A finales del siglo XVI y comienzos del siglo XVII la historiografía hispana estaba cambiando los modelos humanistas y elaborando otros contrarreformistas. La historia urbana fue pionera en este proceso. La obra de González Dávila sobre Salamanca fue la más completa (1606). Influido por Cesare Baronio y Ambrosio de Morles creó una corografía e historia eclesiástica que situaba al obispo a su cabeza. Señaló la capacidad de los eclesiásticos para ejercer una intermediación y control sobre los conflictos consustanciales a la ciudad. Incluyó a la ciudad en el cuerpo místico de la Iglesia y mostró los mecanismos a través de los cuales la Iglesia ejercía su potestad indirecta en cuestiones temporales. La santidad conventual y descalza que propuso como modelo, fue de una gran originalidad. Implicaba un constante esfuerzo de renovación espiritual para la ciudad que encarnaba Juan de Sahagún.
Este artículo se aproxima a la última epidemia de cólera vivida por Barcelona en el siglo XIX, desde planteamientos analíticos e interpretativos relacionados con dos períodos. En primer término, se explorará el contexto en que la ciudad se vio amenazada por la posible introducción de la enfermedad y por la declaración epidémica tras la presentación de unos primeros casos aislados, poniéndose énfasis no sólo en las medidas preventivas establecidas por las autoridades locales, sino también en los planes de reordenamiento institucional que entonces se pensaron como necesarios para la mejora generalizada de la salud pública urbana a medio plazo. En segundo lugar, se estudiará la coyuntura inmediatamente anterior y coincidente con el desarrollo de la epidemia, observando tres escenarios específicos. En este sentido, se atenderá a los planes de contención diseñados por los organismos sanitarios, a la incidencia poblacional y socioespacial de la afección y a las diferentes actitudes y comportamientos presentados entre el vecindario. En última instancia, se generará una contraposición entre la resistencia activa y la solidaridad colectiva o el auxilio mutuo que podían detectarse durante el embate del cólera.
La disputa entre los duques de Béjar, el Arzobispado de Toledo y los clérigos del Estado de Capilla por la percepción de los diezmos y el derecho a nombrar los párrocos y asignarles el salario, discurrió a lo largo de un siglo y medio, resolviéndose fundamentalmente en la Rota romana con distintas alternativas. Incardinado en este largo proceso, el motín de Capilla en mayo de 1629, cuyo pretexto fue la celebración de unas fiestas de toros, constituyó un grave desafío a la autoridad de los duques, y en él participó una parte importante de la villa. Fue organizado y protagonizado por los clérigos, que unieron sus fuerzas con las de los dirigentes del cabildo de la villa. Este hecho demuestra que la intervención del estamento eclesiástico en los conflictos sociales de la Edad Moderna castellana, no siempre fue la de moderador del conflicto.
History (General) and history of Europe, Modern history, 1453-
Abstract In 1919, Afghanistan embarked on a series of reforms that led to the presence of Afghan students at various European universities, facilitating the circulation of peoples, ideas, and goods. Focusing on one of these cases, this article examines how an Afghan student engaged critically with ‘Western’ art and translated artistic ideas and technologies through the grid of Afghanistan's own history of the fine arts. Through an exploration of the work of Abdul Ghafur Brechna (1907–1974)—artist, music composer, poet, and writer—I argue that, despite his desire to train at German technical schools, Brechna translated, then connected, his Western training to restore Afghanistan's traditional visual and literary arts, making it problematic to define his oeuvre as purely ‘modern’ or ‘traditional’. The first aim is to situate Brechna within the intellectual milieu of Weimar Germany, placing emphasis on how he curated the course of his education to support his aims. By tracing out the evolution of his artistic knowledge to Afghanistan, the second part of this article connects his earlier training to the newly emerging scholars in Kabul who also grappled with national renewal and an ‘Aryan’ literary and cultural heritage. Lastly, I discuss his attempt to rewrite the history of the arts by closely analysing his visual and literary work, emphasizing in particular his attempt to reconnect to themes and genres that had previously been lost or neglected.
abstract:A number of states, starting with California, have recently removed all non-medical exemptions from their laws requiring vaccinations for schoolchildren. California was also one of the earliest states to include a broad non-medical, or personal, belief exemption in its modern immunization law, which it did with a 1961 law mandating polio vaccination for school enrollment, Assembly Bill 1940 (AB 1940). This paper examines the history of AB 1940's exemption clause as a case study for shedding light on the little-examined history of the personal belief exemption to vaccination in the United States. This history shows that secular belief exemptions date back further than scholars have allowed. It demonstrates that such exemptions resulted from political negotiation critical to ensuring compulsory vaccination's political success. It challenges a historiography in which antivaccination groups and their allies led late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century opposition to vaccination mandates while religious groups drove mid-twentieth century opposition. It also complicates the historiographic idea of a return to compulsion in the late 1960s, instead dating this return a decade earlier, to a time when belief exemptions in polio vaccination mandates helped reconcile the goal of a widely vaccinated population with the sacrosanct idea of health as a personal responsibility.
Various critical interpretations took place in Spain as a consequence of the spread of Voltaire’s work. In this article we analyze one of the most original responses of those written in its time, such as the one prepared by the Bourbon politician, Melchor Macanaz (1670-1760). Through two unpublished manuscripts dated at the end of his long life, we examine Macanaz’s reading of two works attributed by him to Voltaire, an excuse that will serve primarily to vindicate his career and affirmated his particular way of understanding of political relations in Europe from of Spanish leadership.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)
La prensa femenina española, sobre todo a partir del reinado isabelino, actuó como uno de los medios de manifestación de la imagen social de la mujer y transmisión del arquetipo femenino burgués predominante. No obstante, el convulso panorama español de las últimas décadas del siglo XIX hará que dicho modelo aparentemente inmutable se redefina ante la influencia de los debates e iniciativas en torno a la cuestión femenina. El objeto de este artículo es presentar un estudio de caso con la revista La Guirnalda (Madrid, 1867-1883), el cual permita una reconstrucción del modelo de feminidad propagado por los estratos dominantes de la sociedad, las herramientas empleadas en ello y las adaptaciones del ideal ante la influencia de los contramodelos.
As imagens não são mais novidades na pesquisa historiográfica. Contudo, propostas no início dos anos 1990, a pictorial turn (nos EUA, por W. J. T. Mitchell) e a iconic turn (na Alemanha por Gottfried Boehm) alteraram o cenário das pesquisas interdisciplinares sobre artefatos visuais a partir de princípios da alteridade das imagens em relação à linguagem e da historicidade da cultura visual. Soma-se as essas propostas a anacronia das imagens e da sintomatologia de Georges Didi-Huberman, historiador da arte francesa. Este artigo procura avaliar o impacto historiográfico das viradas às imagens em dois aspectos fundamentais do trabalho do historiador: a produção de uma heurística da imagem e da fonte histórica; as construções do tempo/historicidade e da visibilidade do passado e seus usos públicos. Cruzando recursos da história da historiografia e da teoria da imagem e da história, o artigo apresenta em três seções: as matrizes norte-americana, alemã e francesa das viradas pictóricas/icônicas/visuais; as dimensões históricas e historiográficas das viradas; a concepção de fonte histórica, de temporalidade e o problema da visibilidade do passado na atualidade.
Palavras-chave: Cultura Visual. História da Historiografia. Anacronia e Historicidade. Virada Visual.
In accordance with the Copenhagen Criteria EU membership requires the candidate country
to achieve a certain level in minority protection, but up until now there has been no definite
answer as to what actually constitutes this rule in practice. For the first time, Serbia was
expected to adopt a specific framework document, the so-called Action Plan for the Exercise
of the Rights of National Minorities in order to open negotiations on Chapter 23 of its EU
integration negotiations. Whether or not this precondition, determined by the EU means
that successful accession is conditioned by respect for national minority rights in candidate
member states in the future. In the case of Macedonia constant pre-accession monitoring
has been carried out and reported in the country’s progress reports. Although Serbia and
Macedonia occupy different stages in the EU integration process, both contain in their national
minority policy sensitive issues that are very similar in their nature. The paper provides a
short overview of the (non)-existing EU standards in national minority protection in general,
and analyses the most relevant aspects of this issue from the perspective of Serbia and
Macedonia.
Review to Enric Pujol (ed.) & Òscar Jané (est.), Antologia de memòries i dietaris personals catalans sobre la Guerra de Successió, Barcelona, Institut d’Estudis Catalans, 2014, 286 pp.
ISBN: 978-84-9965-221-4
Este artículo se sitúa en una encrucijada historiográfica en la que la historia de las emociones se combina con otros enfoques con el objeto de indagar en las claves culturales profundas de la acción política. No entiende la historia de las emociones tanto como un campo específico de estudio sino antes bien como una sensibilidad analítica que puede ser empleada transversalmente y potenciada con los aportes de otros enfoques. Desde estos planteamientos, se aproxima al Romanticismo como un “régimen emocional”, tomando pero a la vez discutiendo el concepto acuñado por William Reddy.
En este marco, se considera la masculinidad como una cuestión fundamental en la configuración del orden político y sentimental liberal posrevolucionario, analizándose algunos espacios de creación de la virilidad burguesa. En la última parte del artículo, se confronta el conjunto de normativas que configuran este régimen con las líneas de fisura y fractura existentes en paralelo a su misma imposición. Para ello, se extraen de la historia biográfica algunas preguntas y posibles respuestas sobre los factores culturales que posibilitaron el desbordamiento y superación de este régimen emocional, apuntando finalmente una interpretación sobre el Romanticismo como estilo emocional.
Abstract The Indian Ocean is famous for its well-documented Jewish and Islamic trading networks of the medieval and early modern periods. Social networks that eased the challenges of cross-cultural trade have a much longer history in the region, however. The great distances covered by merchants and the seasonality of the monsoons left few alternatives to staying away for prolonged periods of time, and shipwreck, piracy, and the slave trade caused people to end up on coasts far away from home. Networks of merchants developed in the Indian Ocean region that depended on a degree of social cohesion. This article draws up a map of selected merchant communities in the western Indian Ocean, and argues that geographical origin, ethnicity, and religion may have been different ways of establishing the necessary infrastructure of trust.
Abstract This article re-examines our understanding of modern sport. Today, various physical cultures across the world are practised under the name of sport. Almost all of these sports originated in the West and expanded to the rest of the world. However, the history of judo confounds the diffusionist model. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a Japanese educationalist amalgamated different martial arts and established judo not as a sport but as ‘a way of life’. Today it is practised globally as an Olympic sport. Focusing on the changes in its rules during this period, this article demonstrates that the globalization of judo was accompanied by a constant evolution of its character. The overall ‘sportification’ of judo took place not as a diffusion but as a convergence – a point that is pertinent to the understanding of the global sportification of physical cultures, and also the standardization of cultures in modern times.
<p>During the sixteenth century there were many attempts to regulate and establish a conduct code for space management and the staff serving the monarchs and their children, creating the structure of the Infanta of Spain’s House. Isabel Clara Eugenia and Catalina Micaela, daughters of Philip II and Isabel of valois were the first to own staff governed by their own ordinances, creating a very useful pattern, from 1579 to the House of the princesses later in their lineage. Accordingly, and throughout the documents found at the National Library of Madrid and in the General Archives of Simancas Palace, this article discusses the origin, the formation and the structure of the House of the daughters of Philip II and his influence on the princesses of the dynasty of Habsburg.</p>