds of human generosity, ethical mindfulness, and care for the world at large. However, the means by which such enchantment is created, and the extent to which these intimate encounters with the prehistoric or historic record can be deliberately crafted, are little understood. Worsening the predicament, professional practices commonly thwart the potential for archaeology to provoke ethical action amongst humans. Here, I propose a multi-stranded conceptual model for generating enchantment with the archaeological record across both professional audiences and broader publics. With reference to the European Commission-funded EMOTIVE Project, I articulate one particular strand of this model: facilitated dialogue. Alongside exploring the role of digital culture in its advancement, I argue that an enchantment-led approach is imperative for achieving a truly socially-beneficial archaeological discipline. Les études empiriques révèlent de plus en plus que les sites archéologiques et ceux appartenant au patrimoine culturel sont capables d'engendrer un sens de l’émerveillement, de transformation, d'attachement et de créer des liens entre des communautés comprenant des individus les plus divers. Selon les théories politiques de Jane Bennett, ces sites ont le pouvoir « d'enchanter » et, ce faisant, permettent de promouvoir la générosité, une prise de conscience éthique et un égard accru envers le monde en général. Mais on comprend encore mal comment ce sens de l'enchantement est créé et combien ces rencontres intimes avec le passé préhistorique ou historique peuvent être délibérément réalisées. Les difficultés sont accrues du fait que les professionnels de l'archéologie obstruent souvent le potentiel de l'archéologie en termes d'action éthique. Dans cet article, je propose un modèle comprenant plusieurs éléments conceptuels permettant de produire un sens de l'enchantement par rapport aux témoignages de l'archéologie et destiné autant à une audience de professionnels qu’à un public plus large. Dans le cadre du projet EMOTIVE financé par la Commission européenne, je présente une facette de ce modèle : le dialogue facilité. En dehors d'un examen du rôle de la culture numérique et de son évolution, je soutiens qu'une approche centrée sur l'enchantement est essentielle en archéologie, si l'on veut que cette discipline soit vraiment bénéfique sur le plan social. Translation by Madeleine Hummler Empirische Studien zeigen zunehmend, dass archäologische Fundplätze und Stätten des Kulturerbes in der Lage sind, uns zu bezaubern, uns zu verändern und ein Gemeinschaftsgefühl zwischen ganz verschiedenen Menschen zu schaffen. Laut der politischen Theorien von Jane Bennett sind diese Stätten fähig, uns zu ‚bezaubern‘ und damit können sie Großzügigkeit, eine ethische Achtsamkeit und eine Sorge für die gesamte Welt fördern. Wie man solch eine Bezauberung erzeugt, und in welchem Ausmaß solche persönlichen Begegnungen mit der urgeschichtlichen oder historischen Vergangenheit verbreitet sind, ist aber kaum bekannt. Die Situation ist dadurch noch verschlechtert, dass die Praxis das Potenzial der Archäologie, ethische Maßnahmen zu fördern, häufig verhindert. In diesem Artikel schlage ich ein vielseitiges Begriffsmodell vor, dass ein Entzücken mit den archäologischen Befunden generiert, sowohl unter Fachleuten und der breiteren Öffentlichkeit. Im Rahmen des von der Europäischen Kommission finanzierten EMOTIVE Projektes verdeutliche ich hier ein Aspekt dieses Modells: der unterstützte Dialog. Neben einer Untersuchung der Rolle der digitalen Kultur und deren Entwicklung wird hier den Standpunkt vertreten, dass wir einen auf Verzauberung orientierten Ansatz folgen müssen und so eine wirklich sozial tragfähige archäologische Disziplin erschaffen. Translation by Madeleine Hummler
Paula Uribe Agudo, Jorge Angás Pajas, F. Pérez-Cabello
et al.
This paper presents experimentation carried out at the Roman Republican city of La Caridad (Teruel, Spain), where different tools have been applied to obtain multispectral and thermal aerial images to enhance detection of archaeological cropmarks. Two different drone systems were used: a Mikrokopter designed by Tecnitop SA (Zaragoza, Spain) and an eBee produced by SenseFly Company (Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne, Switzerland). Thus, in this study, we have combined in-house manufacturing with commercial products. Six drone sensors were tested and compared in terms of their ability to identify buried remains in archaeological settlements by means of visual recognition. The sensors have different spectral ranges and spatial resolutions. This paper compares the images captured with different spectral range sensors to test the potential of this technology for archaeological benefits. The method used for the comparison of the tools has been based on direct visual inspection, as in traditional aerial archaeology. Through interpretation of the resulting data, our aim has been to determine which drones and sensors obtained the best results in the visualization of archaeological cropmarks. The experiment in La Caridad therefore demonstrates the benefit of using drones with different sensors to monitor archaeological cropmarks for a more cost-effective assessment, best spatial resolution and digital recording of buried archaeological remains.
Las preguntas sobre el origen de Teotihuacan siguen siendo todavía cuestiones por resolver. Teotihuacan es la principal cultura que se desarrolla durante el periodo clásico en el Altiplano mexicano y su influencia abarcará toda Mesoamérica. Las cuestiones sobre su origen son básicas para comprender su desarrollo posterior pero resultan muy difíciles de conocer por la falta de registros arqueológicos de las fases tempranas. Afortunadamente, algunas ideas pueden ser esbozadas desde las investigaciones arqueológicas realizadas en el yacimiento de Tetimpa en Puebla. En este artículo queremos aportar algunos datos que complementan las investigaciones realizadas por las Dras. Plunket y Uruñuela. Para ello sugerimos que grupos étnicos del área poblano Tlaxcalteca tuvieron un papel determinante en el origen de la ciudad clásica.
ABSTRACT
Questions about the origin of Teotihuacan are still unresolved issues. Teotihuacan is the main culture during the classical period in the Mexican Plateau and its influence cover all Mesoamerica. The questions about their origin are basic to understanding their subsequent development but are very difficult to know by the lack of archaeological records of early phases. Fortunately, some ideas can be outlined from the archaeological research conducted at the site of Tetimpa in Puebla. In this article we provide some data that complement the research conducted by Drs. Plunket and Uruñuela. We suggest that ethnic groups in the area poblano tlaxcaltecas had a determining role in the origin of the classical city.
KEY WORDS: Teotihuacan; Tetimpa; Lajas Altares
Des sites occupés par des militaires romains durant la seconde moitié du premier siècle avant J.-C. ont été mis en évidence entre 2300 et 3100 m d’altitude dans les Alpes poenines. Après une introduction au programme de recherche sur ces positions, un catalogue présente les résultats des investigations sur les sites valaisans. La confrontation de ces découvertes aux sources historiques et plus particulièrement aux événements ayant amené à l’établissement de l’hégémonie romaine sur cette région, ainsi que le rappel des réserves méthodologiques inhérentes à cet exercice font office de conclusion. L’ensemble amène un nouvel éclairage sur la période tardo- républicaine dans cette partie des Alpes et présente un état des lieux de cette recherche toujours en cours.