Hasil untuk "Petroleum refining. Petroleum products"

Yao Jianlin, Huang Wei, Zheng Kaizhong et al.

In recent years， despite significant advancements in drilling and completion technologies for deep and ultra-deep wells， lost circulation remains one of the most prevalent downhole complexities encountered during the development of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs. In drilling operations， economic losses attributable to lost circulation account for approximately 25% to 40% of the total costs. This paper proposes a continuous plugging and drill-out operation method for cement slurry applications. This method can reduce the number of round trips required for cement slurry plugging and subsequent drill-out of cement plugs， thereby significantly shortening the operational cycle of cement slurry plugging operations. On this basis， a comparative analysis was conducted on the advantages and disadvantages of four technical principles， i.e. hydraulic drive， mechanical drive， mechanically controllable throttling + hydraulic drive， and hydraulically controllable throttling + hydraulic drive. The mechanically controllable throttling + hydraulic drive mode was selected as the optimal target in this study. According to the <italic>Hydraulic Calculation Manual</italic> and the <italic>Drilling Engineering Technical Manual</italic>， and through fluid simulation analysis， a theoretical formula for hydraulic thrust was established. Then， a multifunctional tool for continuous plugging and drill-out was developed by adopting the design of cutter block mis-expansion structure， 45° expansion angle cutter block， cement slurry accumulation and solidification control structure， three long centrally-connected blades， integrated bit structure， and large-diameter water hole. The results of laboratory experiments and field tests demonstrate that the theoretical formula for hydraulic thrust yields relatively accurate calculation， providing a theoretical support for the serialization of the multifunctional tool for continuous plugging and drill-out. Moreover， the multifunctional tool facilitated a successful job of cement slurry pumping and cement plug drill-out in a single trip at Well ZS-X， with the wellbore diameter achieved after drilling out the cement plug meeting the design specification. Thus， it enables a continuous plugging and drill-out process without tripping out， which features one trip less than conventional jobs. Its application is expected to significantly shorten the operational cycle of cement slurry plugging.

Caineng ZOU, Songtao WU, Zhi YANG et al.

Carbon dioxide storage and utilization has become an inevitable trend and choice for sustainable development under the background of global climate change and carbon neutrality. Carbon industry which is dominated by CO2 capture, utilization and storage/ CO2 capture and storage (CCUS/CCS) is becoming a new strategic industry under the goal of carbon neutrality. The sustainable development of carbon industry needs to learn from the experiences of global oil and gas industry development. There are three types of “carbon” in the earth system. Black carbon is the CO2 that has not been sequestered or used and remains in the atmosphere for a long time; grey carbon is the CO2 that has been fixed or permanently sequestered in the geological body, and blue carbon is the CO2 that could be converted into products for human use through biological, physical, chemical and other ways. The carbon industry system covers carbon generation, carbon capture, carbon transportation, carbon utilization, carbon sequestration, carbon products, carbon finance, and other businesses. It is a revolutionary industrial field to completely eliminate “black carbon”. The development of carbon industry technical system takes carbon emission reduction, zero carbon, negative carbon and carbon economy as the connotation, and the construction of a low-cost and energy-efficient carbon industry system based on CCUS/CCS are strategic measures to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality and clean energy utilization globally. This will promote the “four 80%s” transformation of China's energy supply, namely, to 2060, the percentage of zero-carbon new energy in the energy consumption will be over 80% and the CO2 emission will be decreased by 80% to ensure the carbon emission reduction of total 80×108 t from the percentage of carbon-based fossil energy in the energy consumption of over 80%, and the percentage of CO2 emission from energy of over 80% in 2021. The carbon industry in China is facing three challenges, large CO2 emissions, high percentage of coal in energy consumption, and poor innovative system. Three strategic measures are proposed accordingly, including: (1) unswervingly develop carbon industrial system and ensure the achievement of carbon neutrality as scheduled by 2060; (2) vigorously develop new energy sources and promote a revolutionary transformation of China's energy production and consumption structure; (3) accelerate the establishment of scientific and technological innovation system of the whole CO2 industry. It is of great significance for continuously optimization of ecological environment and construction of green earth and ecological earth to develop the carbon industry system, utilize clean energy, and achieve the strategic goal of global carbon neutrality.

Y. Reda, H.M. Yehia, A.M. El-Shamy

The thermal–mechanical technique presented in this paper has been developed to increase the intensity and ductility of the Al-2024 alloy. As a result of standard solid solution treatment, cold rolling at room temperature, and imitation maturing at 175 °C for three hours. After aging, the Al 2024 alloy has ultimate and yield strengths at 469 MPa and 324 MPa, correspondingly. The microstructure and malleable features of an extruded Al 2024 alloying combination have been investigated in the manner of heat treatment T6. SEM, X-ray diffractometry, and optical microscopy were all used to examine the microstructure of the alloy under study. Aluminum Al 2024 alloy was established on the synthesis of rich copper intermetallic. There was a comparison of several mechanical properties since following the protrusion and heat treatment T6, researchers observed that A2024 had considerably enhanced tensile properties. Researchers found that the composite exhibits elongation of the decisive intensity and values of 381 MPa and 13.6 %, individually. An examination of the rupture exteriors of hot-squeeze-out composite specimens exposed that the malleable form of rupture predominates. Triple aging is the third aging process after the third heat treatment process, which takes place in either artificial or natural aging.

CHEN Xingming

Carbon capture, utilization and storage, or CCUS, is one of the key technologies to deal with global climate change, among which CO₂-EOR is an important part. In order to effectively solve the problems that caused by the high cost and low oil price on CO₂ flooding, and promote the large-scale popularization and application of CCUS project, Jiangsu Huayang Liquid Carbon Co., LTD. of Sinopec East China Petroleum Bureau strengthen the integration of the advanced information of carbon dioxide transportation or oil displacement and the production management according to the template of digital oil and gas field construction and in accordance with the working idea of “production automation, safety interlock, unmanned on site and centralized management”. Through the construction and operation of safety monitoring system and information remote control platform, the digital management of CO₂ transportation system, injection system and production area security system is realized, which ensure the safety standard of carbon dioxide transportation, intelligent and efficient oil displacement site and effective supervision in production area. The exploration and practice of digital management transformation of distributed CO₂-EOR project have been completed. By this systematic digital construction, the lowest comprehensive cost and the best security guarantee of CO₂-EOR has been achieved, which is of great significance to the large-scale popularization and application of CCUS project.

Xiaoqin Song, Dongxin Li, Xiao Sun et al.

In this work, numerical models were developed to investigate the critical inclination of a pipeline to eliminate the water accumulation at the floor of the pipe carrying oil-water fluid. Computational fluid dynamics software was used to establish a geometric model of the pipe with various inclination angles, and a grid-independent verification was conducted to determine a reasonable meshing method. Quantitative relationships were determined between the pipe inclination angle and the affecting factors including the flow velocity, viscosity and the pipe diameter, where the water accumulation would not be able to occur. Generally, the critical inclination angle increases with the fluid flow velocity. The refluxing of water is the key mechanism causing the water accumulation at the bottom of the pipe. In addition to the fluid flow velocity, an increase in fluid viscosity and a decrease in the pipe diameter cause an increase of the critical inclination angle that the water phase can be carried away by oil. The model can be used to determine the critical inclination of pipelines carrying oil-water fluid to cause the water accumulation and the operating conditions that can eliminate the accumulation of water phase at the pipe floor.

Tian Xiaojian, Long Daping, Wu Qinglong et al.

Natural gas leakage and explosion have become the main extreme disasters of buried gas pipelines. TNT equivalent method is selected as the estimation model for small hole leakage explosion of gas pipeline. The material constitutive model is appropriately selected. Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler method (ALE) is used to verify the accuracy of the model. A three-dimensional solid model of buried gas pipeline-soil-explosive coupling is established. The relationship between dynamic response (equivalent stress, displacement) of buried gas pipeline and explosion center distance and explosive quantity is analyzed. The results show that the ALE method can well describe the propagation law of spherical explosion waves in the soil, and can visually show the macro-evolution process of the explosion cavity and the surface mound. Under the explosion center distance of 205 cm, the stress increases with the explosive charge. The anti-explosion limit charge of the pipe body is 58.4 kg. Both the stress and displacement increase with the explosive charge or the decrease of the explosion center distance. The <i>X</i>-direction displacement, the <i>Y</i>-direction displacement of front explosion point and rear explosion point increases first and then decreases with time. The <i>Y</i>-direction displacement of the top of the pipe presents a second shock that increases first and then decreases. The displacement of the bottom of the pipe changes approximately sinusoidally. There is a deviation between the strain-based and stress-based failure evaluation results. The strain-based results are relatively conservative. The study can provide a reference for the safety assessment of parallel gas pipelines.

Jia Jia Leam, Cheng Seong Khor, Sarat C. Dass

Abstract Saybolt color determination is one of the techniques used to evaluate the quality of petroleum products as an indicator of the degree of refinement. As color is a property readily observed by operators, conventional procedures require operators to determine Saybolt color either through direct visual observation or through Saybolt chromometers. These methods are subjective due to the variability in perception of colors across different observers and may be influenced by external factors such as the level of illuminance. Digital oil color analyzers, on the other hand, cost almost four times as much as Saybolt chromometers. An alternative approach to color measurement is to develop a correlation model between Saybolt color with the physical and chemical properties of condensates and light crude oils from Malaysian oil and gas fields. This work applies several multiple linear regression techniques (such as stepwise regression) performed both manually and using the R software (version 3.6.1) to obtain statistically significant results. The step, regsubsets and glmulti functions from R are explored to develop the correlation model which predicts Saybolt color using only identified key properties, overcoming the possible drawbacks associated with conventional laboratory analysis. The models developed through these different techniques are analyzed and compared based on criteria indicated through the coefficient of multiple determination, R 2 and F-tests to infer on suitable regression approaches. Results obtained from these regression methods for models with and without interaction terms report deviations of less than 5% for 75% of the samples used for validation.

Gao Sen, Yang Hongbin, Su Minwen

To optimize the main parameters of sand washing in the horizontal cased hole using coiled tubing and verify the sand washing performance under different working conditions, the coiled tubing unit is used to convey the sand washing tool to carry out sand washing test in the horizontal transparent casing. The test results show that although the displacement of 150~180 L/min can make the sand completely out of the transparent casing, it must rely on the combined action of liquid-carrying and sand washing tool running out to quickly complete sand washing. The displacement for the best sand washing performance is 180 L/min, and the corresponding flow rate in coiled tubing is of 3.78 m/s and annular flow velocity is of 0.266 m/s. The jet velocities of the fixed-type and swirl-type sand washing tools are 34.12 and 23.90 m/s, respectively. The tool’s running in and out speeds are 0.3 and 0.6 m/min, respectively. The sand washing time is 9 min. Given the same displacement, the maximum circulation pressure of the fixed-type sand washing tool during running in hole is up to 8.5 MPa and is 14.0 MPa for running out of hole. While the circulation pressure during the sand washing with the swirl-type sand washing tool is lower than 7.2 MPa, which indicates that the diversified number of nozzles and the jet direction makes the washing area larger, and results in a better stirring effect of the sand in the sand suspending section and stronger washing capacity. The study can provide a reference for the operation parameters optimization of sand washing in the horizontal wells and reducing the risk of on-site operation.

Pu Wanfen, Mei Zilai, Yang Yang et al.

Aim ed at how to develop high temperature reservoir after water flooding, we proposed the in-situ emulsion flooding by injecting surfactant solutions to evaluate the emulsifying property and study on the oil displacement by the emulsion of the OB-2 system for the W/O（water in oil）emulsifier. The results showed that the emulsion viscosity firstly increased and then decreased along with emulsifier concentration. For oil in reservoir-X, the optimal emulsifier concentration was 0.3 wt% at which could make the interfacial tension reduce to 10 ^-2 mN/m order of magnitude. When the water-oil ratio was lower than 7∶3, the complete emulsification of oil-water happened and the W/O emulsion with high viscosity would form. The maximum emulsion viscosity appearde when the oil-water ratio was 7∶3, with the viscosity increasing rate of as high as 370 %. The results of emulsion flooding indicated that the recovery factor of the homogeneous core could increase another 26.15 % after water flooding by injecting 0.3PV OB-2 system. On the other hand, when the permeability ratio of parallel cores was lower than 7.6, applying the OB-2 system could achieve good mobility control and heterogeneity regulation.

Huaqing XUE, Shangwen ZHOU, Yali JIANG et al.

The microstructures of shale samples before and after hydration were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and the differences in microstructure and physical parameters of original shale samples, water saturated samples and samples with water centrifugated were examined by micro CT, porosity and permeability tests. The FESEM test shows that the hydration has no effect on the main morphology, position and pores of organic matter (OM). Hydration can increase the number and width of fractures in shale, including generation of new fractures and extension of existent fractures between inorganic minerals and width increase of fractures between banded organic matter and inorganic minerals. Micro CT results of samples with different water saturations show that the intensity of hydration is dominated by primary fracture development, in other words, the more developed the primary fractures of the shale, the stronger the hydration will be. The width of fractures increased two to five times by intense hydration. The porosity of shale is mainly controlled by organic matter content and secondly influenced by the fracture development. The permeability of shale is mainly affected by fracture development and secondly by the porosity. The fracture development influenced both porosity and permeability, but more strongly on permeability than porosity. Key words: shale, hydration, microstructure, physical parameters, fracture, pore

Wei ZHANG, Jinqiang LIANG, Jing'an LU et al.

Abstract: Based on the comprehensive interpretation of cores, loggings and 2D/3D seismic data of Shenhu GMGS3 drilling area in the northern South China Sea, the distribution characteristics, differential accumulation mechanism and reservoir forming mechanism of diffusion type natural gas hydrate with high saturation discovered from clayey silt reservoirs were investigated. The following findings are reached through the research: (1) Gas hydrate with high saturation often displays high resistivity, low interval transit time, and strong bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRs), and accompanies with fluid seepage phenomena beneath BSRs, such as mud diapiric structure and gas chimney. (2) The gas hydrate reservoirs are dominated by fine grained clayey silt sediments, and the reservoirs have higher porosity and permeability in local parts. (3) The gas hydrate is largely type I, whereas type II gas hydrate may exist below the type I gas hydrate. (4) The gas sources are mixed microbial and thermogenic gases, and the thermogenic gas originated from the deep formation in the center of Baiyun Sag migrated into shallow strata through faults, mud diapirs and gas chimneys, then was mixed with microbial gas in situ and continued to migrate until they accumulated in the temperature and pressure stability zone and formed diffusion type gas hydrate with high saturation finally. (5) The fluid migration system influenced and controlled the differential distribution of gas hydrate with high saturation. Key words: natural gas hydrate, high saturation, distribution characteristics, accumulation mechanism, Shenhu area, Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea

Meshaal F. Alebrahim, I.A. Khattab, Qiong Cai et al.

In this work, electrochemical-simultaneous removal of copper and zinc from simulated binary-metallic industrial wastewater containing different ratios of copper to zinc was studied using a packed-bed continuous-recirculation flow electrolytic reactor. The total nominal initial concentration of both metals, circulating rate of flow and nominal initial pH were held constant. Parameters affecting the removal percent and current efficiency of removal, such as applied current and time of electrolysis were investigated. Results revealed that increased current intensity accelerated the removal of metals and diminish current efficiency. It was also observed that selective removal of both metals is possible when the applied current was of small intensity. Moreover, the factors that led to loss of faradaic efficiency were discussed.

Wang Zhenghan, Zhou Zhihong

To prevent the coiled tubing from breaking down during operation, the fatigue life of the coiled tubing with defects should be predicted. The deformation and fatigue of the coiled tubing with different size of ellipsoid defects without inner pressure during coiling and straightening have been simulated by finite element method. The corresponding fatigue life has been estimated by the equivalent strain method and the critical plane method respectively, and then the corresponding diagrams have been attained. The defect size includes different lengths, depths, and widths given the same other dimensions. The fatigue life changes with the defect size. The effect of defect length change is greater than the defect depth or width change on the coiled tubing fatigue life. The results of the study could help to improve the design level of coiled tubing and the prediction of the service life, and also to reduce the significant loss of personnel and property caused by fatigue.

V. Maricic, D. Danilović, Branko Leković