Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

Muhammad Shafique, R. Kim, M. Rafiq

Research on the green roof has been raised expeditiously over the past decade. Green roof have been proposed as the sustainable practice to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization. This review paper includes the history of the green roof, green roof components and multiple benefits (environmental, social and economical) associated with the green roof technology. This paper also emphasizes how the green roof works in different areas, their performance in reducing the stormwater and energy costs, improving air and ecological performance. The benefits of green roof show that it plays an important role in making cities safe, sustainable and resilient to climate change. Therefore, many countries are giving incentives to the house owners for the application of green roof. However, initial high construction costs, high maintenance costs and roof leakage problems are the main challenges associated with the application of green roofs. These challenges can be overcome with the of new cost effective green roof design that can work more effectively and efficiently in any area. Advanced modification and trends of green roof application are also included in this paper. The paper also highlights the research challenges and research gap of the green roof. At the end, for the better performance of the green roofs, some of the recommendations are also provided.

D. Tran, F. Pla, Pedro Latorre-Carmona et al.

Thomas Elmqvist, Pippin Anderson, Erik Andersson et al.

Our Editorial team reflects on the journals’ first five years and discusses our continued aspiration to be an outlet for thought provoking and effective syntheses of essential advances in urban sustainability science and policy.

Darko Pajkovski, Marija Apostoloska Kondoska, Hristina Dimova Popovska

A smart city is a framework that uses information and communication technologies to improve public safety, quality of life, transportation and energy efficiency. A big share of these technologies has intelligent networks consisting of connected objects and devices that transmit data using wireless technology and cloud-based solutions. These technologies and their applications can receive, analyze and manage data in real-time to help citizens and municipalities make better decisions to improve quality of life. Also, pairing devices and data with already existing physical infrastructure can cut costs and significantly improve sustainability. The main focus of this work is managing traffic flows in urban transport networks regarding minimizing traffic congestion and improving air quality. The main goal of the proposed models is to provide a good starting point for the future development of smart city models and their implementation in urban areas that show significant congestion and air quality problems.

Franz Okyere, Meng Lu, Ansgar Brunn

While informal settlements lack focused development and are highly dynamic, the quality of spatial data for these places may be uncertain. This study evaluates the quality and biases of AI-generated Open Building Datasets (OBDs) generated by Google and Microsoft against OpenStreetMap (OSM) data, across diverse global cities including Accra, Nairobi, Caracas, Berlin, and Houston. The Intersection over Union (IoU), overlap analysis and a positional accuracy algorithm are used to analyse the similarity and alignment of the datasets. The paper also analyses the size distribution of the building polygon area, and completeness using predefined but regular spatial units. The results indicate significant variance in data quality, with Houston and Berlin demonstrating high alignment and completeness, reflecting their structured urban environments. There are gaps in the datasets analysed, and cities like Accra and Caracas may be under-represented. This could highlight difficulties in capturing complex or informal regions. The study also notes different building size distributions, which may be indicative of the global socio-economic divide. These findings may emphasise the need to consider the quality of global building datasets to avoid misrepresentation, which is an important element of planning and resource distribution.

R. L. Fagundes, G. G. Piva, A. S. Mata et al.

Urban scaling laws reveal how cities evolve as their populations grow, yet the role of street network accessibility in this process remains underexplored. We analyze over 5,000 Brazilian cities to establish a scaling law linking average closeness centrality $\langle c_C\rangle$ -- a measure of structural accessibility in street networks-to population size N . Our results demonstrate that $\langle c_C\rangle$ decays sublinearly as $N^{-σ}$ ($σ\approx 0.38$), indicating that larger cities redistribute accessibility from cores to peripheries while maintaining navigability through hierarchical shortcuts. This scaling arises from the fractal interplay between infrastructure and population, characterized by a network dimension $d \approx 2.17$, which exceeds that of a 2D grid. The slower decline in closeness centrality ($σ< 0.5$) reflects a trade-off: urban expansion reduces proximity but enhances connectivity through optimized path diversity, fostering economic dynamism. By integrating the Molinero & Thurner model with network centrality metrics, we provide a framework to reconcile infrastructure efficiency with equitable accessibility in growing cities.

Amit Pariyar, Yohei Murakami, Donghui Lin et al.

Multiple official languages within a country along with languages common with other countries demand content consistency in both shared and unshared languages during information sharing. However, inconsistency due to conflict in content shared and content updates not propagated in languages between countries poses a problem. Towards addressing inconsistency, this research qualitatively studied traits for information sharing among countries inside global brands as depicted by content shared in their country-specific websites. First, inconsistency in content shared is illustrated among websites highlighting the problem in information sharing among countries. Second, content propagation among countries that vary in scales and coupling for specific content categories are revealed. Scales suggested that corporate and customer support related information tend to be shared globally and locally respectively while product related information is both locally and regionally suitable for sharing. Higher occurrences of propagation when sharing corporate related information also showed tendency for high coupling between websites suggesting the suitability for rigid consistency policy compared to other categories. This study also proposed a simplistic approach with pattern of sharing to enable consistent information sharing.

Weichen Shi

As modern cities increasingly adopt a variety of sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to collect and analyze data about residents, environments, and public services, they are fostering greater interactions among smart city applications, residents, governments, and businesses. This trend makes it essential for regulators to focus on these interactions to manage smart city practices effectively and prevent unethical outcomes. To facilitate ethical analysis for smart city applications, this paper introduces a judgment framework that examines various scenarios where ethical issues may arise. Employing a multi-agent approach, the framework incorporates diverse social entities and applies logic-based ethical rules to identify potential violations. Through a rights-based analysis, we developed a set of 13 ethical principles and rules to guide ethical practices in smart cities. We utilized two specification languages, Prototype Verification System (PVS) and Alloy, to model our multi-agent system. Our analysis suggests that Alloy may be more efficient for formalizing smart cities and conducting ethical rule checks, particularly with the assistance of a human evaluator. Simulations of a real-world smart city application demonstrate that our ethical judgment framework effectively detects unethical outcomes and can be extended for practical use.

David Carraminana, Ana M. Bernardos, Juan A. Besada et al.

Providing a comprehensive view of the city operation and offering useful metrics for decision making is a well known challenge for urban risk analysis systems. Existing systems are, in many cases, generalizations of previous domain specific tools and or methodologies that may not cover all urban interdependencies and makes it difficult to have homogeneous indicators. In order to overcome this limitation while seeking for effective support to decision makers, this article introduces a novel hybrid simulation framework for risk mitigation. The framework is built on a proposed city concept that considers urban space as a Complex Adaptive System composed by interconnected Critical Infrastructures. In this concept, a Social System, which models daily patterns and social interactions of the citizens in the Urban Landscape, drives the CIs demand to configure the full city picture. The frameworks hybrid design integrates agent based and network based modeling by breaking down city agents into system dependent subagents, to enable both inter and intra system interaction simulation, respectively. A layered structure of indicators at different aggregation levels is also developed, to ensure that decisions are not only data driven but also explainable. Therefore, the proposed simulation framework can serve as a DSS tool that allows the quantitative analysis of the impact of threats at different levels. First, system level metrics can be used to get a broad view on the city resilience. Then, agent level metrics back those figures and provide better explainability. On implementation, the proposed framework enables component reusability (for eased coding), simulation federation (enabling the integration of existing system oriented simulators), discrete simulation in accelerated time (for rapid scenario simulation) and decision oriented visualization (for informed outputs).

Fuqiang Zhao, Yijing Guo, Siyuan Yang et al.

High-quality 3D urban reconstruction is essential for applications in urban planning, navigation, and AR/VR. However, capturing detailed ground-level data across cities is both labor-intensive and raises significant privacy concerns related to sensitive information, such as vehicle plates, faces, and other personal identifiers. To address these challenges, we propose AerialGo, a novel framework that generates realistic walking-through city views from aerial images, leveraging multi-view diffusion models to achieve scalable, photorealistic urban reconstructions without direct ground-level data collection. By conditioning ground-view synthesis on accessible aerial data, AerialGo bypasses the privacy risks inherent in ground-level imagery. To support the model training, we introduce AerialGo dataset, a large-scale dataset containing diverse aerial and ground-view images, paired with camera and depth information, designed to support generative urban reconstruction. Experiments show that AerialGo significantly enhances ground-level realism and structural coherence, providing a privacy-conscious, scalable solution for city-scale 3D modeling.

Natalia Czytajlo, Maria Paula Llomparte Frenzel

El objetivo del artículo es aportar al debate sobre prácticas docentes en arquitectura y urbanismo desde una perspectiva decolonial y ecofeminista. Se reflexiona sobre una experiencia universitaria de laboratorios urbanos concebidos como espacios de ensayo teórico-pedagógicos centrados en los enfoques de género y paisaje en la enseñanza de las disciplinas proyectuales. Metodológicamente, se contribuye con mecanismos de investigación/acción desde la imbricación de las actividades de docencia y extensión, con dispositivos colaborativos y en red para identificar percepciones sociales y prácticas cotidianas de la ciudadanía. Se aporta una estrategia pedagógica que busca introducir alternativas en el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje en la carrera de Arquitectura, con estructuras formativas ancladas en la disociación de la práctica propia del espacio de taller y la teoría impartida con miradas enciclopédicas en asignaturas regulares. Desde los laboratorios, se promueve una postura crítica que interpela la concepción, la planificación y el diseño del espacio urbano influenciados por antecedentes androcentristas y prácticas dominantes sectoriales. Se plantea un abordaje multidimensional e interescalar desde una perspectiva situada que considera la diversidad de sujetos que habitan las ciudades, así como sus modos de vida y sus aspiraciones.

Moisés Obaco, Juan Pablo Díaz-Sánchez, Cintya Lanchimba

Slums are a global concern due to their impact on urban health and urban planning. Although Latin America and the Caribbean is one of the most urbanized developing regions, slums are still a significant concern. However, most studies have concentrated on a single city, using a sample of Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries or treating the region as one unit to analyze income inequality and urban primacy. Here, we present an analysis of the relationship between slums and urban primacy for LAC countries for the 1990–2020 period, controlling for GDP per capita and public spending on housing. In addition, we model the relationship between slums and demographic variables such as the fertility rate, migration rate, and urbanization. e analysis is based on panel data from the World Bank and e Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). During the period of study, a clear positive relationship is evident between urban primacy in the largest city and the slum rate in each LAC country. However, a high level of heterogeneity is observed in this relationship and our model explains the variation in the slum rate within countries better than the variation between countries.

Diana Reckien, Johannes Flacke, Richard Dawson et al.

Srija Chakraborty, Eleanor C. Stokes

Remotely sensed nighttime lights (NTL) uniquely capture urban change processes that are important to human and ecological well-being, such as urbanization, socio-political conflicts and displacement, impacts from disasters, holidays, and changes in daily human patterns of movement. Though several NTL products are global in extent, intrinsic city-specific factors that affect lighting, such as development levels, and social, economic, and cultural characteristics, are unique to each city, making the urban processes embedded in NTL signatures difficult to characterize, and limiting the scalability of urban change analyses. In this study, we propose a data-driven approach to detect urban changes from daily satellite-derived NTL data records that is adaptive across cities and effective at learning city-specific temporal patterns. The proposed method learns to forecast NTL signatures from past data records using neural networks and allows the use of large volumes of unlabeled data, eliminating annotation effort. Urban changes are detected based on deviations of observed NTL from model forecasts using an anomaly detection approach. Comparing model forecasts with observed NTL also allows identifying the direction of change (positive or negative) and monitoring change severity for tracking recovery. In operationalizing the model, we consider ten urban areas from diverse geographic regions with dynamic NTL time-series and demonstrate the generalizability of the approach for detecting the change processes with different drivers and rates occurring within these urban areas based on NTL deviation. This scalable approach for monitoring changes from daily remote sensing observations efficiently utilizes large data volumes to support continuous monitoring and decision making.

Khanh Duy Nguyen, Nima Shahbazi, Abolfazl Asudeh

Historical systematic exclusionary tactics based on race have forced people of certain demographic groups to congregate in specific urban areas. Aside from the ethical aspects of such segregation, these policies have implications for the allocation of urban resources including public transportation, healthcare, and education within the cities. The initial step towards addressing these issues involves conducting an audit to assess the status of equitable resource allocation. However, due to privacy and confidentiality concerns, individual-level data containing demographic information cannot be made publicly available. By leveraging publicly available aggregated demographic statistics data, we introduce PopSim, a system for generating semi-synthetic individual-level population data with demographic information. We use PopSim to generate multiple benchmark datasets for the city of Chicago and conduct extensive statistical evaluations to validate those. We further use our datasets for several case studies that showcase the application of our system for auditing equitable allocation of city resources.

Claudio Morana

This paper introduces a new decomposition of euro area headline inflation into core, cyclical, and residual components. Our new core inflation measure, the structural core inflation rate, is the expected headline inflation, conditional to medium to long-term demand and supply-side developments. It shows smoothness and trending properties, economic content, and forecasting ability for headline inflation and other available core inflation measures routinely used at the ECB for internal or external communication. Hence, it carries additional helpful information for policy-making decisions. Concerning recent developments, all the inflation components contributed to its post-pandemic upsurge. Since mid-2021, core inflation has been downward, landing at about 3% in 2022. Cyclical and residual inflation-associated with idiosyncratic supply chains, energy markets, and geopolitical tensions- are currently the major threats to price stability. While some cyclical stabilization is ongoing, a stagflation scenario cum weakening overall financial conditions might emerge. A pressing issue for ECB monetary policy will be to face -mostly supply-side- inflationary pressure without triggering a financial crisis.

Gabriela Christmann, Martin Schinagl

The article deals with the digitalisation of planning from a sociological perspective. The authors summarise results of their international empirical research in an analysis in which they place everyday digital planning practices at the centre of their considerations, where profound and intricate affects in planning occur at the level of embodied practices, spatial knowledge, planning processes, and workplaces. The authors examine the use of digital tools at different study sites and particularly discuss how the digitalisation of planners’ actions through the use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) programmes affects the way spaces are planned and how spatial knowledge is changing through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). What is striking is that on the basis of digital practices, the relationships between planning actors are being refigured insofar as planning teams often work not only locally but at the same time globally networked and thus plan translocally. This refiguration through digitalisation (Knoblauch &amp; Löw, 2020) in its social and spatial dimensions is also reflected in the design of workplaces (including the layouts of planning offices) as is shown in the article. Finally, it is outlined that risks and potentials for planning products are unfolding today through phenomena such as the digital datafication of spatial realities and translocal planning by the globally distributed members of planning teams.

Carmen Guida, Valerio Martinelli

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of continuously updating emerging topics concerning relationships between urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban planning literature review section presents recent books and journals on selected topics and issues within the global scientific panorama. This contribution aims at delving into the relationship between urban environments and energy consumption. Cities consume about 75% of global primary energy and emit between 50% and 60% of total greenhouse gases. As drivers of economic and social changes, cities play a key role in reducing energy consumption and increase energy efficiency. For the first issue of TeMA Journal volume no. 16, this Review Notes section is dedicated to books highlighting the role of new technologies in managing good-quality energy data, essential to support reliable decision-makers. This contribution aims at delving into the relationship between urban environments and energy consumption. Cities consume about 75% of global primary energy and emit between 50% and 60% of total greenhouse gases. As drivers of economic and social changes, cities play a key role in reducing energy consumption and increase energy efficiency. For the first issue of TeMA Journal volume no. 16, this Review Notes section is dedicated to books highlighting the role of new technologies in managing good-quality energy data, essential to support reliable decision-makers.

M. Thondoo, O. Marquet, Sandra Marquez et al.

Abstract Cities in developing countries face acute pressures due to increased motorization, urbanization and growing population. Urban transport planning systems can fuel healthy cities, yet research examining the interface between policies and needs in Africa remains scarce. A mixed-methods approach was used to assess the alignment between urban transport policies and self-reported citizens’ needs in Port Louis city (Mauritius). Logistic regression models were run to detect associations between needs and demographic indicators (age, gender, income). Three policy measures were assessed: light metro rail system, bus modernization scheme and road decongestion program. Six citizen needs and six mode of transit preferences were extracted from 1523 surveys (N). Citizens reported the need for improving sidewalks (80%), public spaces (77%), green spaces (67%), pedestrianizing strategic areas (66%), centralizing street-vendors at bus stations (57%) and regulating private vehicles entry in town (40%). The policies addressed 3 out of 6 needs, of which all were more likely to be expressed by poorer population groups. The policies did not respond to citizen needs for active modes of travel. They did not address health and social co-benefits of transport. Rather they emphasized an economic agenda focused on transport infrastructure as opposed to policy reforms in line with public needs that much more strongly highlight the integration of urban transport planning in social life. Citizen-centred approaches provide a unique opportunity to reform urban transport planning policies towards more healthy and equitable cities in developing countries.

Melissa N. Poulsen, P. McNab, Megan Clayton et al.