With the purpose of identifying cyber threats and possible incidents, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are widely deployed in various computer networks. In order to enhance the detection capability of a single IDS, collaborative intrusion detection networks (or collaborative IDSs) have been developed, which allow IDS nodes to exchange data with each other. However, data and trust management still remain two challenges for current detection architectures, which may degrade the effectiveness of such detection systems. In recent years, blockchain technology has shown its adaptability in many fields, such as supply chain management, international payment, interbanking, and so on. As blockchain can protect the integrity of data storage and ensure process transparency, it has a potential to be applied to intrusion detection domain. Motivated by this, this paper provides a review regarding the intersection of IDSs and blockchains. In particular, we introduce the background of intrusion detection and blockchain, discuss the applicability of blockchain to intrusion detection, and identify open challenges in this direction.
Abstract The vast transactional, trust and security advantages of Bitcoin are dwarfed by the intentionally resource-intensive design in its transaction verification process which now threatens the climate we depend upon for survival. Indeed Bitcoin mining and transactions are an application of Blockchain technology employing an inefficient use of scarce energy resources for a financial activity at a point in human development where world governments are scrambling to reduce energy consumption through their Paris Agreement climate change commitments and beyond to mitigate future climate change implications. Without encouraging more sustainable development of the potential applications of Blockchain technologies which can have significant social and economic benefits, their resource-intensive design combined now pose a serious threat to the global commitment to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The article examines government intervention choices to desocialise negative environmental externalities caused by high-energy consuming Blockchain technology designs. The research question explores how to promote the environmentally sustainable development of applications of Blockchain without damaging this valuable sector. It studies existing regulatory and fiscal policy approaches towards digital currencies in order to provide a basis for further legal and policy tools targeted at mitigating energy consumption of Blockchain technologies. The article concludes by identifying appropriate fiscal policy options for this purpose, as well as further considerations on the potential for Blockchain technology in climate change mitigation.
Over the past few years, Bitcoin has emerged as the first decentralized, global currency. The rise of Bitcoin has brought attention not only to digital currencies but also to the underlying technology empowering digital currencies: blockchain technology. A blockchain is a distributed ledger that records and secures transactions in a peer-to-peer network. Besides empowering digital currencies, blockchain technology has given innovators the capability of creating digital tokens to represent scarce assets, potentially reshaping the landscape of entrepreneurship and innovation. Blockchain tokens may democratize (1) entrepreneurship by giving entrepreneurs new ways to raise funds and engage stakeholders, and (2) innovation by giving innovators a new way to develop, deploy, and diffuse decentralized applications. Blockchain technology and tokens have sparked a new wave of innovation, which may start to revolutionize entrepreneurship and innovation.
Counterfeiting is a severe problem in many sectors. There are two types of counterfeits: non‐deceptive and deceptive. While both types are important business challenge, deceptive counterfeit has an additional negative impact—customers have a post‐purchase regret if they expect to purchase a real product but ended up with a fake. The focus of this study is on the setting that relates to deceptive counterfeits. Our paper is one of the first that examines the effectiveness of blockchain as a solution to a supply chain challenge. Specifically, the unique feature of blockchain that we model, which none of the traditional strategies studied in the literature is capable of, is that blockchain adoption changes the analysis from a deceptive counterfeit setting to a non‐deceptive counterfeit setting. We also consider government being a decision maker and customers' privacy concern from blockchain adoption, two features that are not examined in the existing literature. We consider a market with a manufacturer and a deceptive counterfeiter. The manufacturer can signal product authenticity either with blockchain technology or through pricing. The government can provide subsidy to encourage blockchain adoption. Blockchain should be used when the counterfeit quality is intermediate or when customers have intermediate distrust about products in the market. If government provides subsidy, blockchain can be more effective than differential pricing strategy in eliminating post‐purchase regret. Our results advocate for government providing subsidy because it benefits both customers and the society and could be a better approach than government enforcement efforts.
As an emerging decentralized architecture and distributed computing paradigm underlying Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, blockchain has attracted intensive attention in both research and applications in recent years. The key advantage of this technology lies in the fact that it enables the establishment of secured, trusted, and decentralized autonomous ecosystems for various scenarios, especially for better usage of the legacy devices, infrastructure, and resources. In this paper, we presented a systematic investigation of blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Related fundamental rationales, technical advantages, existing and potential ecosystems of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are discussed, and a six-layer reference model of the blockchain framework is proposed with detailed description for each of its six layers. Potential applications of blockchain and cryptocurrencies are also addressed. Our aim here is to provide guidance and reference for future research along this promising and important direction.
Martina Liboni, Francesca Mucchetti, Pier Paolo Peruccio
The digital transformation is reshaping the role of corporate archives, expanding the possibilities for preserving, managing, and enhancing companies’ historical heritage.
This study stems from the following research question: how are emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain altering the practices, meanings, and potential of corporate digital archives for design and communication?
Through an interdisciplinary analysis and three significant case studies (Fondazione Fiera Milano, Museimpresa/Google Arts & Culture, and the Riva Historical Archive), the paper examines how AI and blockchain introduce new tools for automatic indexing, multimodal search, metadata generation, document certification, and authenticity safeguarding. The findings show that digitalization not only improves the efficiency of archival processes but also expands the ways materials can be accessed and interpreted, transforming archives into true laboratories of innovation for design, brand storytelling, and heritage communication strategies. The contribution of this research lies in proposing a theoretical-applied framework that demonstrates how the integration of digital archives, AI, and blockchain opens new perspectives for the study of design culture, for the enhancement of Made in Italy excellence, and for the development of more transparent, accessible, and future-oriented archival ecosystems.
The transformation of payment and settlement relations between Russia and China has been studied in the context of sanctions pressure and the desire to reduce dependence on the US dollar. The main focus is on the key challenges analysis: national currency exchange rates volatility, low liquidity of the yuan, and technological vulnerability due to the use of Western payment systems. The prospects of creating a new reserve currency within the framework of the BRICS as a tool for diversifying the global financial architecture have been considered. The methodology includes structural modeling, meta-analysis of academic research, regression analysis of International Monetary Fund data, and predictive modeling. A three-stage model for implementing a new reserve currency has been proposed, from developing a bilateral unit of account (yuan–ruble) to integrating digital currencies (e-CNY, digital ruble) on a blockchain platform. Special emphasis has been placed on technological solutions such as atomic swaps and quantum-resistant cryptography to reduce transaction costs and counter sanctions. Risks have been identified, including macroeconomic imbalances due to China’s dominance in the currency basket and the threat of cyber-attacks. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the synthesis of the currency choice theory, empirical data on Russian-Chinese trade, and long-term forecasts that form the basis for the transition to a polycentric financial system. The practical recommendations are aimed at harmonizing the regulatory framework, expanding the liquidity of the yuan and coordinating the actions of the BRICS countries. The study results demonstrate the new reserve currency potential to strengthen economic sovereignty and reduce geopolitical risks. The study may be useful for regulators, financial institutions, and businesses involved in projects on de-dollarization and cross-border settlement systems development in the context of geopolitical turbulence.
Introduction Blockchain and AI (Artificial Intelligence) are shaping a new medical ecosystem as two key technologies for the digital transformation of healthcare. Methods This paper provides systematic review and theoretical framework for understanding the evolutionary logic, key themes and future trends of blockchain‐artificial intelligence integration. Results and Discussion This study discusses the digital health transformation path of blockchain and AI in the healthcare field from dimensions such as theme clustering, trend evolution, technical background, application, and future challenges. Blockchain has advantages in building a trusted data infrastructure. Artificial intelligence has a natural talent for enhancing the efficiency of clinical decision‐making and operations. The deep integration between the two is driving the transformation of healthcare from single‐point digitalization to system intelligence. Despite challenges such as regulatory systems, cross‐institutional collaboration, talent structure, and medical ethics, reliable intelligent healthcare systems have become the development direction of future healthcare models.
Abstract Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPSs) are complex manufacturing systems which aim to integrate and synchronize machine world and manufacturing facility to the cyber computational space. However, having intensive interconnectivity and a computational platform is crucial for real-world implementation of CPPSs. In this paper, the potential impacts of blockchain technology in development and realization of real-world CPPSs are discussed. A unified three-level blockchain architecture is proposed as a guideline for researchers and industries to clearly identify the potentials of blockchain and adapt, develop, and incorporate this technology with their manufacturing developments towards Industry 4.0.
With the integration of Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things, the smart grid is being projected as a solution for the challenges regarding electricity supply in the future. However, security and privacy issues in the consumption and trading of electricity data pose serious challenges in the adoption of the smart grid. To address these challenges, blockchain technology is being researched for applicability in the smart grid. In this paper, important application areas of blockchain in the smart grid are discussed. One use case of each area is discussed in detail, suggesting a suitable blockchain architecture, a sample block structure and the potential blockchain technicalities employed in it. The blockchain can be used for peer-to-peer energy trading, where a credit-based payment scheme can enhance the energy trading process. Efficient data aggregation schemes based on the blockchain technology can be used to overcome the challenges related to privacy and security in the grid. Energy distribution systems can also use blockchain to remotely control energy flow to a particular area by monitoring the usage statistics of that area. Further, blockchain-based frameworks can also help in the diagnosis and maintenance of smart grid equipment. We also discuss several commercial implementations of blockchain in the smart grid. Finally, various challenges to be addressed for integrating these two technologies are discussed.
Purpose Technological developments such as blockchain seem to be the next step in a digital era and might reshape the way we do business. They are expected to have an impact on both business and society in the next few decades. This paper aims to provide general insights into blockchain technology and the extent to which it might transform the accounting system. Design/methodology/approach Analysing the previous literature, the paper provides a general overview of this phenomenon, identifying pending technical as well as non-technical issues that will have to be addressed for the full potential of blockchain technology to be embraced. The paper also proposes ways in which the information quality dimension might be improved. Findings The paper identifies the pending challenges for blockchain, such as scalability, flexibility, a suitable architecture and cybersecurity. Additionally, to integrate blockchain technology fully into a real accounting ecosystem, a consensus between regulators, auditors and other parties is needed. Originality/value A general overview of this new phenomenon, as well as a summary of how the quality of accounting information might be improved, is provided. Given that it features elements such as decentralization and transparency, blockchain certainly has the potential to improve information and accounting quality.
ABSTRACT Although blockchain has attracted a great deal of attention from academia and industry there is a lack of studies on acceptance drivers. This study explores blockchain acceptance by mining the collective intelligence of users on Twitter. It maps blockchain user acceptance drivers to technology acceptance constructs. The analysis shows that users are attracted by security, privacy, transparency, trust and traceability aspects provided by blockchain. On Twitter more discussions on blockchain benefits than on drawbacks. Initial coin offering (ICO) is extensively discussed. The study provides guidelines for managers and concludes by presenting the limitations of the study along with future research directions.
As an innovated and revolutionized technology, blockchain has been applied in many fields, such as cryptocurrency, food traceability, identity management, or even market prediction. To discover its great potential, both industry and academia have paid great attention to it and numerous researches have been conducted. Based on the literature and industry whitepapers, in this survey, we unroll and structure the blockchain related discoveries and scientific results in many aspects. Particularly, we classify blockchain technologies into four layers and carry out a comprehensive study on the consensus strategies, the network, and the applications of blockchain. Different blockchain applications are put into the corresponding categories based on the fields, especially in Internet of Things (IoT). When introducing each layer, we not only organize and summarize the related works, but also discuss the fundamental issues and future research directions. We hope this survey could shed some light on the research of blockchain and serve as a guide for further studies.
ABSTRACT Blockchain is one of the latest network-based technologies, which will have significant impact on most industries including tourism. Even though blockchain technology is at the infancy stage of development, tools such as cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, and Decentralised Applications have begun to influence tourism transactions. This paper makes an attempt to highlight the key characteristics of blockchain technology in conjunction with the smart city/tourism framework while making propositions of how the technology would evolve and influence the industry. Major issues related to the technology as well as challenges are also discussed, including some misconceptions.
The rapid advancement of Blockchain technology has significantly benefited banks with more efficiency, highly secured activities, compliance, fraud prevention, and risk control. All previous studies focused on stakeholders’ perceptions and ignored measuring the value of blockchain adoption. This study addresses this gap by quantifying and rating blockchain’s impact on reducing banking transaction costs. The data has been collected from 17 of 20 United Arab Emirates national banks over 2017–2023 and analyzed using the random forest method to assess the association between blockchain adoption and four transaction cost elements. The random forest technique accurately quantifies and classifies blockchain’s role in cost reduction. The findings indicate that blockchain adoption significantly reduces processing, transfer, and fraud costs. This study has a visible practical and theoretical contribution as it shifts focus to quantifying blockchain’s impact, providing useful insights for managers, and suggesting future research across different sectors and countries.
Introduction Applications of Blockchain technology (BT) offer transformative innovations in organizations. Because of its effectiveness as an intermediary-free platform, researchers consider this technological platform to adopt disruptive developments. In banking sector, BT has been adopted massively for significant disruptions, but their landscape of studies to develop general understanding are still at its emergent stage, therefore it is imperative to define existing landscape of BT for greater benefits in the research community. This paper examines existing studies of BT adoption in banking sector, with a special focus to reveal on how BT architectures can bring disruptions. Methods The analysis has scrutizised 214 relevant articles from peer-reviewed journals across four vital databases (coverage from 2021 to 15 July 2025), through an intelligent review that represents a combined iterative approach adopting both methods of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modelling and content analysis. Results From an information systems viewpoint, the study divided the findings into three phases: pre-adoption, adoption, and post-adoption, highlighting blockchain’s dimensions, applications in banking, the current banking landscape, and the challenges that inhibit widespread adoption of BT in banking systems. Discussion/Conclusion The synthesized findings indicate interesting directions for future research.
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) integrates a wide range of devices and identities, making the protection of sensitive industrial data a critical challenge. However, existing centralized systems still face limitations such as single points of failure, inefficient identity authentication, and dependence on trusted third parties (TTPs). To address these issues, we present a blockchain-based authentication and data access control scheme for IIoT systems. The proposed scheme eliminates TTP involvement by employing decentralized identifiers (DIDs) and key-aggregate searchable encryption (KASE), utilizing scalable authentication without requiring all industrial data to be stored on the blockchain. Security robustness is demonstrated through informal analysis, the Real-or-Random (ROR) model, and the AVISPA simulation tool (v1.6). Furthermore, performance evaluation using the Multiprecision Integer and Rational Arithmetic Cryptographic Library (MIRACL) SDK shows that the proposed scheme achieves computational efficiency compared with existing solutions. Overall, the results confirm that the proposed scheme provides secure, efficient, scalable, and TTP-free data management for IIoT environments.
Urban Air Mobility (UAM) requires reliable communication and surveillance infrastructures to ensure safe Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operations in dense metropolitan environments. However, urban infrastructure is inherently heterogeneous, leading to significant spatial variations in monitoring performance. This study proposes a unified framework that integrates infrastructure readiness assessment with Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based UAV path planning. Using Singapore as a representative case, we employ a data-driven methodology combining clustering analysis and in situ measurements to estimate the citywide distribution of surveillance quality. We then introduce an infrastructure-aware path planning algorithm based on a Double Deep Q-Network (DQN) with a convolutional architecture, which enables UAVs to learn efficient trajectories while avoiding surveillance blind zones. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly improves path success rates, reduces traversal through poorly monitored regions, and maintains high navigation efficiency. These results highlight the potential of combining infrastructure modeling with DRL to support performance-aware airspace operations and inform future UAM governance systems.