Hasil untuk "Norwegian literature"

A. Hughes, R. Gyllencreutz, Øystein S. Lohne et al.

We present a new time‐slice reconstruction of the Eurasian ice sheets (British–Irish, Svalbard–Barents–Kara Seas and Scandinavian) documenting the spatial evolution of these interconnected ice sheets every 1000 years from 25 to 10 ka, and at four selected time periods back to 40 ka. The time‐slice maps of ice‐sheet extent are based on a new Geographical Information System (GIS) database, where we have collected published numerical dates constraining the timing of ice‐sheet advance and retreat, and additionally geomorphological and geological evidence contained within the existing literature. We integrate all uncertainty estimates into three ice‐margin lines for each time‐slice; a most‐credible line, derived from our assessment of all available evidence, with bounding maximum and minimum limits allowed by existing data. This approach was motivated by the demands of glaciological, isostatic and climate modelling and to clearly display limitations in knowledge. The timing of advance and retreat were both remarkably spatially variable across the ice‐sheet area. According to our compilation the westernmost limit along the British–Irish and Norwegian continental shelf was reached up to 7000 years earlier (at c. 27–26 ka) than the eastern limit on the Russian Plain (at c. 20–19 ka). The Eurasian ice sheet complex as a whole attained its maximum extent (5.5 Mkm2) and volume (~24 m Sea Level Equivalent) at c. 21 ka. Our continental‐scale approach highlights instances of conflicting evidence and gaps in the ice‐sheet chronology where uncertainties remain large and should be a focus for future research. Largest uncertainties coincide with locations presently below sea level and where contradicting evidence exists. This first version of the database and time‐slices (DATED‐1) has a census date of 1 January 2013 and both are available to download via the Bjerknes Climate Data Centre and PANGAEA (www.bcdc.no; http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.848117).

Damian R. Griffin, Damian R. Griffin, Edward J. Dickenson et al.

K. Søreide, K. Søreide, O. Sandvik et al.

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are rare, yet the most common mesenchymal tumour within the digestive tract. Lack of diagnostic criteria and no specific code in the ICD system has prevented epidemiological evaluation except from overt malignant cases in the past. A global estimate of incidence and disease patterns has thus not been available. METHODS A systematic literature search of all available population-based studies on GIST published between January 2000 and December 2014 were reviewed. Descriptive epidemiological data are presented. RESULTS The search found 29 studies of more than 13,550 patients from 19 countries that reported sufficient data for regional or national population-based statistics. Age at diagnosis ranged from 10 to 100 years, with median age being mid 60s across most studies. Gender distribution was equal across studies. On average, 18% of patients had an incidental diagnosis (range from 5% to 40%). Anatomical location of primary tumour in 9747 GISTs demonstrated gastric location as the most frequent (55.6%) followed by small bowel (31.8%), colorectal (6.0%), other/various location (5.5%) and oesophagus (0.7%). Most studies reported incidence at 10-15 per million per year. Notably, lowest incidence was in China (Shanxi province) with 4.3 per million per year. Highest incidence rates were reported also from China (Hong Kong and Shanghai areas), and in Taiwan and Norway (Northern part), with up to 19-22 per million per year. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiology of GIST demonstrates some consistent features across geographical regions. Whether the reported extreme differences in incidence reflect real variation in population risk warrants further investigation.

L. Chawla

Abstract:A growing literature shows that active care for the environment in adulthood is frequently associated with positive experiences of nature in childhood or adolescence, along with childhood role models who gave the natural world appreciative attention. This article offers a framework for understanding this finding, drawing on two bodies of theory: the ecological psychology of James Gibson, Eleanor Gibson and Edward Reed, and the attachment theories of John Bowlby and Donald Winnicott. It shows how these two bodies of theory complement each other, as interpersonal theories of attachment add an emotional dimension to the processes of encountering the world described by ecological psychologists. Based on a re-analysis of interviews with environmentalists in Norway and the United States, the article looks closely at remembered childhood interactions with influential role models.

Xiang Li, Minglei Li, Pengfei Yan et al.

Survey/review study Deep Learning Attention Mechanism in Medical Image Analysis: Basics and Beyonds Xiang Li 1, Minglei Li 1, Pengfei Yan 1, Guanyi Li 1, Yuchen Jiang 1, Hao Luo 1,*, and Shen Yin 2 1 Department of Control Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China 2 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7034, Norway * Correspondence: hao.luo@hit.edu.cn     Received: 16 October 2022 Accepted: 25 November 2022 Published:    Abstract: With the improvement of hardware computing power and the development of deep learning algorithms, a revolution of "artificial intelligence (AI) + medical image" is taking place. Benefiting from diversified modern medical measurement equipment, a large number of medical images will be produced in the clinical process. These images improve the diagnostic accuracy of doctors, but also increase the labor burden of doctors. Deep learning technology is expected to realize an auxiliary diagnosis and improve diagnostic efficiency. At present, the method of deep learning technology combined with attention mechanism is a research hotspot and has achieved state-of-the-art results in many medical image tasks. This paper reviews the deep learning attention methods in medical image analysis. A comprehensive literature survey is first conducted to analyze the keywords and literature. Then, we introduce the development and technical characteristics of the attention mechanism. For its application in medical image analysis, we summarize the related methods in medical image classification, segmentation, detection, and enhancement. The remaining challenges, potential solutions, and future research directions are also discussed.

A. Bakker, J. Hetland, Olav Kjellevold Olsen et al.

This study uses the full-range leadership model to argue that on days when leaders engage in transformational leadership behaviors, they identify follower strengths and stimulate followers to show personal initiative. We propose that transformational leadership is related to follower work engagement and performance through follower strengths use and personal initiative. Moreover, we hypothesize that followers ’ personal initiative is most effective when followers use their strengths. A total of 57 Norwegian naval cadets filled out a diary booklet for 30 days (response = 72.6%; n = 1242). Multilevel modeling analyses largely supported our hypotheses. On the days when leaders used transformational leadership behaviors such as intellectual stimulation and individual consideration, followers were more likely to use their strengths and take initiative. These behaviors, in turn, predicted next-day work engagement and next-day job performance. Moreover, followers ’ personal initiative was particularly related to work engagement when strengths use was high rather than low. We discuss how these findings contribute to the leadership literature by showing how leaders inspire their followers to lead themselves. In addition, we elaborate on the practical implications for leadership training.

D. Puliti, S. Duffy, G. Miccinesi et al.

Czarny Bogusław

This article aims to present and organize the findings of the research of the Norwegian tax reform of October 2001, which resulted in an increase in transparency of taxable income, wealth, and tax paid by all citizens. The digitization of relevant data and publishing it on the Internet made all of this information accessible directly from a home computer. I have provided an overview of the historical and cultural background, as well as the direct causes of the changes introduced in Norway and their consequences. I have also described the evolution of the reform up to 2014. To reach these goals, I have reviewed the economic literature on the Norwegian reform. Protestantism, egalitarianism, and the distinct mentality of the Norwegian society were among the causes of the reform. The most important effects of the reform proved to be an increase in the state’s income from taxation, widening of the gap in well-being between the wealthy and the poor, an increase in the lowest earnings, and an increase in public support for income redistribution. The results of many studies of the 2001 tax reform in Norway presented in this article facilitate, among other things, an answer to whether and how to draw inspiration from the Nordic economic experience.

T. Bakke, J. Klungsøyr, S. Sanni

Operational discharges of produced water and drill cuttings from offshore oil and gas platforms are a continuous source of contaminants to continental shelf ecosystems. This paper reviews recent research on the biological effects of such discharges with focus on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The greatest concern is linked to effects of produced water. Alkylphenols (AP) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from produced water accumulate in cod and blue mussel caged near outlets, but are rapidly metabolized in cod. APs, naphtenic acids, and PAHs may disturb reproductive functions, and affect several chemical, biochemical and genetic biomarkers. Toxic concentrations seem restricted to <2 km distance. At the peak of discharge of oil-contaminated cuttings fauna disturbance was found at more than 5 km from some platforms, but is now seldom detected beyond 500 m. Water-based cuttings may seriously affect biomarkers in filter feeding bivalves, and cause elevated sediment oxygen consumption and mortality in benthic fauna. Effects levels occur within 0.5-1 km distance. The stress is mainly physical. The risk of widespread, long term impact from the operational discharges on populations and the ecosystem is presently considered low, but this cannot be verified from the published literature.

C. Himsworth, Kirbee L. Parsons, C. Jardine et al.

Jordan Siemianowski

Summary: Observers of the Polish-Soviet war of the years 1919-1921 considered it the most significant conflict since the end of WWI. It was common knowledge then that the conflict in question had a considerable influence on the situation of the Mid-  and West European states. It was expected that, should the Red Army have won, the Soviet revolution would have spread as far as the Marne; a reason why the conflict in question was of so much interest to the Norwegian press, considered a mirror of the stand the Norwegian public opinion took as regards the position of the then superpowers towards the said war, the meaning of the war for the Norwegian public opinion as well as Norwegians’s sympathy for or disfavour of the militant parties. This article aims both at presenting the above mentioned issues and juxtaposing them with the political, military, and social questions to date as they appeared in the then Norwegian press. For that purpose my article will also resort to the literature on the subject of the Polish-Bolshevist war.

Ralph Tuchtenhagen

Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die Interdependenz von Entdeckungsfahrten, Handel, Kartographie und Reiseberichten in den Niederlanden während des 16. Jahrhunderts. Ausgangspunkt ist der Vertrag von Tordesillas (1494), der garantieren sollte, dass allein Portugal und Spanien auf den Weltmeeren Handel trieben und dass die Entdeckung, Unterwerfung und Kolonisierung außereuropäischer und nichtchristlicher Völker nur ihnen zustand. Niederländische Kaufleute, die gleichfalls versuchten, Handelsbeziehungen mit China, Indien und Japan (»Cathay«) zu knüpfen, waren deshalb gezwungen, Wege zu finden, die eine offene Konfrontation mit Portugiesen und Spaniern vermieden. Eine Möglichkeit bot die sogenannte »Nordostpassage«, deren erhoffte Erschließung während des 16. Jahrhunderts mehrere niederländische Expeditionen beschäftigte. Den nördlichen Seeweg nach Ostasien und Indien zu finden, gelang ihnen zwar nicht; gleichwohl brachten sie zahlreiche Nachrichten über das Eismeer, die Nordkalotte, die Kola-Halbinsel, das Weiße Meer und West-Sibirien in ihre Heimathäfen zurück. Diese wurden sodann in Büchern und Karten weiterverbreitet und machten niederländische Städte zu europäischen Zentren des Wissens über den europäischen Norden. Als ertragreicher Nebeneffekt der Expeditionen erwies sich zudem die Etablierung von Handelsstützpunkten entlang der norwegischen und russischen Eismeerküste. Sie ersetzten in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts wenigstens teilweise den niederländisch-russischen Ostseehandel, den Dänemark und Schweden durch Zölle, Kaperei und Kriege zu monopolisieren drohten.

D. A. Zavelskaya, D. M. Novozhilov

The issue of conceptual correlation of Slavic stories about Savva Grudtsyn and Pan Tvardovsky with the concepts of “Faustian theme”, “Faustian legend” and “Faustian story” is considered. The question is raised about the legitimacy of referring the Slavic variants of the motive of the contract with the devil to the general group of similar motives by analogy with the “Faustian” one. A review of domestic and foreign scientific literature devoted to the difference and similarity of Slavic plots with the legend of Faust, as well as common sources and typological characteristics of the features of the “Faustian theme” is carried out. The results of a comparative analysis of texts about Faust, Savva Grudtsyn and Pan Tvardovsky are presented. Special attention is paid to the comparison of the anonymous work about Savva Grudtsyn with the novel by the Norwegian writer M. K. Hansen. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for solve this problem a systematic literary methodology is proposed in the key of historical poetics, based on the differentiation of the analysis of plots, motives, the system of characters and semantic accents of works. The relevance of the study is due to the introduction into scientific circulation of previously poorly studied texts of literature and folklore, in which the plot of a contract with a demon is seen. The definitions of specific motives are given, which make it possible to differentiate literary monuments according to the principle of a plot model and a system of characters. The author's development in relation to the sources of the specified plot type is presented.

T. Steinert, P. Lepping, R. Bernhardsgrütter et al.

Kakhaber Loria

At Hamsun er opptatt av grensetematikk, er vel kjent. Han krysser, bryter, oppløser eller trekker opp nye grenser, både geografisk, sjangermessig og biografisk. Hamsuns I Æventyrland. Oplevet og drømt i Kaukasien (1903) er karakteristisk i så måte. Verket beskriver reisen gjennom Russland og Kaukasus, men samtidig følger vi også en reise inn i fortellerens indre natur. I boken finnes ingen reell grense mellom virkelighet og fantasi. Alt er blandet sammen med hamsunsk estetisk kløkt. Grenseperspektivet manifesterer seg i boken på en rekke nivåer. Geografisk, fordi han krysser Store Kaukasus, dernest hans utvisking av grensen mellom drøm og virkelighet i fremstillingen av seg selv som bokens jeg-person, mm. På Hamsuns tid var Sørkaukasus en del av Det russiske imperium og delt i guvernementer. Tbilisi var administrasjonssenter for hele Kaukasus og sete for tsarens stattholder. Guvernementsgrensene eksisterer ikke for Hamsun. Han trekker opp sine egne grenser mellom det han opplever som orientalsk og det han opplever som vestlig, både topografisk, religiøst og kulturelt. Han viser en åpenbar forkjærlighet for alt ikke-vestlig og ikke-kristent. Slik skaper han så å si sin egen «Orientalisme» i boken.

S. Pinchinat, A. Cebrián-Cuenca, H. Bricout et al.

BackgroundHerpes zoster (HZ) is caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and mainly affects individuals aged ≥50 years. The forthcoming European launch of a vaccine against HZ (Zostavax®) prompts the need for a better understanding of the epidemiology of HZ in Europe. Therefore the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the available data on HZ incidence in Europe and to describe age-specific incidence.MethodsThe Medline database of the National Library of Medicine was used to conduct a comprehensive literature search of population-based studies of HZ incidence published between 1960 and 2010 carried out in the 27 member countries of the European Union, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. The identified articles were reviewed and scored according to a reading grid including various quality criteria, and HZ incidence data were extracted and presented by country.ResultsThe search identified 21 studies, and revealed a similar annual HZ incidence throughout Europe, varying by country from 2.0 to 4.6/1 000 person-years with no clearly observed geographic trend. Despite the fact that age groups differed from one study to another, age-specific HZ incidence rates seemed to hold steady during the review period, at around 1/1 000 children <10 years, around 2/1 000 adults aged <40 years, and around 1–4/1 000 adults aged 40–50 years. They then increased rapidly after age 50 years to around 7–8/1 000, up to 10/1 000 after 80 years of age. Our review confirms that in Europe HZ incidence increases with age, and quite drastically after 50 years of age. In all of the 21 studies included in the present review, incidence rates were higher among women than men, and this difference increased with age. This review also highlights the need to identify standardized surveillance methods to improve the comparability of data within European Union Member States and to monitor the impact of VZV immunization on the epidemiology of HZ.ConclusionsAvailable data in Europe have shortcomings which make an accurate assessment of HZ incidence and change over time impossible. However, data are indicative that HZ incidence is comparable, and increases with age in the same proportion across Europe.

Sigrun Høgetveit Berg, Roald E Kristiansen, Cathinka Dahl Hambro

Tess Sophie Skadegård Thorsen, Mira Chandhok Skadegård

The Danish film A Horrible Woman (orig. En frygtelig kvinde, 2017) marked a pattern that can be identified throughout several decades of Danish filmmaking. Examples are found in contemporary films like Antichrist (2009), as well as in earlier Danish films like The Abyss (1910) and Red Horses (1950). In these and other examples, women characters exhibit monstrous behavior that can be construed as a form of othering. Furthermore, othering women and mothers by presenting them as terrible, abnormal, or monstrous in Danish (popular) culture goes well beyond the silver screen. In this article, ‘mother–daughter scholars’ Mira Chandhok Skadegård and Tess Sophie Skadegård Thorsen explore how monstrosity functions as a tool for othering in film and other media, offering both a (generational) and historical view, and a discussion of current constructions of monstrosity, on and off screen, in Denmark. The article argues that monstrosity, as a symbol of power and violence, becomes a particularly oppressive gendered gesture. The authors examine this in a correspondence with one another. In letter form, with shifting analytical positions between mother and daughter, a dialogue emerges between generations on questions of ‘(m)otherhood’ in Danish film and other Danish contexts, transitions of female film characters from passive to aggressive, and the role of monstrosity in othering non-white immigrant ‘(m)others’ in public discourse. Finally, the article argues for a different approach to ‘monstrous othering’. Through a reparative reading, it discusses whether there is empowerment and agency connected to being ascribed monstrosity.

Rolf Wynn

Abstract Background It is an important objective of the psychiatric services to keep the use of involuntary procedures to a minimum, as the use of coercion involves clinical, ethical, and legal issues. It has been claimed that Norway has a relatively high rate of involuntary admissions. We reviewed the peer-reviewed literature on the use of involuntary admission in Norway, with the purpose of identifying the current state of knowledge and areas in need of further research. Methods A systematic review following the PRISMA statement was conducted. We searched the electronic databases PsycInfo, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase for studies relating to involuntary admission to Norwegian adult psychiatric hospitals published in the period 1 January 2001 to 8 August 2016. The database searches were supplemented with manual searches of relevant journals, reference lists, and websites. Results Seventy-four articles were included and grouped into six categories based on their main topics: Patients’ experiences, satisfaction and perceived coercion (21 articles), the Referral and admission process (11 articles), Rates of admission (8 articles), Characteristics of the patients (17 articles), Staff attitudes (9 articles), and Outcomes (8 articles). Four of the included articles described intervention studies. Fifty-seven of the articles had a quantitative design, 16 had a qualitative design, and one a mixed-method design. There was a broad range of topics that were studied and considerable variation in study designs. The findings were largely in line with the international literature, but the particularities of Norwegian legislation and the Norwegian health services were reflected in the literature. The four intervention studies explored interventions for reducing rates of involuntary admission, such as modifying referring routines, improving patient information procedures, and increasing patients’ say in the admission process, and represent an important avenue for future research on involuntary admission in Norway. Conclusions The review suggests that Norway has a relatively high rate of involuntary admissions. The identified studies represent a broad mix of topics and designs. Four intervention studies were identified. More studies with strong designs are needed to bring research on involuntary admission in Norway to a next level.

Dag Heede

Abstract This survey explores homosexual characters in Danish and Norwegian literature in roughly the first half of last century which is the period where the first explicit literary depictions of modern homosexuality are found. I introduce the concept of heteronarrativity as a prism to describe the tendency to let homosexual characters die in order to restore textual harmony and secure happy ends. My material includes canonized texts (Blixen, Bang) but for the most part the novels, short stories, and dramas analyzed are forgotten texts by marginalized or anonymous writers. Two of them were banned as indecent. The article argues that although the narratives are very different, they all display surprisingly similar models for how homosexual characters survive or, more often, do not survive the murderous logics of heteronarrativity. The possibilities of existence consist typically of resignation, marriage, or death, or various combinations of the three. Starting with Herman Bang in 1880 the survey follows a number of homosexual characters and explores how and why they either die or survive, in an attempt to outline a paradigm concerning literary depictions and embodiments of homosexuality. I end on a happy note with a lesbian survivor.