Sergio Lara-Bercial, Gareth E. Jowett, Adam Gledhill
et al.
Despite the widespread health benefits of physical activity, globally, four out of five adolescents are insufficiently active. Sport participation, a key vehicle for physical activity, diminishes by as much as 80% as children get older. To date, no theoretically grounded, validated research measure of dropout exists. In this two-paper series, we attempt to resolve this issue via the development, initial validation, and application of the Youth Sport Dropout Questionnaire. In the current paper—Part I—we used the COM-B framework to design and initially validate the Youth Sport Dropout Questionnaire. Three sequential studies were conducted. Study 1 includes a review of the existing literature, an expert consultation, and participant focus groups. Study 1 generated 49 reasons for youth sport dropout. Study 2 explored the functionality of the 49 items in a sample of 479 students. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 28-item four-factor solution. Study 3 tested the dimensionality and reliability of scale in a sample of 648 students from seven European countries. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a final 16-item, four-factor solution, suggesting that reasons for dropout behavior were captured by capability (C), opportunity (O), motivation (M) with the important new addition of injury (I). This initial validation supports the YSDQ as a rigorous research tool to capture the reasons underpinning youth sport dropout behavior.
The international trade order is under unprecedented pressure as a result of the unilateral decision by the Trump administration to increase U.S. tariffs by an order of magnitude to 15- 20 percent or higher on imports from most countries. This paper reflects on where the global trading system may be heading given recent events, focusing on potential responses by U.S. trading partners, distinguishing between revitalization of multilateral trade cooperation in the WTO, expansion and deepening of preferential trade agreements and issue- or domain-specific plurilateral agreements among groups of economies.
Chris Herring, Dilara Yarbrough, Lisa Marie Alatorre
A growing literature examines the extent to which the criminal justice system perpetuates poverty and inequality. This research examines how anti-homeless laws produce various forms of police interactions that fall short of arrest, yet have wide-ranging impacts on the urban poor. Our analysis draws on a citywide survey of currently and recently homeless people, along with 43 in-depth interviews, to examine and reveal the mechanisms through which consistent punitive interactions, including move-along orders, citations, and destruction of property, systematically limit homeless people’s access to services, housing, and jobs, while damaging their health, safety, and well-being. Our findings also suggest that antihomeless laws and enforcement fail to reduce urban disorder, but create instead a spatial churn in which homeless people circulate between neighborhoods and police jurisdictions rather than leaving public space. We argue that these laws and their enforcement, which affected the majority of study participants, constitute a larger process of pervasive penality— consistent punitive interactions with state officials that rarely result in arrest, but that do material and psychological harm. This process not only reproduces homelessness, but also deepens racial, gender, and health inequalities among the urban poor. K E Y W O R D S : homelessness; poverty governance; criminal justice; community-based research. In response to the explosive growth of homelessness across the United States in the 1980s, and the judicial overturn of Jim Crow, anti-Okie, “ugly,” and vagrancy laws that traditionally empowered Acknowledgements: This project was made possible by Human Rights Work Group at the San Francisco Coalition on Homelessness, especially by peer researchers Bilal Ali, George Bracey, Alejandra Cruz, T. J. Johnston, Zenah Rinehardt and Executive Director Jennifer Friedenbach. Isaac Martin provided crucial feedback on research design and writing at every stage of this project. Loı̈c Wacquant and Sandra Susan Smith provided important suggestions. Amy Smith and her students at San Francisco State University provided valuable transcription assistance. We also thank Colleen Rivecca, Paul Boden, Tony Sparks, Freja Sonne, Kelley Cutler, Nick Kimura, Shira Noel, Teresa Gowan, Bob Offer-Westort, Doug Ahlers, Marina Fischer, Sarah Rankin, Arefa Vohra, Andy Chu, Gary Lewis, Lt. Michael Nevin, Brenda Meskan, John Murray, Vilaska Nguyen, Leah Rothstein, Karen Shain, Joe Wilson, Dennis Woo, Kelley Winter, and the anonymous reviewers of Social Problems. Our research was supported by the Sociological Initiatives Foundation, UC Berkeley Center for Human Rights, UC San Diego Center for Global Justice, and the Center for Engaged Scholarship. Chris Herring and Dilara Yarbrough are equal first authors of this manuscript. All three authors contributed to the research design and collection of data. Please direct correspondence to Chris Herring at the Department of Sociology, 410 Barrows Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; email: christoph.herring@berkeley.edu. Dilara Yarbrough may be contacted at the Criminal Justice Studies Program, Department of Public Affairs and Civic Engagement, 261 HSS Building, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132; email: dilara@sfsu.edu. VC The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for the Study of Social Problems. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com. 1 Social Problems, 2019, 0, 1–19 doi: 10.1093/socpro/spz004 Original Article ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /socpro/advance-articloi/10.1093/socpro/spz004/5422958 by Azona State U niersity user on 05 April 2019 police to manage the down-and-out, U.S. cities created new policies that restricted a wide variety of behaviors associated with homelessness, including panhandling, sleeping in parks, and sitting on sidewalks (Ortiz, Dick, and Rankin 2015). Thirty years later, these laws are spreading at an unprecedented rate in the United States and across the globe (see Evangelista 2013; Huey 2007; Johnsen and Fitzpatrick 2010). Most U.S. cities have municipal codes that punish the life-sustaining behaviors of homeless individuals. The National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty (NLCHP) found that more than half of the 187 cities in its study banned camping and sitting or lying in public, and over two-thirds carried bans on loitering and begging in particular places (2017). Between 2006 and 2016, bans on sitting and lying increased by 52 percent, city-wide camping bans by 69 percent, prohibitions on loitering and loafing citywide by 88 percent, and bans on living in vehicles rose 143 percent. Recent statewide studies by legal scholars have shown that most cities have multiple ordinances on the books (Adcock et al. 2016; Fisher et al. 2015; Frankel, Katovich, and Vedvig 2016; Olson, Macdonald, and Rankin 2015). For instance, California cities have an average of nine anti-homeless laws, while Los Angeles and San Francisco each have 21 and 24 respectively (Fisher et al. 2015). Each law taken on its own may seem limited in its strictures on targeted behaviors; collectively, they effectively criminalize homelessness. As legal scholar Jeremy Waldron presciently wrote over twenty years ago, “what is emerging – and it is not just a matter of fantasy – is a state of affairs in which a million or more citizens have no place to perform elementary human activities like urinating, washing, sleeping, cooking, eating and standing around” (1991:301). What are the impacts of these laws on homelessness and the reproduction of poverty more generally? Social scientists have devoted considerable attention to the politicization of a social problem (housing and social services) into a law enforcement problem (maintaining order) (Smith 1996; Vitale 2008; Wolch and Dear 1994), but far less attention has been given to the ramifications and impact of this transformation on homeless people. Among the first to empirically assess the effect of anti-homeless laws on people experiencing homelessness, this study evaluates some determinants and consequences of their enforcement. When analyzed in isolation, such move-along orders and citations may seem inconsequential, but when analyzed as part of a larger process of criminalization, what we term pervasive penality, anti-homeless enforcement proves to have detrimental consequences for wide swaths of the homeless population. Furthermore, our findings expose how pervasive penality not only reproduces homelessness, but also widens racial, gender, and health inequalities among homeless and precariously housed people. H O M E L E S S N E S S A N D C R I M I N A L I Z A T I O N Over the last 40 years, the United States has witnessed a jail and prison boom of colossal proportions. Surging over 500 percent from merely 380,000 inmates in 1975, U.S. prisons and jails today contain over 2.13 million people (U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics 2018). During this same period, homelessness transformed from a rare experience for a small collection of predominantly single men, to a phenomenon that affects a diverse assortment of over three million poor families and individuals in the United States each year (National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty 2017). As annual funding for public housing plummeted from $27 billion in 1980 to $10 billion at the decade’s end, corrections funding surged from nearly $7 billion to $26.1 billion (Maguire, Pastore, and Flanagan 1997) transforming the U.S. prison system into the primary provider of affordable housing and many of its jails into the largest homeless shelters in town (Wacquant 2009). In the wake of the rise of advanced homelessness and hyper-incarceration, social scientists have established various quantitative correlations between incarceration and homelessness. For instance, 23 percent of homeless people in New York City shelters had spent time in prison or jail in the previous two years (Metraux and Culhane 2006) and 49 percent of homeless people in a national survey disclosed having spent time in a jail and 18 percent having spent time in a state penitentiary compared to five percent of the general population (Burt et al. 1999). Researchers have found that 2 Herring et al. D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /socpro/advance-articloi/10.1093/socpro/spz004/5422958 by Azona State U niersity user on 05 April 2019 homelessness was 7.5 to 11.3 times more prevalent among jail inmates than the general population (Greenberg and Rosenheck 2008). In San Francisco, between 10–24 percent of the jail population identified as homeless at the time of arrest (Applied Survey Research 2013). In sum, there exists an ever-tightening nexus between the criminal justice system and homelessness (see Metraux, Caterina, and Cho 2008). To explain the dynamics behind this penal/homeless nexus, scholars have examined the movement from prison or jail into homelessness and vice versa. On the one hand, scholars have shown how incarceration produces homelessness. This occurs both directly through policies excluding people with a criminal record from private and public housing (Carey 2004; Desmond 2012; Thacher 2008), and indirectly via barriers to accessing work (Pager 2003) and social services (Hays 2003). We also know that homelessness disproportionately exposes people to incarceration through the concentration of homeless services in over-policed inner-city neighborhoods, the temptation to commit crimes of desperation, and what John Irwin (2013) calls “rabble management:” the routine jailing of the disreputable and disaffiliated for minimal offenses in the interests of public order (Gowan 2002, 2010; Snow and Anderson 1993). Yet, while these scholars have traced the criminalization of homelessness as paths between the prison and the street, little is known about the far more frequent contact between homelessness and the criminal
This article offers data that can be used in comparative studies of research and technology capacity at the level of Russian regions. The database comprises six indicators of the development of personnel-related and financial components of a national research and technology system and research results as evinced in research publications and advanced manufacturing technologies that appeared in 2010—2020. This set of interconnected indicators makes it possible to evaluate Russian regions’ research and technology capacity and research output, which affect the degree of development of the innovative environment. The data on regional research output may be of assistance to further regional socio-economic research. The data set includes statistical indicators for 85 Russian regions for 2010—2020, as reported by ROSSTAT. The data on the number off publications and variations therein were obtained from Scopus, the largest unified curated multidisciplinary abstract and citation database. The results are presented as tables and cartographical materials (three tables and six map charts).
Under the prevailing land‐leasehold system, the Hong Kong government is thought to be the dominant supplier of land for housing development and for economic transformation. These characteristics make Hong Kong a “property state,” to use a concept developed by Anne Haila. However, the protection of private property rights has long been a core value in the city. As a result, private developers and investors have endeavored to build up their own land banks, enabling private‐profit‐oriented entities to dominate the land supply market for housing development. This article supplements previous works on land monopoly in Hong Kong. While previous works focused mainly on the role of the property lobby in the disposal of new land by the government, this article offers another perspective on land monopoly, based on the case of underutilized land resources in the New Territories of Hong Kong. By focusing on growth coalitions and the projects that they introduce to boost growth and enhance land values, this article provides insight into the political economy of urban development in Hong Kong. In light of the soaring property prices in the city, the Hong Kong government planned to open up the suburbs to affordable housing; yet, the government’s initiative has been hindered by the strong opposition of the owners of suburban land (including brownfield sites and abandoned agricultural land). In this article, we argue that these landowners with vested land interests are anti‐growth coalitions rather than pro‐growth coalitions. We demonstrate how the city’s growth machine is subverted by the hoarding of land in the suburbs by a small group of people.
The article presents some results of the sociological study " Values and social practices of the Kazakh youth (on the example of the East Kazakhstan region)". The main attention is paid to the comparison of the level and direction of interest in the events of socio-political life in three groups of respondents who differ in the time of socialization in the urban environment – indigenous citizens (group A), who recently came to the city from rural areas to study or work(group B), and those who spent their childhood in the rural areas, but have been undergoing the process of adaptation to the urban lifestyle for several years (group C). Thus, it becomes possible to see the impact of the urbanization factor on changes in the system of interests and values of young people. The article presents an assessment of the formation of interest in public and political events, depending on the duration of the urban socialization period.
The article presents some results of the sociological study " Values and social practices of the Kazakh youth (on the example of the East Kazakhstan region)". The main attention is paid to the issues of leisure preferences of modern Kazakh youth. The main research focus is on comparing the interests, values, and social practices of three groups of respondents who differ in the time of socialization in the urban environment – indigenous citizens (group A), who recently came to the city from rural areas to study or work (group B), and those who spent their childhood in the village, but have been undergoing the process of adapting to the urban lifestyle for several years (group C). This approach allows the authors to identify the algorithm of changes in values characteristic of the processes of modernization of the Kazakh youth in the context of urbanization. Special attention is paid to the leisure sphere – preferred activities, interests in literature, movies, and television series. The influence of such factors as urbanization and globalization on the content of free time of the Kazakh urban youth is considered.
This paper examines the effect of the globalization threshold on financial inclusion in 40 selected countries during 2000-2018. A principal component analysis (PCA) and a static panel threshold (SPT) are utilized. There are three dimensions and one aggregation of financial inclusion indicators assessed by PCA, while the globalization threshold is estimated under static panel threshold regression. Findings/Originality: The findings exhibit six countries with strong financial inclusion and eight countries with weak financial inclusion during study periods. Furthermore, the threshold effect of globalization has a significant impact on the financial inclusion index. The robustness checking employs panel cointegration test exhibits that inequality and some institutions indicators have a significant impact on financial inclusion both in the short-run and long-run. The policy implication suggests that governments should increase the financial inclusion index level during the globalization period, decrease inequality, and improve institutions' quality.
Economic growth, development, planning, Regional economics. Space in economics
Se presenta una herramienta para predecir los impactos económicos y ambientales del ciclo de vida de edificios de tipo residencial en fase de diseño, partiendo de un proyecto arquitectónico, el presupuesto del proyecto, las bases de costes de la construcción, en particular la de Andalucía y del indicador huella ecológica. La herramienta propone alternativas en el uso de recursos (materiales, mano de obra y maquinaria) y sistemas constructivos, pudiendo formar parte en la toma de decisiones para mejorar el impacto del ciclo de vida del edificio. Se analiza un caso concreto de edificio residencial de diez plantas sobre rasante y se obtienen los recursos empleados y su impacto económico y ambiental a nivel global y de forma pormenorizada según las fases del proyecto. Los materiales son el recurso de mayor importancia y en particular el hormigón o el cerámico son los que producen mayor impacto. Se realiza un análisis de sensibilidad proponiendo para un proyecto diferentes alternativas de materiales para una solución constructiva, obteniendo los datos para poder decidir la opción más viable económica y ambientalmente. La herramienta es de fácil manejo para el usuario y puede ser base para la certificación de edificios y en el desarrollo de valores estándares a emplear en políticas gubernamentales.
Architecture, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Arindam Gan Chowdhury, Mohammadtaghi Moravej, Ioannis Zisis
et al.
Coastal areas of the US are affected by extreme wind events, including hurricanes. Roofs are the most vulnerable building components as they are often damaged by high wind uplift forces acting on the edges and corners. This study investigates the application of a mitigation strategy, in the form of an Aerodynamics Mitigation and Power System (AMPS) (US Patent, Gan Chowdhury et al., Patent Number: US 9,951,752 B2, April 2018), designed to simultaneously reduce wind damage and provide power to buildings. The system consists of horizontal axis wind turbines, integrated to roof edges with or without gutters. Four sets of testing on a flat roof low rise building model (without gutters)—including a bare deck configuration (i.e. without AMPS) and three cases where the roof corner was fitted with AMPS—were conducted at the Wall of Wind Experimental Facility at Florida International University. In one of the configurations, the wind turbines were placed slightly above the roof edge, while in the other two configurations, the turbines were placed closer to the roof edge. Wind directions tested ranged from 0° to 90° (considering roof geometric symmetry). Estimation of area-averaged mean and peak pressure coefficients were made for various locations on the roof for the three different configurations, and compared with the case of no mitigation. Results show that for wind directions tested, significant reduction in mean and peak pressure coefficients (reduced suction) were obtained in those cases where the wind turbines were placed closer to the roof edge as compared to the bare roof deck case. Flow visualization studies showed that the turbines helped to disrupt the conical vortices caused by cornering winds, thereby reducing the wind uplift forces on the roof. This study shows that the AMPS can be utilized to prevent wind-induced damage to the roof. Future research will include estimation of the: (1) potential wind energy production using the mitigation system under various wind conditions, (ii) effectiveness of AMPS in mitigating wind loading on other kinds of buildings (e.g., gable and hip roof buildings), and (iii) load transferred from the system to the roof.
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), City planning
Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is the modern name for a style of research that was pioneered by settlement house residents and other early social work researchers (Sohng, 1996). In this article, presented to the 21st annual session of the National Conference of Charities and Correction, held in Nashville in 1894, Hull House resident Julia C. Lathrop describes the settlement’s research program in its early years. Hull House had been founded in Chicago’s Nineteenth Ward on the city’s Near West Side in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr and had attracted the attention of social scientists because of its unusual approach to urban life and to social research. Daniel Fulcomer, a lecturer in Sociology at the University of Chicago, invited Lathrop to discuss Hull House’s sociological research following his paper reporting on a survey on the teaching of sociology in colleges and universities (Fulcomer, 1894). Fulcomer was probably aware of the survey of the Nineteenth Ward that had been recently completed by Hull House resident Florence Kelley for a US Department of Labor publication on city slums, which would be expanded and published in 1895 as HullHouse Maps and Papers. Rather than launching into a description of the research, Lathrop (1894) first described the neighborhood in which Hull House was located and the settlement’s program. “Every activity of the House has sprung out of some neighborhood need” (p. 314), she said, providing the context for the settlement house’s research activities. She went on to describe the settlement house program, ending with a brief description of two research projects, the survey that would result in Hull-House Maps and Papers (Residents of Hull House, 2007) and a study of dietary practices of five ethnic groups in the Hull House neighborhood. Hull House “is constantly adding to its stores of recorded data upon all the matters with which it has to do” (p. 316), she concluded. It was possible to gather information because the settlement house’s “acquaintance gives
The article argues for an increase in de facto already claimed city sovereignty. It situates the discussion, first in the historical context of city-state relationships, and second, in the current urban crises in the United States tied to the sanctuary city movement, then examines legal grounds for devolution of power to cities, before discussing the legal concepts of “urban commons” and “city power”, finally outlining constraints facing increasingly sovereign cities. The article argues that current legal literature on “urban commons” and “city power” needs a stronger normative lens and better conceptualization of urban inequality, redistribution, and publicness. Moreover, if cities are to assume greater capacity to govern and to ensure life, liberty, and the sustainability of their populations, they have to overcome serious constraints in the four domains outlined in the article: (1) surveillance and control of urban space, (2) privatization of public space, (3) the rise of the luxury city, large-scale developments, megaprojects, and (4) homelessness.
Die Monographie ist das Ergebnis einer tiefen Auseinandersetzung mit der Erinnerung an den Staatsterror in Buenos Aires und Mexiko-Stadt. Der Fokus liegt auf städtischen Räumen, in denen unterschiedliche Erinnerungspraktiken und -diskurse aufeinandertreffen und sich verschränken. Anhand vieler Beispiele zeigt das Buch wie Praktiken der Erinnerung an die Gewalt ‚Risse im Raum‘ öffnen, durch die die soziale Bedingtheit und die politische Konflikthaftigkeit des Raumes offenbar werden. Auf einer theoretischen Ebene macht die Autorin für ein deutschsprachiges Publikum die lateinamerikanische Debatte über Erinnerung, Erinnerungspolitik und städtischen Raum zugänglich.
Cities. Urban geography, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology