Hasil untuk "Social legislation"

Christoph Mueller-Bloch, Raffaele Ciriello

Social media platforms connect billions, but their business models often amplify societal harm through misinformation, which is linked to polarization, violence, and declining mental health. Current governance frameworks, such as the U.S. Section 230 and the EU Digital Services Act, delegate content moderation to corporations. This creates structural conflicts of interest because misinformation drives engagement, and engagement drives profit. We propose a public utility model for social media governance that prioritizes the public good over commercial incentives. Integrating legislated content removal with democratic content moderation, the model protects free expression while mitigating societal harms. It frames social media as sovereign digital infrastructure governed through democratic oversight, transparent algorithms, and institutional safeguards.

Lucas Morillo-Mendez, Martien G. S. Schrooten, Oscar Martinez Mozos

There is an increasing interest in social robots assisting older adults during daily life tasks. In this context, non-verbal cues such as deictic gaze are important in natural communication in human-robot interaction. However, the sensibility to deictic-gaze declines naturally with age and results in a reduction in social perception. Therefore, this work explores the benefits of deictic gaze from social robots assisting older adults during daily life tasks, and how age-related differences may influence their social perception in contrast to younger populations. This may help on the design of adaptive age-related non-verbal cues in the Human-Robot Interaction context.

Vatroslav Zovko

European Union formally represents a single market with the aim to enhance economic and social cohesion among EU member states based on social inclusion and equality among all citizens. These principles directly influence the labour market which should support freedom of movement for workers and ensure equal minimal employment standards across the entire EU. One of the major factors that shape the dynamics and competitiveness of the labour market is legislative framework related to labour and employment. According to chapter 2 of the Acquis EU migrant workers must be treated in the same way as national workers, but labour-related legislation is an internal issue that each EU member state can define at their own discretion. The only limiting factor related to implementation of labour related laws at the national level are EU directives that ensure that all member states have equal minimal standards of working conditions and employee rights. This article groups labour related laws into three broad groups of laws and legal acts; legislation that regulates workers’ rights and obligations together with the relationship to an employer, tax legislation that regulates the tax burden imposed on workers and social and healthcare security legislation that refers to laws and legal acts that regulate worker’s contribution for health insurance and retirement plan. For each group, from the economic perspective, a critical review is made of major similarities and differences among EU member states. Furthermore, differences in local legislation are explained through the employers’ perspective.

KUZNETSOVA T.YU.

The relevance of the study is determined by the problem of responsibility for receiving sexual services from minors, which is extremely relevant for the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter the CIS). Despite the adoption of a number of international conventions and protocols aimed at combating the sexual exploitation of children, this criminal act continues to spread widely in the region. The high level of poverty, social inequality and the lack of effective social protection measures for children create favorable conditions for the involvement of minors in the field of commercial sex. In addition, the lack of elaboration of criminal law norms governing responsibility for receiving sexual services from children makes it difficult to bring perpetrators to justice. The main purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the criminal legislation of the CIS countries in the context of establishing responsibility for receiving sexual services from minors. Within the framework of this goal, it is planned to study the existing criminal law norms concerning responsibility for the sexual exploitation of minors in the CIS countries, as well as compare the approaches of different states to the definition and qualification of this crime, identifying similarities and differences in legislative initiatives. In addition, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness of the application of these norms in practice and identify existing problems in law enforcement. In conclusion, recommendations will be proposed to improve the criminal legislation of the CIS countries aimed at strengthening the protection of the rights of minors and increasing responsibility for receiving sexual services from minors. The methodological basis of the study was the methods of formal logic (analysis, comparison, generalization). As conclusions , recommendations are proposed to improve the criminal legislation of the CIS countries in terms of establishing responsibility for receiving sexual services from minors.

Georgia M. Kapitsaki, Maria Papoutsoglou, Christoph Treude et al.

Context: Privacy legislation has impacted the way software systems are developed, prompting practitioners to update their implementations. Specifically, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) have forced the community to focus on users' data privacy. Despite the vast amount of data on developer issues available in GitHub repositories, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the issues developers of Open Source Software discuss to comply with privacy legislation. Method: In this work, we examine such discussions by mining and analyzing 32,820 issues from GitHub repositories. We partially analyzed the dataset automatically to identify law user rights and principles indicated, and manually analyzed a sample of 1,186 issues based on the type of concern addressed. Results: We devised 24 discussion categories placed in six clusters: features/bugs, consent-related, documentation, data storing/sharing, adaptability, and general compliance. Our results show that developers mainly focus on specific user rights from the legislation (right to erasure, right to opt-out, right to access), addressing other rights less frequently, while most discussions concern user consent, user rights functionality, bugs and cookies management. Conclusion: The created taxonomy can help practitioners understand which issues are discussed for law compliance, so that they ensure they address them first in their systems. In addition, the educational community can reshape curricula to better educate future engineers on the privacy law concerns raised, and the research community can identify gaps and areas for improvement to support and accelerate data privacy law compliance.

Benjamin Gidron, Hagai Katz

The year 2023 in Israel started with illiberal constitutional change efforts by the new right-wing government and concluded with a brutal attack by Hamas terrorists and the subsequent war. Both occurrences galvanized two massive surges of civil society activism. The first was a mass protest that impeded the government's undemocratic legislation. The second was a large-scale mobilization to support a variety of populations affected by the war, providing services and goods that supplanted the failed governmental crisis response. Using a Serving Elite perspective and elaborating on this concept in the Israeli context, the paper analyzes the organizations that transitioned overnight from protest to service delivery. While these are two known roles played by civil society in general, such a transition from protest to support within the same organization is unusual, if at all existent. The paper analyses nineteen (19) in-depth interviews with leaders of 10 prominent organizations active in the protest and the aid phases. It explores their participants, forms of organizing, activities, ideologies, and interconnections, particularly emphasizing the transition. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed the emergence of a new Serving Elite in the making, liberal in orientation, and developed during the crises. This perspective provides an opportunity to highlight processes deeply embedded in Israel's social, political, and cultural landscapes, changing elites and power relations, and Israel's culture of entrepreneurship. It also provides a framework for analyses of serving elites in other countries.

Giovanni Grillone, Antonino Muratore, Eleonora Genco et al.

Process and energy industries include chemical plants, oil refineries and bio-refineries, power plants, etc., in which a variety of pressure equipment/assemblies are located (steam generators, reactors, heat exchangers, pressure tanks, etc.), which use a very wide range of flammable and/or toxic substances. This equipment has historically been controlled, both during construction and operation, while the pressure pipes were considered potentially "dangerous" by the legislation only with the entry into force of the first European Directive 97/23/CE (PED Directive) and the European Directive 2014/68/EU, which modifies and integrates the previous one.The PED directive introduced pressure pipes because they very often cause triggering of accidental events (fires, explosions, toxic releases), involving successively important pressure equipment (steam generators, reactors, heat exchangers, pressure tanks, etc.). Pressure pipes must be particularly monitored and maintained in Seveso establishments (Seveso Directive - 2012/18/EU).In this paper authors suggest to the employer an operational framework for the safe management of residual risks of pressure pipes, during operating phase, due to the installation, use and/or reasonably foreseeable improper use of the aforementioned pipes are described here, showing an application example.It is important to note that, nowadays, there are pipes constructed in accordance with the PED Directive and pipes built before the introduction of these European Directives (the latter lack manufacturer’s certification). Employers in Italy must manage these two different types of pipes in compliance with the Decree of the Ministry of Production Activities No. 329, issued on December 1, 2004, and the Decree of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policies issued on April 11, 2011.Furthermore, authors describe the main effects on the health of workers and citizens living near industrial plants, due to accidents causing fires, explosions and release of toxic substances.Keywords: Pressure Pipes Safety (construction and exercise), incidental events, PED directive, Seveso directive, workers’ health, citizens’ h

Hongzhan Lin, Ziyang Luo, Bo Wang et al.

The exponential growth of social media has profoundly transformed how information is created, disseminated, and absorbed, exceeding any precedent in the digital age. Regrettably, this explosion has also spawned a significant increase in the online abuse of memes. Evaluating the negative impact of memes is notably challenging, owing to their often subtle and implicit meanings, which are not directly conveyed through the overt text and image. In light of this, large multimodal models (LMMs) have emerged as a focal point of interest due to their remarkable capabilities in handling diverse multimodal tasks. In response to this development, our paper aims to thoroughly examine the capacity of various LMMs (e.g., GPT-4o) to discern and respond to the nuanced aspects of social abuse manifested in memes. We introduce the comprehensive meme benchmark, GOAT-Bench, comprising over 6K varied memes encapsulating themes such as implicit hate speech, sexism, and cyberbullying, etc. Utilizing GOAT-Bench, we delve into the ability of LMMs to accurately assess hatefulness, misogyny, offensiveness, sarcasm, and harmful content. Our extensive experiments across a range of LMMs reveal that current models still exhibit a deficiency in safety awareness, showing insensitivity to various forms of implicit abuse. We posit that this shortfall represents a critical impediment to the realization of safe artificial intelligence. The GOAT-Bench and accompanying resources are publicly accessible at https://goatlmm.github.io/, contributing to ongoing research in this vital field.

Li Wang, Min Xu, Quangui Zhang et al.

Social recommendation systems face the problem of social influence bias, which can lead to an overemphasis on recommending items that friends have interacted with. Addressing this problem is crucial, and existing methods often rely on techniques such as weight adjustment or leveraging unbiased data to eliminate this bias. However, we argue that not all biases are detrimental, i.e., some items recommended by friends may align with the user's interests. Blindly eliminating such biases could undermine these positive effects, potentially diminishing recommendation accuracy. In this paper, we propose a Causal Disentanglement-based framework for Regulating Social influence Bias in social recommendation, named CDRSB, to improve recommendation performance. From the perspective of causal inference, we find that the user social network could be regarded as a confounder between the user and item embeddings (treatment) and ratings (outcome). Due to the presence of this social network confounder, two paths exist from user and item embeddings to ratings: a non-causal social influence path and a causal interest path. Building upon this insight, we propose a disentangled encoder that focuses on disentangling user and item embeddings into interest and social influence embeddings. Mutual information-based objectives are designed to enhance the distinctiveness of these disentangled embeddings, eliminating redundant information. Additionally, a regulatory decoder that employs a weight calculation module to dynamically learn the weights of social influence embeddings for effectively regulating social influence bias has been designed. Experimental results on four large-scale real-world datasets Ciao, Epinions, Dianping, and Douban book demonstrate the effectiveness of CDRSB compared to state-of-the-art baselines.

Bing Li, Oumayma Ajjaji, Robin Gigandet et al.

The rapid development of social robots has challenged robotics and cognitive sciences to understand humans' perception of the appearance of robots. In this study, robot-associated words spontaneously generated by humans were analyzed to semantically reveal the body image of 30 robots that have been developed over the past decades. The analyses took advantage of word affect scales and embedding vectors, and provided a series of evidence for links between human perception and body image. It was found that the valence and dominance of the body image reflected humans' attitude towards the general concept of robots; that the user bases and usages of the robots were among the primary factors influencing humans' impressions towards individual robots; and that there was a relationship between the robots' affects and semantic distances to the word ``person''. According to the results, building body image for robots was an effective paradigm to investigate which features were appreciated by people and what influenced people's feelings towards robots.

Carmen Cerda Aguilar

La administración de justicia espera del perito investigador, no que dictamine a favor de una u otra parte, sino que proporcione una información sólida y veraz sobre la materia de su competencia para ilustrar a los juristas quienes, a su vez, deben formar al respecto su propia opinión. Problemas como la retribución económica, no contar con todas las fuentes de información, haber participado en la terapia del paciente, adoptar posturas en favor de los imputados o de las víctimas, firmar informes de colegas sin revisarlos, apartarse de la objetividad y de la prudencia, pueden salir a la luz en un juicio y entorpecer la labor, no sólo del investigador encargado del caso, sino de todos sus colegas. El trabajo forense  plantea dilemas éticos que han sido poco abordados, por lo que es necesario propiciar discusiones con todos los actores que intervienen en la pericia  a fin de garantizar que el enfoque bioético sea cada vez más considerado en la investigación forense.

Cecilia Testa

In modern democracies, the legislative power is vested in parliaments with diverse organizational structures. Bicameral legislatures, requiring concurrent deliberation by two bodies, are present in about one-third of the world’s countries. Bicameralism typically serves the important purpose of accommodating the representation of heterogeneous interests from distinct social cleavages or geographic entities, but it is also associated with advantages such as greater stability of policies, increased accountability, and better quality of legislation. These benefits, however, only arise under specific circumstances, and the greater procedural complexity brought about by two chambers is not without costs. Disagreement between the two chambers often leads to costly legislative gridlock. Bicameralism can also open the door to pressure groups advancing their requests for favorable legislation when the chambers do not have time to carefully consider its consequences. The constitutional choice of bicameralism and its optimality ultimately rest on the subtle balance between its costs and benefits.

A. P. Vikhryan, M. V. Fedorov

The article considers an urgent scientific issue with a clear practical orientation and related to the anti-corruption education of the youth, which is defined as an important factor of social (public) security as an integral part of national security. The authors define anti-corruption education as a specific type of social activity of the authorities and civil society institutions, which aims at raising public awareness of the nature of corruption as a negative social phenomenon, of legal and social mechanisms to combat it, and at developing the anti-corruption worldview as an element of social immunity. There is a significant number of publications on the anti-corruption education, especially of the youth. They consider various aspects of this type of social activity, analyze its implementation, assess its efficiency, show the role of law enforcement agencies in the anti-corruption education of the youth, etc. However, representatives of the scientific-expert community have not yet considered the anti-corruption education in the perspective that the authors suggest. The authors, as members of the National Committee for Public Control, an interregional public organization promoting the implementation of anti-corruption programs, interpret anti-corruption education as a serious factor of social security, as an important tool for preventing radicalization of the youth consciousness. It is the radicalization that nourishes extremism and terrorism which are real threats to social (public) security. The article provides some recommendations for developing legislation of anti-corruption education. The authors believe that public authorities and civil society institutions should more actively (and not formally) involve the student youth in anti-corruption education and use the scientific-creative potential of the younger generation.

Peter C. Schöffmann

The Alpenrind case (C-527/16) revealed opposing positions between the Member States providing services feely across Europe and the Member States fearing for social dumping. A tension the Union is grappling with for a certain time, and that increased in the last years. Many (mostly western) Member States believe that the posting of workers is undermining their social standards and hampering their labour markets. They are not convinced that Union law provides an adequate level to prevent abusive practices. Therefore, these Member States try to take countermeasures by implementing restrictive legislation: imposing obligations on employers to provide documents and comply with notification requirements. This leads to an additional burden potentially impeding the freedom of movement of workers and services; an effect the Social Coordination Regulations actually intend to prevent. The Alpenrind case deals with two questions regarding the postal rule’s impact on social security coordination. It addresses the condition of non-replacement as well as the binding effect of Portable Document A1. However, set in a broader context, it reveals the inherent contradiction of social security coordination. The Union finds itself having to strike a balance between the freedom to provide services and the protection against social dumping.

O. V. Panaciuk

The correlation of the terms of “administrative misdemeanor” and “administrative offense” has been characterized; the legal definition of “illegal act” as the main component of the content of an administrative misdemeanor has been analyzed; the main legislative features of an administrative misdemeanor have been classified, each of them has been characterized. The author has offered classify offenses according to the following criteria: a) the degree of public danger: crimes and misdemeanors (administrative, civil, disciplinary); b) spheres of public life: in the economy, politics, social sphere, etc.; 3) forms of guilt: committed with intent and committed through negligence. It has been emphasized that an offense is a socially dangerous or socially harmful, illegal, culpable act of a tort person, which entails legal liability. Nowadays, legal science defines several types of them: constitutional and legal misdemeanor, civil misdemeanor, administrative misdemeanor, disciplinary misdemeanor, tax misdemeanor. It has been analyzed that the current legislation actually equates the concepts of “administrative offense” and “administrative misdemeanor”, which is incorrect, because an administrative offense is inherently much broader than an administrative misdemeanor, since it includes all illegal actions that occur in the field of public management. It has been emphasized that any violation of administrative law should be considered as an administrative offense, while an administrative misdemeanor is an illegal act, which entails the imposition of an administrative penalty according to the law. It has been proved that the main component of the content of an administrative misdemeanor is an illegal act. It has been emphasized that the act is characterized by such legislative features as: social harm, illegality, guilt, administrative punishment. It has been noted that the absence of at least one of them makes it impossible to qualify an illegal act as an administrative misdemeanor (a tort).

Francesca Foffano, Teresa Scantamburlo, Atia Cortés et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is already part of our daily lives and is playing a key role in defining the economic and social shape of the future. In 2018, the European Commission introduced its AI strategy able to compete in the next years with world powers such as China and US, but relying on the respect of European values and fundamental rights. As a result, most of the Member States have published their own National Strategy with the aim to work on a coordinated plan for Europe. In this paper, we present an ongoing study on how European countries are approaching the field of Artificial Intelligence, with its promises and risks, through the lens of their national AI strategies. In particular, we aim to investigate how European countries are investing in AI and to what extent the stated plans can contribute to the benefit of the whole society. This paper reports the main findings of a qualitative analysis of the investment plans reported in 15 European National Strategies

Aparna Basu, Bharati Ray

This book focuses on the efforts of the ATWC in the fields of education social legislation and social reform It also outlines the various socio economic programmes undertaken by the different branches of the ATWC through the years.

Martino Trevisan, Luca Vassio, Idilio Drago et al.

Online Social Networks (OSNs) allow personalities and companies to communicate directly with the public, bypassing filters of traditional medias. As people rely on OSNs to stay up-to-date, the political debate has moved online too. We witness the sudden explosion of harsh political debates and the dissemination of rumours in OSNs. Identifying such behaviour requires a deep understanding on how people interact via OSNs during political debates. We present a preliminary study of interactions in a popular OSN, namely Instagram. We take Italy as a case study in the period before the 2019 European Elections. We observe the activity of top Italian Instagram profiles in different categories: politics, music, sport and show. We record their posts for more than two months, tracking "likes" and comments from users. Results suggest that profiles of politicians attract markedly different interactions than other categories. People tend to comment more, with longer comments, debating for longer time, with a large number of replies, most of which are not explicitly solicited. Moreover, comments tend to come from a small group of very active users. Finally, we witness substantial differences when comparing profiles of different parties.

Luca Luceri, Alberto Vancheri, Torsten Braun et al.

Understanding the forces governing human behavior and social dynamics is a challenging problem. Individuals' decisions and actions are affected by interlaced factors, such as physical location, homophily, and social ties. In this paper, we propose to examine the role that distinct communities, linked to these factors, play as sources of social influence. The ego network is typically used in the social influence analysis. Our hypothesis is that individuals are embedded in communities not only related to their direct social relationships, but that involve different and complex forces. We analyze physical, homophily, and social communities to evaluate their relation with subjects' behavior. We prove that social influence is correlated with these communities, and each one of them is (differently) significant for individuals. We define community-based features, which reflect the subject involvement in these groups, and we use them with a supervised learning algorithm to predict subject participation in social events. Results indicate that both communities and ego network are relevant sources of social influence, confirming that the ego network alone is not sufficient to explain this phenomenon. Moreover, we classify users according to the degree of social influence they experienced with respect to their groups, recognizing classes of behavioral phenotypes. To our knowledge, this is the first work that proves the existence of phenotypes related to the social influence phenomenon.

Laurent Bulteau, Gal Shahaf, Ehud Shapiro et al.

We present a unifying framework encompassing many social choice settings. Viewing each social choice setting as voting in a suitable metric space, we consider a general model of social choice over metric spaces, in which---similarly to the spatial model of elections---each voter specifies an ideal element of the metric space. The ideal element functions as a vote, where each voter prefers elements that are closer to her ideal element. But it also functions as a proposal, thus making all participants equal not only as voters but also as proposers. We consider Condorcet aggregation and a continuum of solution concepts, ranging from minimizing the sum of distances to minimizing the maximum distance. We study applications of the abstract model to various social choice settings, including single-winner elections, committee elections, participatory budgeting, and participatory legislation. For each setting, we compare each solution concept to known voting rules and study various properties of the resulting voting rules. Our framework provides expressive aggregation for a broad range of social choice settings while remaining simple for voters, and may enable a unified and integrated implementation for all these settings, as well as unified extensions such as sybil-resiliency, proxy voting, and deliberative decision making.