Hasil untuk "Political institutions and public administration (General)"

Maryna Zelinska, Iryna Skorodumova

The article examines the main forms of citizen participation in local self-government in Ukraine. It analyses the legal foundations and mechanisms for implementing such instruments as local referendums, bodies of self-organization of the population, general meetings of citizens, local initiatives, and public hearings. Particular attention is given to the practical application of these forms in the Boryslav urban territorial community, where the level of civic engagement and the effectiveness of communication with local authorities are assessed. The findings demonstrate that active citizen participation enhances governance transparency, strengthens public trust, and contributes to the development of democratic processes at the local level.

Rostyslav Golovchak

The article examines lawful behavior as a key factor ensuring the stability, security, and integrity of the state. The author argues that lawful behavior is not only a result of legal norms but also a complex socio-economic phenomenon shaping an atmosphere of legality, order, and public trust. The theoretical section outlines major approaches to defining lawful behavior in legal scholarship, analyzes its functions, and highlights the role of legal, social, and institutional mechanisms that promote compliance with the law. Special attention is given to the importance of lawful behavior for strengthening the rule of law and enhancing citizens’ trust in state institutions. Empirical findings demonstrate a strong correlation between the level of lawful behavior within society and the effectiveness of the national security system, which includes law-enforcement bodies, the judiciary, and state institutions responsible for implementing security policy. The study explores different types of offenses resulting from violations of lawful behavior and discusses mechanisms for their prevention through legislative improvements, the development of legal education, and the strengthening of civil society institutions. The practical section emphasizes the role of education, media, and public communication in fostering legal awareness. The author stresses the need for an integrated approach combining effective legal regulation with social incentives that promote law-abiding behavior. Examples from international practice illustrate the success of such measures in enhancing state resilience and security. The conclusions emphasize that lawful behavior should be viewed not only as compliance with legal norms but also as an essential social phenomenon that contributes to democratic development, increases public trust, and reinforces national security. It represents a crucial component of social capital, ensuring the effectiveness and stability of state institutions.

Adriano Massuda, Michelle Fernandez, Elisandréa Sguario Kemper et al.

Resumo As políticas de investimento na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) possuem um papel fundamental na organização dos sistemas de saúde. No Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), esse aspecto torna-se ainda mais relevante por ser o ente estruturante do sistema. Apesar de sua importância, os estudos das políticas de investimento na APS possuem um caráter mais descritivo que pouco colabora com o entendimento do processo histórico e político. Para suprir essa lacuna, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as políticas de investimento para a APS no SUS, com base na perspectiva do neoinstitucionalismo histórico. Os dados primários e secundários foram coletados por meio de revisão bibliográfica, levantamento documental e entrevistas com atores-chave. Para a análise desses dados, buscou-se, de forma indutiva, associar características do sistema de saúde e do modelo de APS brasileiro à trajetória das políticas de financiamento federal destinadas a investimentos em infraestrutura, equipamentos e tecnologia na APS. Os resultados apresentados: i) identificam fortalezas e fragilidades nas políticas de investimento na APS, com uma lógica contextual e histórica dos fatores que contribuíram para esse processo e ii) recomendam ações, tomadas de decisão e políticas divididas em três categorias: histórico do investimento na APS, necessidades de financiamento na APS e impacto do financiamento nos resultados da APS. Portanto, este trabalho contribui com os estudos sobre a APS e o neoinstitucionalismo histórico e aponta aspectos práticos para os tomadores de decisão, com o objetivo de fortalecer as políticas de investimento na APS do SUS.

Alejandro Blanco Zúñiga

El objetivo del presente artículo es profundizar en el análisis reflexivo de la relación intrínseca entre la administración pública y las dinámicas propias de la gobernanza en Colombia, con un enfoque particular en sus impactos, de cara a la formulación y aplicación efectiva de políticas públicas de diversa índole. Este estudio se presenta como un análisis escrupuloso de la relación sustancial entre la administración pública y la gobernanza en Colombia, elementos fun­damentales en los Estados contemporáneos. La administración pública emerge como un componente esencial para la efectiva implementación de políticas públicas, mientras que la gobernanza se erige como un pilar que promueve la transparencia y la participación ciudadana. Se explora cómo esta interacción influye en la concepción y ejecución de políticas públicas y se propone una visión que podría contribuir a la optimización de la gestión pública. La meto­dología cualitativa adoptada se centra en una revisión bibliográfica de fuentes relevantes, lo que facilita la exploración y comprensión de diversas teorías y prácticas en el contexto colombiano. Se enfatiza en capturar la esencia y las múltiples dimensiones que definen la administración pública y la gobernanza, identificando tendencias, posibles debates y áreas de consenso en la literatura existente. Un hallazgo relevante del estudio es la sinergia entre la administra­ción y la gobernanza, percibiendo esta relación como un componente clave para fortalecer los distintos ámbitos de la administración pública.

Robert L. Reich, M. Sahami, J. Weinstein

SYSTEM ERROR: Where Big Tech Went Wrong and How We Can Reboot by Rob Reich, Mehran Sahami, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2021. 352 pages. Hardcover; $27.99. ISBN: 9780063064881. *Remember when digital technology and the internet were our favorite things? When free Facebook accounts connected us with our friends, and the internet facilitated democracy movements overseas, including the Arab Spring? So do the authors of this comprehensive book. "We shifted from a wide-eyed optimism about technology's liberating potential to a dystopian obsession with biased algorithms, surveillance capitalism, and job-displacing robots" (p. 237). *This transition has not escaped the notice of the students and faculty of Stanford University, the elite institution most associated with the rise (and sustainment) of Silicon Valley. The three authors of this book teach a popular course at Stanford on the ethics and politics of technological change, and this book effectively brings their work to the public. Rob Reich is a philosopher who is associated with Stanford's Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence as well as their Center for Ethics in Society. Mehran Sahami is a computer science professor who was with Google during the startup years. Jeremy Weinstein is a political science professor with experience in government during the Obama administration. *The book is breathtakingly broad, explaining the main technical and business issues concisely but not oversimplifying, and providing the history and philosophy for context. It accomplishes all this in 264 pages, but also provides thirty-six pages of notes and references for those who want to dive deeper into some topics. The most important section is doubtless the last chapter dealing with solutions, which may be politically controversial but are well supported by the remainder of the book. *Modern computer processors have enormous computational power, and a good way to take advantage of that is to do optimization, the subject of the first chapter. Engineers love optimization, but not everything should be done as quickly and cheaply as possible! Optimization requires the choice of some quantifiable metric, but often available metrics do not exactly represent the true goal of an organization. In this case, optimizers will choose a proxy metric which they feel logically or intuitively should be correlated with their goal. The authors describe the problems which result when the wrong proxy is selected, and then excessive optimization drives that measure to the exclusion of other possibly more important factors. For example, social media companies that try to increase user numbers to the exclusion of other factors may experience serious side effects, such as the promotion of toxic content. *After that discussion on the pros and cons of optimization, the book dives into the effects of optimizing money. Venture capitalists (VCs) have been around for years, but recent tech booms have swelled their numbers. The methodology of Objectives and Key Results (OKR), originally developed by Andy Grove of Intel, became popular among the VCs of Silicon Valley, whose client firms, including Google, Twitter, and Uber, adopted it. OKR enabled most of the employees to be evaluated against some metric which management believed captured the essence of their job, so naturally the employees worked hard to optimize this quantity. Again, such a narrow view of the job has led to significant unexpected and sometimes unwanted side effects. *The big tech companies are threatened by legislation designed to mitigate some of the harm they have created. They have hired a great many lobbyists, and even overtly entered the political process where possible. In California, when Assembly Bill 5 reclassified many independent contractors as employees, the affected tech companies struck back with Proposition 22 to overturn the law. An avalanche of very expensive promotion of Proposition 22 resulted in its passage by a large margin. *It is well known that very few politicians have a technical background, and the authors speculate that this probably contributes to the libertarian leaning prominent in the tech industry. The authors go back in history to show how regulation has lagged behind technology and industrial practice. An interesting chapter addresses the philosophical question of whether democracy is up to the task of governing, or whether government by experts, or Plato's "philosopher kings" would be better. *Part II of the book is the longest, addressing the fairness of algorithms, privacy, automation and human job replacement, and free speech. The authors point out some epic algorithm failures, such as Amazon being unable to automate resumé screening to find the best candidates, and Google identifying Black users as gorillas. The big advances in deep learning neural nets result from clever algorithms plus the availability of very large databases, but if you've got a database showing that you've historically hired 95% white men for a position, training an algorithm with that database is hardly going to move you into a future with greater diversity. Even more concerning are proprietary black-box algorithms used in the legal system, such as for probation recommendations. Why not just let humans have the last word, and be advised by the algorithms? The authors remind us that one of the selling points of algorithmic decision making is to remove human bias; returning the humans to power returns that bias as well. *Defining fairness is yet another ethical and philosophical question. The authors give a good overview of privacy, which is protected by law in the European Union by the General Data Protection Regulation. Although there is no such federal law in America, California has passed a similar regulation called the California Consumer Privacy Act. At this point, it's too soon to evaluate the effect of such regulations. *The automation chapter is entitled "Can humans flourish in a world of smart machines?" and it covers many philosophical and ethical issues after providing a valuable summary of the current state of AI. Although machines are able to defeat humans in games like chess, go, and even Jeopardy, more useful abilities such as self-driving cars are not yet to that level. The utopian predictions of AGI (artificial general intelligence, or strong AI), in which the machine can set its own goals in a reasonable facsimile of a human, seem quite far off. But the current state of AI (weak AI) is able to perform many tasks usefully, and automation is already displacing some human labor. The authors discuss the economics, ethics, and psychology of automation, as human flourishing involves more than financial stability. The self-esteem associated with gainful employment is not a trivial thing. The chapter raises many more important issues than can be mentioned here. *The chapter on free speech also casts a wide net. Free speech as we experience it on the internet is vastly different from the free speech of yore, standing on a soap box in the public square. The sheer volume of speech today is incredible, and the power of the social media giants to edit it or ban individuals is also great. Disinformation, misinformation, and harassment are rampant, and polarization is increasing. *Direct incitement of violence, child pornography, and video of terrorist attacks are taken down as soon as the internet publishers are able, but hate speech is more difficult to define and detect. Can AI help? As with most things, AI can detect the easier cases, but it is not effective with the more difficult ones. From a regulatory standpoint, section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA 230) immunizes the platforms from legal liability due to the actions of users. Repealing or repairing CDA 230 may be difficult, but the authors make a good case that "it is realistic to think that we can pursue some commonsense reforms" (p. 225). *The final part of the book is relatively short, but addresses the very important question: "Can Democracies Rise to the Challenge?" The authors draw on the history of medicine in the US as an example of government regulation that might be used to reign in the tech giants. Digital technology does not have as long a history as medicine, so few efforts have been made to regulate it. The authors mention the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Software Engineering Code of Ethics, but point out that there are no real penalties for violation besides presumably being expelled from the ACM. Efforts to license software engineers have not borne fruit to date. *The authors argue that the path forward requires progress on several fronts. First, discussion of values must take place at the early stages of development of any new technology. Second, professional societies should renew their efforts to increase the professionalism of software engineering, including strengthened codes of ethics. Finally, computer science education should be overhauled to incorporate this material into the training of technologists and aspiring entrepreneurs. *The authors conclude with the recent history of attempts to regulate technology, and the associated political failures, such as the defunding of the congressional Office of Technology Assessment. It will never be easy to regulate powerful political contributors who hold out the prospect of jobs to politicians, but the authors make a persuasive case that it is necessary. China employs a very different authoritarian model of technical governance, which challenges us to show that democracy works better. *This volume is an excellent reference on the very active debate on the activities of the tech giants and their appropriate regulation. It describes many of the most relevant events of the recent past and provides good arguments for some proposed solutions. We need to be thinking and talking about these issues, and this book is a great convers

Mengistu Gutema

: The goal of this study is to investigate the governance modalities and capacity in Ambo city water service Enterprise, as well as how the Enterprise successfully delivers the water service. Weak urban center capacity in terms of finance and personnel; as well as challenges with governance where there is a lack of accountability for services and a lack of responsiveness and transparency. These constraints continue to make the supply of water services a hollow and unmet promise, and prevent equitable access to the benefits of urban service provision. To address research objective, a qualitative methods research approach is used. The research finds that, while private sectors are the most prominent non-state actors, the public roles are still undervalued. Platforms designed in various institutional settings and reform programmes that allowed the peoples to participate are still trailing behind in the city. Water Enterprise in the city is less responsive to the demand of the public. The fundamental causes of this challenges are limitations in political interferences in prioritization, as well as manpower capacity. The lack of media coverage and proper voice tools has severely hampered public responsiveness. On the other side, there is no clear mechanism in place to hold Water Enterprise directly accountable to the water users (customers) in the city. Similarly, the key obstacles, the unbalanced allocation of budget for additional specialized themes in the Water Enterprise, made urban governance and urban water service provision problematic. These have in turn the impact of impeding the level of accountability, responsiveness, and transparency. Nevertheless, for improved performances of the Water Enterprise in the city, increasing the capacity of Water Enterprise should not be the exclusive solution. Instead, laws and policies must be implemented that empower demand siders (the general public), so that they will be able to safeguard their voice and hold service providers accountable for ensuring that the urban water service is demand-driven. This article, therefore, contends that adequate urban center capacities, consolidated accountability and transparency mechanisms, and strong collaborations between state and non-state actors could help in overcoming issues with urban governance in Ethiopia's urban centers in general, and Ambo urban center in particular.

D. Kingsbury

Indonesia is often referred to as the world’s largest Muslim democracy. This characterization testifies to the country’s large population (at approximately 270 million, it is the world’s fourth most populous) and to the vast majority (approximately 87 percent) professing the Islamic faith. But Indonesia is also a country of immense ethno-linguistic heterogeneity, even among its dominant Muslim demographic. While this complex social fabric is reflected in the state motto of “Unity in Diversity,” it also has contributed to contentious processes of nation-building over decades wherein different forms of collective violence have figured prominently. Dutch traders arrived in the archipelago in the 16th century, but not until the mid-19th century did a colonial administration gain coherence on the main island of Java. This bureaucracy made uneven headway in the more sparsely populated outer islands. Colonialization spurred an inclusive anticolonial nationalist movement, despite the existence and persistence of deep factions along religious, ethnic, and ideological lines. The movement’s leaders proclaimed independence following Japan’s surrender in World War II, although it took a bloody revolutionary war, coupled with intense negotiations, for the country’s sovereignty to be formally recognized in 1949. Less than two decades of shaky parliamentary democracy followed, but democracy was replaced by authoritarianism, first gradually by President Sukarno (or Soekarno), and then more violently by General Suharto (or Soeharto), who gained power via an anti-Communist massacre in 1965 and 1966. The Cold War strongman also dedicated his New Order regime to developing the country economically, despite his government’s legendary corruption. Before the authoritarian Suharto was forced to resign following three decades in power in 1998, amid the Asian Financial Crisis, the World Bank had classified Indonesia as a lower-middle-income country. Today, Indonesia is a procedural democracy with a mixed presidential and parliamentary system, although the president has tended to outmuscle the legislature. Indonesiaand regularly holds competitive national and local elections, leading the country to be hailed as a successful case of a stable Muslim democracy. But mounting and destabilizing Islamism has led scholars of late to reexamine how consolidated Indonesia’s democracy actually is. State institutions are weak, for example, and corrupt political parties have enabled worrisome polarization. Debates on improving the country’s democratic deficits, such as alleviating poverty more swiftly and institutionalizing the rule of law, consume scholars and observers alike, as do discussions on protecting public civility and minority rights (even for key sectors of Muslims) amid rising religious nationalism.

Anna Fus

Członkowie zarządu spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w związku ze sprawowaną funkcją mogą zostać pociągnięcia do odpowiedzialności. Odpowiedzialność może wynikać z szeregu aktów prawnych, w tym kodeksu spółek handlowych, ordynacji podatkowej czy ustawy prawo upadłościowe. Niniejszy artykuł w sposób przekrojowy opisuje najważniejsze zagadnienia związane z odpowiedzialnością członków zarządu na podstawie poszczególnych aktów prawnych. Uwzględnione w nim zostały podstawowe zagadnienia mające wpływ na ustalenie odpowiedzialności członków zarządu oraz wysokość tej odpowiedzialności.

Johanna Hedlund, Örjan Bodin, Daniel Nohrstedt

The ability to effectively resolve complex environmental problems hinges upon the capacity to address several different challenges in concert. These challenges, what we refer to as policy issues, often relate to one another – they interdepend. Policy issue interdependency has been extensively theorised in the literature, yet few methodological approaches and little empirical evidence exist to translate the concept of policy issue interdependency to the on-the-ground realities facing policy actors in specific cases and contexts. We build from previous studies to develop a methodological procedure that investigates policy issue interdependencies in ways that take into account what measures and possible solutions policy actors have at their disposal in specific cases for specific environmental problems. By applying our methodological procedure to a case of water governance in Sweden, four insights emerged. First, validation by stakeholders confirms that our procedure produces reliable results. Second, we find that many, but certainly not all, policy issues are interdependent. More specifically, different patterns of policy issue interdependencies are associated with the biophysical and the governance spheres, respectively. Third, our results suggest that policy issue interdependencies are most important to consider when the overall level of interdependency is moderate. Last, our study raises new questions about policy actors’ perception of policy issue interdependencies. In particular, a key question for future research would be if reinforcing (win-win) or counteracting (trade-off) interdependencies are easier to comprehend and act on for policy actors.

Ochir-Garyaeva Irina Kalinovna

Russia is a multinational and multi-confessional country that unites peoples who used to be at different levels of cultural development. The relations with many of them were difficult and often dramatic. It is not only of historical interest, but also of modern interest to comprehend on what state-legal basis the Russian system of state administration was introduced in the region inhabited by Kalmyks. After entering Russia on a voluntary basis at the beginning of the 17 th century, the Kalmyks occupied the territory within the Astrakhan and partly Stavropol Governorate. This territory became known as the Kalmyk Steppe or Kalmykia. The process of development of the Kalmyk statehood, which, on the one hand, had been developing based on the state structures of the Kalmyk Khanate, and, on the other hand, had been under significant influence of Russia is of considerable interest. The institutions of social organization of Kalmyks in the conditions of political dependence on the Russian state had been gradually changing. The Russian government had been trying to limit the powers and independence of the Khan. For this purpose, the institution of governorship was introduced. The development of the system of public administration in Kalmykia took place in the conditions of the use of general imperial principles based on the flexible application of national approaches and political and legal institutions combined with the national characteristics of the Kalmyks, taking into account the existing systems of traditional government and traditional law of the Kalmyk people.

Richard Shaw, Chris Eichbaum

AbstractOne of the strands in the growing scholarship on political advisers in parliamentary democracies proposes that advisers can reduce the risk of civil service politicization by furnishing partisan advice to ministers, freeing civil servants to focus on the provision of expert competence. This benign narrative generates a significant hypothesis, which is that the institutionalization of the partisan role diminishes the risk of civil service politicization. That hypothesis has yet to be fully tested. Several studies have assessed the impact of advisers' actions on civil service impartiality, but the consequences of bureaucrats' own agency for that dependent variable have received far less attention. Drawing on data from a survey of New Zealand public servants, this article challenges the assumption in the political advisers literature that civil service politicization is primarily driven by exogenous factors and calls for a more nuanced theoretical approach to endogenous aspects of politicization.

T. Grieger

author’s ultimate message is “that for environmental justice to be responsive to the needs of Native peoples it must be indigenized—tailored to account for their very different histories, relationships to the land, and political relationships to the State” (147). Well written and coherently organized, As Long as Grass Grows should achieve Giolio-Whitaker’s goal that it “be used not only in classrooms but also by every organization, institution, and individual that engages with Indigenous peoples on the protection of the environment and their rights within it” (x). Scholars will find that her brief treatments of past and recent events alike cover familiar ground, but Gilio-Whitaker’s ability to concisely and cogently present a wide range of topics makes the book a quality consideration for Native American studies courses. Yet undergraduates and the general public might struggle through the whirlwind discussions of policies, court decisions, and organizations that often force readers to wade through streams of acronyms. Perhaps the greatest barriers to a broad readership are the book’s agenda and tone. Unapologetically (and understandably) critical of the US government yesterday and today, Gilio-Whitaker offers a polemic that may repel more readers than it converts. She makes little effort to conceal her disdain for the Trump administration especially, referring in the acknowledgments, for example, to “the national tragedy of the election of Donald Trump” (163). Meanwhile, the author unabashedly and uncritically celebrates Indian activists. Given that “the overall goal of this book is to highlight the importance of building alliances across social and racial divides” and that Gilio-Whitaker asserts that this must be achieved through “an honest interrogation of the history,” her abrasive language and biased approach to the past and present seem counterintuitive (ix). Closing the final chapter with the words “In the long run, environmental justice for American Indians is environmental justice for everyone ... and for the Earth herself” underscores the issue of bias and agenda (162). The point that environmental justice must incorporate the needs of indigenous peoples is well taken, but suggesting that what is best for Native Americans is best for “everyone” verges dangerously close to the very disregard for multicultural values that Gilio-Whitaker rails against. That framework, along with the concise nature of the volume, precludes any nuance in examining conflicts within and among indigenous communities. Gilio-Whitaker alludes to interand intratribal disagreements over environmental issues, but she overlooks controversies that have sometimes divided communities and pitted Indian nations against one another. At Wind River Indian Reservation alone, the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes have butted heads over myriad environmental issues over the past few decades. The author’s familiarity with Standing Rock, as well as developments in California, influences her selection of examples, but one is left to wonder if she avoided some cases so as to not muddy the waters. Regardless, as the book’s title, THE Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice from Colonization to Standing Rock (emphasis added), suggests, Gilio-Whitaker tends to treat American Indians as a monolithic entity. This clashes with decades of scholarship emphasizing diversity among indigenous nations. The folly of this approach becomes manifest when one considers the complex history of Wind River Indian Reservation with the statement that “environmental justice for American Indians is environmental justice for everyone” in mind; the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes have often disagreed on common environmental policies. Moreover, discerning readers may take issue with Gilio-Walker’s source selection. For instance, when discussing the impact of the extermination of the bison on native peoples, she cites an Encyclopedia.com entry, rather than one of many excellent scholarly works on the subject, foremost among them Andrew C. Isenberg’s Destruction of the Bison (Cambridge University Press 2000). A brief book such as this certainly cannot be expected to incorporate all relevant literature, but As Long as Grass Grows does not reference such major works as Patricia Nelson Limerick’s Legacy of Conquest (Norton 1987) and Richard White’s “It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own” (University of Oklahoma 1991) to support her points regarding history. Ultimately, As Long as Grass Grows is a provocative volume that acquaints readers with the subject of environmental injustice as it concerns American Indians and suggests pathways toward collaborative solutions. However, one is left to wonder if its aggressive approach will convert readers, engender heated discussions, or fall on ears deafened by the political rancor of the time in which it appeared.

V. Bashtannyk, M. Kudriavtseva

Features of public administration reform in the context of modern decentralization processes are studied. The analysis of features of formation of system of authorities is carried out, the legislative and regulatory base of activity of authorities of various levels is considered. The actual scientific problem of substantiation of theoretical and methodological principles of the transformation process in the system of public administration is solved. A conceptual approach to solving the problem of content of modern public administration reform in the format of initiatives of the President of Ukraine to reform public administration is proposed, with the criteria of decentralization reform proposed to be used as factors influencing the reform process in Ukraine and equally as transformational factors in public administration. The multifaceted nature of the transformation process in the system of public administration due to the influence of political, economic and social components is demonstrated, the concepts of socialization of management, humanization of management, complex administrative systems are determined. Author’s approaches to periodization of development of processes of formation of strategy of reforming of authorities are developed, system characteristics of development of public relations in Ukraine in the field of development of a state policy are resulted. Using the results of the study, the principles of forming the concept of development of the Ukrainian state, as well as the methodological basis for improving the management model at the central and regional levels were developed. Based on the analysis of the activities of regional institutions of government, the directions of public administration reform at the regional level are proposed. In general, the regional level of government has been adopted as a baseline in the process of public administration reform in the context of decentralization reform. Internal and external factors of influence on the transformation process, their characteristics are determined, the stages of institutionalization of public administration are established. It is substantiated that in the process of public administration reform it is necessary to determine the structure and methodology of analysis of the impact of decentralization, the presence of a generalized set of tools to improve public administration in the central, regional and sectoral levels by combining technologies of socio-economic development and organizational and management mechanisms. A new approach to the formalization of governance as the influence of the state on public relations by introducing the concept of an integrated system of public administration and the principles, forms and methods of interaction of elements of such a system are proposed.

Sergio Poblete

The objective of this article is to characterize and analyze the risk-sharing agreements proposed by the pharmaceutical industry to achieve coverage under the Financial Protection System for High Cost Diagnostics and Treatments in Chile (Ricarte Soto Law). Through a review of the literature on the subject, a taxonomy of risk-sharing agreements was elaborated, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each type from the perspective of public health policies. Findings show that most of the offers received considered financial agreements, mainly price discounts. To a lesser extent, bonification and portfolio discount also stand out for their frequency. It is important to note that the case analyzed is one of the first formal experiences of requesting risk-sharing agreements in the Chilean public health sector. However, the design and implementation of these contracts require a more proactive role of the public buyer. This demands the development of skills and infrastructure in the public health sector that allow the measurement of the performance of health technologies in practice.

Muchid Albintani, Auradian Marta

Esai ini berupaya menelaah hubungan kausalitas antara regulasi ketatanegaraan [keberadaan pemerintah pusat sebagai negara dalam arti sempit terhadap ‘Pemerintahan Alam Melayu’], dan corak pemerintahan daerah [berdasarkan budaya politik lokal sebagai implementasi desentralisasi] di kawasan Riau Kepulauan yang dianggap strategis secara geografis. Esai iniber tujuan, [i] Menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mendukung urgensinya mewujudkan ‘Pemerintahan Alam Melayu’ di Kepulauan Riau sebagai kawasan strategis. [ii] Menjelaskan implemen tasi ‘Pemerintahan Alam Melayu’ di Kepulauan Riau sebagai kawasan atau wilayah strategs. Hasil penelaahan menunjukkan, [i] Berdasarkan perspektif Geo-politik dan pola Hubungan Pusat-daerah, corak pemerintahan lokal sebagai upaya pelaksanaan desentralisasi di Kepulauan Riau adalah sebuah keniscayaan karena merupakan kawasan perbatasan yang strategis [ii] Berdasarkan kedua perspektif tersebut, esai ini menginisiasi studi akademis, dan formulasi kebijakan pembentukan ‘Provinsi Istimewa Melayu Riau Kepulauan’.

Umfreville Paul, Sirr Lorcan

It is often a crisis that is the necessary catalyst for change, and the financial crash provided the stimulus for the recent raft of public sector reforms since 2010. A new decade provides an opportunity to assess the reforms, and to question where the reform around housing sits in relation to theoretical approaches to the policy process. The Irish public policy process is the result of a historical mix of ideological and cultural practice, social policy and political process, and it is this complexity which provides its uniqueness. However, theories of the policy process aid effective analysis of policy landscapes, and the use of elements from a range of approaches enables a fuller understanding of that complexity. By offering a theoretical perspective, and providing the reader with a different outlook, we explore the drivers for, and outcomes of, change in the Irish housing context. We find that the reform agenda is itself a means of maintaining the current, as it is unlikely that the reforms implemented since 2010 will address the structural flaws evident in the housing crisis. Instead, a more likely outcome is that the reforms are a necessary change so as to maintain the status quo.

Maxat Kassen

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study a multi-institutional and multi-layer nature of open data-driven communication processes that provide a collaborative platform to meet the interests of various stakeholders in advancing public sector innovations, namely, government agents, citizens, independent developers, non-governmental organizations, mass media and businesses alike and understand an important role of mutually beneficial public–private partnerships in the area. Design/methodology/approach This is a case study research, which itself is based on a combinative approach, especially in applying, in a successive order, two methods of investigation, namely, stakeholder and policy analysis. In general, the combination of these two research techniques is useful in understanding the most important collaborative trends in the area and locating key institutional drivers and challenges that open data policymakers face today in implementing related digital collaborative and participatory platforms. Findings The open data concept could provide a promising collaborative platform to network various e-government stakeholders and accelerate related technology-driven public reforms. The successful implementation of the idea demands a fairly equal contribution from representatives of both public and private sectors of economy. The case has also clearly demonstrated the importance of cooperation with the local non-governmental sector, independent developers and journalists, whose active participation is a key factor for the overall progress of the open data phenomenon, to a greater degree, as a collaborative movement rather than an instrument of public sector innovations. Research limitations/implications One of the fundamental limitations of the investigation is that it is a single case study. It explores the development of open data phenomena in the context of such an advanced post-industrial society as Finland. In this regard, in order to support key arguments of the research, it is necessary to compare its findings with the results of similar case studies in other administrative, political and socioeconomic settings, which would open new promising dimensions for future research in this direction. Practical implications Policy recommendations are proposed by the author in the discussion section, which could help, for example, to boost information campaigns in popularizing open data technologies and its reuse among independent developers. A lot of unique visualizations and illustrations are presented in the paper to help readers grasp better key ideas of the research. In this respect, the paper is intended for a global professional community of open data experts, e-government specialists, political scientists, journalists, lawyers, students of public policy and public administration and all those who are interested in studying the phenomenon from the perspective of its key stakeholders. Social implications The author of the paper tried to develop a universal framework of case study research that could be used in investigating phenomena of open data not only in Finland but also in the context of other post-industrial societies, especially in analyzing roles of various stakeholders in adopting open data-driven collaborative and civic engagement platforms and startups. Originality/value This research presents a first case study that investigates a collaborative potential of open data phenomena from a stakeholder perspective in a more holistic manner, especially in analyzing professional networking platforms and related communication activities that meet the interests of stakeholders as diverse as government agents and journalists, independent developers and academia, charities and businesses in an attempt to better understand the fundamental factors of the open data movement as a collaborative socioeconomic trend.

J. C. M. (Hans) de Bekker, K. Saefullah

Laíse Rezende de Andrade, Isabela Cardoso de Matos Pinto, Catharina Leite Matos Soares et al.

Resumo Este artigo analisa as estratégias de gestão do trabalho da Fundação Estatal Saúde da Família (FESF-SUS), criada para suprir a necessidade de médicos no Estado da Bahia. Objetiva contribuir com o debate acerca das dificuldades de provimento e fixação de médicos na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). A pesquisa consistiu em um estudo de caso, por meio de diversas estratégias metodológicas, destacando-se a análise documental. Os achados apontam como solução a criação de uma carreira intermunicipal. A proposta de gestão do trabalho da Fundação Estatal Saúde da Família (FESF-SUS, n.d.) incluiu os seguintes aspectos: remuneração variável, mobilidade do trabalhador entre os municípios e fatores associados ao suprimento de médicos. A complexidade dessa proposta se depara com a ausência de experiência na gestão desse modelo e também com as questões estruturais e institucionais que marcaram historicamente a gestão do trabalho nos municípios.

Adriana Corrêa, Aparecida Carneiro Pires, Francileide Batista de Almeida Vieira

O presente trabalho objetivou identificar (na legislação e na literatura) pressupostos, recursos e práticas de avaliação para surdos. Para tal, definimos como percurso metodológico a pesquisa exploratória, pautada na análise documental e na revisão da literatura, embasando-se em Brasília (2014), Brasil (1996, 2015), Libâneo (2007), Luckesi (2011), Hoffmann (2011; 2013) entre outros. Apresentamos uma análise bibliográfica, baseada na legislação que trata da avaliação voltada para o aluno surdo e em resultados de 7 pesquisas. Identificamos que é necessária a formação continuada para modificar a atuação docente ante a avaliação, compreendendo a colaboração outros profissionais e membros da comunidade escolar no processo avaliativo.