В 2025 г. отмечает свой юбилей — 70-летие один из ведущих российских ученых в области теории оперативно-розыскной деятельности, доктор юридических наук, профессор, полковник милиции (в отставке) Сергей Иванович Давыдов. Пройдя путь от оперуполномоченного уголовного розыска до заместителя начальника управления уголовного розыска УВД Алтайского края, возглавилкафедру оперативно-розыскной деятельности органов внутренних дел Барнаульского юридическогоинститута МВД России, затем стал руководителем кафедры уголовного процесса и криминалистики Алтайского государственного университета, а в настоящее время является профессором этих кафедр. Одной из основных тем С.И. Давыдова, которой он уделяет внимание на протяжении многихлет, является оперативно-розыскная деятельность. Статья посвящена профессиональной и научнойдеятельности доктора юридических наук, профессора С.И. Давыдова. Представлены основные направления его научной работы, обозначен профессиональный вклад в развитие уголовно-правовыхнаук и юридического образования.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
We study reinforcement learning (RL) on volatility surfaces through the lens of Scientific AI. We ask whether axiomatic no-arbitrage laws, imposed as soft penalties on a learned world model, can reliably align high-capacity RL agents, or mainly create Goodhart-style incentives to exploit model errors. From classical static no-arbitrage conditions we build a finite-dimensional convex volatility law manifold of admissible total-variance surfaces, together with a metric law-penalty functional and a Graceful Failure Index (GFI) that normalizes law degradation under shocks. A synthetic generator produces law-consistent trajectories, while a recurrent neural world model trained without law regularization exhibits structured off-manifold errors. On this testbed we define a Goodhart decomposition \(r = r^{\mathcal{M}} + r^\perp\), where \(r^\perp\) is ghost arbitrage from off-manifold prediction error. We prove a ghost-arbitrage incentive theorem for PPO-type agents, a law-strength trade-off theorem showing that stronger penalties eventually worsen P\&L, and a no-free-lunch theorem: under a law-consistent world model and law-aligned strategy class, unconstrained law-seeking RL cannot Pareto-dominate structural baselines on P\&L, penalties, and GFI. In experiments on an SPX/VIX-like world model, simple structural strategies form the empirical law-strength frontier, while all law-seeking RL variants underperform and move into high-penalty, high-GFI regions. Volatility thus provides a concrete case where reward shaping with verifiable penalties is insufficient for robust law alignment.
The purpose of the article. Managed portfolios are subject to tail risks, which can be either index level (systematic) or fund-specific. Examples of fund-specific extreme events include those due to big bets or fraud. This paper studies the two components in relation to compensation structure in managed portfolios.
Methodology. A novel methodology is developed to decompose return skewness and kurtosis into various systematic and idiosyncratic components and applied it to the returns of different fund types to assess the significance of these sources. In addition, a simple model generates fund-specific tail risk and its asymmetric dependence on the market, and makes predictions for where such risks should be concentrated. The model predicts that systematic tail risks increase with an increased weight on systematic returns in compensation and idiosyncratic tail risks increase with the degree of convexity in contracts.
Results of the research. The model predictions are supported with empirical results. Hedge funds are subject to higher idiosyncratic tail risks and Exchange Traded Funds exhibit higher systematic tail risks. In skewness and kurtosis decompositions, the results indicate that coskewness is an important source for fund skewness, but fund kurtosis is driven by cokurtosis, as well as volatility comovement and residual kurtosis, with the importance of these components varying across fund types. Investors are subject to different sources of skewness and fat tail risks through delegated investments. Volatility based tail risk hedging is not effective for all fund styles and types.
Objective: to identify the emerging structural changes in the use of biometrics in Russia, namely the multiple growth of market participants and brands, the multiple growth of the number of biometrics samples in a single biometric system, and the multiple growth of market volume and institutional design of biometrics use in Russia. Methods: general scientific, abstract-logical, dialectical, phenomenological methods, observation, description. Results: the article describes approaches to the use of biometric data in some regions of the world, identifies the risks and potential benefits of wider use of biometric data, summarizes the main trends in the use of biometric personal data in Russia, presents a comprehensive author’s approach to the analysis of structural changes in the economy, taking as an example thedevelopment of solutions using biometric personal data for the identification of individuals. Scientific novelty: the author proposes to consider the formation of structural shift by identifying its four components and qualitatively assessing their level of formation (low, medium, and high); shows the formation of macro-shifts from micro-level initiatives and sequential passage of the stages of specific structural changes, complex micro-shifts, institutionalization andconsolidation of new practices. In addition, the process of implementation of structural shifts from the macro- to the micro-level is traced, which consists in the changes more widely covering economic agents compared to the stage of a structural shift formation. All this constitutes a comprehensive author’s approach to the regularities of the structural shifts developmentin the economy. Practical significance: clarification of interrelations between the processes of structural change will improve the programs of socio-economic development of regions, industrial policy for medium- and high-tech industries through the use of modern technological methods of identification and authentication of customers and employees with biometrics. It may also create a basis for deepening the existing knowledge in the development of biometric technologies in Russia and expanding the practice of their application.
Economics as a science, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El presente trabajo pretende analizar el proyecto de Luigi Ferrajoli de una Constitución para la Tierra y confrontarlo con su teoría jurídica que ha venido desarrollando desde los inicios de su vida académica. La conclusión es que dicha perspectiva teórica no es funcional al ambicioso proyecto y se proyecta sobre el mismo debilitándolo; aunque cabe una segunda conclusión que es entender que la propuesta se apoya en una nueva teoría ferrajoliana que cuenta con un aparato conceptual que no estaba en la que conocíamos del profesor italiano.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
We derive the generalized second law (GSL) for arbitrary cuts of Killing horizons from the perspective of crossed-product gravitational algebras, making use of a recent proposal by one of us for the construction of local gravitational algebras. This construction relies on the existence of a state whose modular flow is geometric on the horizon. In both free and interacting quantum field theories, such states are guaranteed to exist by the properties of half-sided translations on the horizon. Using geometric identities derived from the canonical analysis of general relativity on null surfaces, we show that the crossed product entropy agrees with the generalized entropy of the horizon cut in a semiclassical limit, and further reproduce Wall's result relating the GSL to monotonicity of relative entropy of the quantum field algebras. We also give a novel generalization of the GSL for interacting theories in asymptotically flat spacetimes involving the concept of an algebra at infinity for a half-sided translation, which accounts for triviality of the algebra of fields smeared only on the horizon. Going beyond the semiclassical limit, we compute subleading corrections to the crossed product entropy, but are unable to determine if the GSL continues to hold after accounting for these. We speculate that an improved GSL could follow from a hidden subalgebra structure of the crossed products, assuming the existence of an operator-valued weight between horizon cut algebras.
We study real-time finite-temperature correlators for free scalars of any mass in a $dS_{d+1}$ static patch in any dimension. We show that whenever the inverse temperature is a rational multiple of the inverse de Sitter temperature, certain Matsubara poles of the symmetric Wightman function disappear. At the de Sitter temperature, we explicitly show how the Lorentzian thermal correlators can all be obtained by analytic continuations from the round $S^{d+1}$. We establish the precise relation between the Harish-Chandra character for $SO(1,d+1)$ and the integrated spectral function, providing a novel dynamical perspective on the former and enabling generalizations. Furthermore, we study scalars with exceptional non-positive masses. We provide a physical picture for the distinctive structures of their characters. For the massless case, we perform a consistent static patch quantization, and find the unique $S^{d+1}$ correlator that analytically continues to the correlators in the quantum theory.
The article is devoted to the study of the category «procedural integrity» and the use of electronic technologies in civil law based on the current legislation with the use of a complex system analysis in the context of countering the abuse of procedural rights. The object of the study is social relations that are formed in the process of implementing the principle of procedural fairness in the context of the use of information and communication technologies. The subject of the study is the norms of domestic legislation regulating the implementation of procedural fairness in the civil law of Ukraine. Countermeasures against the abuse of procedural rights is connected with two fundamental points - with the wide spread of forms of behavior that are attributed to the offense in question, and the lack of development of means of effective fight against procedural abuse. In jurisprudence and judicial practice, concepts and categories belonging to the field of ethics are used to solve this problem. Such a category is procedural integrity. In modern conditions, research on the category of procedural good faith in civil law is being updated. Good faith by nature is a non-legal category, to determine the content of which it is necessary to refer to other concepts and categories of ethics. The category «procedural good faith» is used by the legislator to describe the limits of lawful behavior and determine the possible implementation of civil procedural rights. It is noted that the provision of the category of procedural good faith as a legal obligation should be considered in the context of the elements of the normative and theoretical construction of the abuse of procedural rights and the mechanism of combating abuse in civil law. The category of procedural good faith plays a certain role in determining the criteria for distinguishing the legitimate use of the right from its abuse. This problem is relevant for civil procedural law, because by its legal nature, civil law is designed to mediate the conflict of the parties, their competition and opposition.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal paradigm and its cognitive possibilities in modern legal theory. The problem of paradigms, which became relevant thanks to the concept of Thomas Kuhn, does not stop bothering the scientific community. Of particular interest to study is the legal paradigm, the relevance of the study of which in our time can be seen in the fact that this legal construction allows solving the issue of applied significance. State-legal transformations in our country caused changes in the methodology of scientific knowledge, prevailing legal ideals and values, the emergence of new theories of understanding law in the legal paradigm, which, in turn, determine the vector of development of legal science. The study of paradigmatic problems in the theory of law is also connected with the epistemological needs of legal science itself. The current state of domestic jurisprudence is characterized by multi- paradigmism, the presence of many competing theories, teachings, and schools. The article examines the impact of general theoretical foundations of legal paradigms on law-making activity. The terms «paradigm», «legal paradigm», «paradigm of legal thinking» are clarified. The paradigmatic legal issues in the theory of the state and law have been studied. The study showed that the legal paradigm affects legal practice and determines the direction of legislation development. In turn, the possibilities of law enforcement practice for the legal paradigm consist in the use of law enforcement resources and experience. The evolution of the paradigm in the context of modern legal changes has indisputable theoretical and practical significance. The article reveals the place and role of the paradigm in modern scientific legal knowledge, traces the evolution of the «legal paradigm» category, reveals its relationship with other legal categories. Views on the relationship between the legal categories «law» and «law» in the context of the paradigmatic legal theory are outlined. Problematic issues that require thorough study in modern legal science are outlined.
La aplicación de los artículos 178 y 180 de la Ley 1607 de 2012, en cuya virtud se regularon los procedimientos de determinación y sancionatorios que adelanta la Unidad de Gestión Pensional y Parafiscal (UGPP) en el marco del ejercicio de sus facultades relacionadas con el control y vigilancia del cumplimiento de las obligaciones asociadas a los aportes parafiscales al sistema general de la seguridad social, podría constituir situaciones jurídicas generadoras de conflictos o de diferencia de criterios entre los contribuyentes y la administración. Lo anterior, como quiera que en las mencionadas disposiciones el legislador omitió establecer un término perentorio para la notificación del requerimiento para declarar o corregir, y para la notificación del pliego de cargos. Dicho aspecto, sin duda, amerita una revisión sobre la constitucionalidad de estos artículos al poder ser violatorios de principios o derechos fundamentales de los particulares.
Jonaedi EFENDI, M. SHOLEHUDIN, Vera Rimbawani SUSHANTY
et al.
The misuse of narcotics such as drugs committed by artists and experts can be classified due to two factors, namely internal factors and external factors. Internal factors related to their personal, family, and economic life, while external factors are usually from the surrounding and social environment. Law Number 35/2009 concerning on narcotics has provided different treatment for drug abusers, before this law came into force there was no different treatment between users, dealers, or producers of narcotics. On the one hand, drug users are criminals, but on the other hand, they are victims. This research aims to discuss the misuse of drugs by Indonesian celebrity from a legal perspective by using normative juridical research. The article identifies internal and external factors that contribute to drug misuse and highlights the need for coordinated action by relevant parties and law enforcement to effectively deal with the problem. The article emphasizes the importance of coordinated actions by relevant agencies, moral education, and community participation in drug eradication. Overall, the article provides insights into the challenges and solutions for addressing the misuse of psychotropic drugs by celebrities.
We establish a weighted positive mass theorem which unifies and generalizes results of Baldauf--Ozuch and Chu--Zhu. Our result is in fact equivalent to the usual positive mass theorem, and can be regarded as a positive mass theorem for smooth metric measure spaces. We also study Dirac operators on certain warped product manifolds associated to smooth metric measure spaces. Applications of this include, among others, an alternative proof for a special case of our positive mass theorem, eigenvalue bounds for the Dirac operator on closed spin manifolds, and a new way to understand the weighted Dirac operator using warped products.
This article is devoted to topical issues of legal regulation of land relations in the state. One of the central issues of land relations in Ukraine - the issue of principles of land law - is studied. The purpose of the study is: analysis of the principles of land law of Ukraine, definition of the principles of land law, classification of the basic principles of land law. The author considers the main criteria for classifying the principles of land law. The concept of principles of land law is defined. Principles of land law are the basic guiding principles, significant ideas, postulates, which are reflected in the laws and regulations of the state and which follow from the content of legal norms, legal doctrine and case law. The author draws attention to the fact that the principles of land law are legally enshrined in both the Constitution of Ukraine and the Land Code. The scientist notes that the above principles are embodied in the basic legal norms and institutions of land law. The importance of the principles of land law is subject not only to the legal regulation of land relations, but in some cases serves as a means of overcoming gaps in land law. The most common qualifications of the principles of land law are studied. One of the new and extremely important principles of land law was the principle of digitalization. All subjects of land relations must adhere to the principles of land law. The principles of land law are designed to provide ideological guidance for the improvement and development of land law. In particular, they encourage the implementation of progressive ideas in the new land legislation by amending numerous legal acts, and as a result, contribute to the improvement of judicial practice in resolving land disputes. The author claims that the principles of land law are being changed and clarified in accordance with changes in state policy in the field of land relations. Based on the analysis of normative-legal and legislative acts, scientific literature, the author has developed and substantiated the conclusions of the research.
Sivakumar Vishnuvardhan Mambakkam, Saadia Nasir, Wilder Acuna
et al.
The discovery of topological insulators (TIs) and their unique electronic properties has motivated research into a variety of applications, including quantum computing. It has been proposed that TI surface states will be energetically discretized in a quantum dot nanoparticle. These discretized states could then be used as basis states for a qubit that is more resistant to decoherence. In this work, prototypical TI Bi2Se3 nanoparticles are grown on GaAs (001) using the droplet epitaxy technique, and we demonstrate the control of nanoparticle height, area, and density by changing the duration of bismuth deposition and substrate temperature. Within the growth window studied, nanoparticles ranged from 5-15 nm tall with an 8-18nm equivalent circular radius, and the density could be relatively well controlled by changing the substrate temperature and bismuth deposition time.
Onofrio Mazzarisi, Amanda de Azevedo-Lopes, Jeferson J. Arenzon
et al.
Zipf's law describes the empirical size distribution of the components of many systems in natural and social sciences and humanities. We show, by solving a statistical model, that Zipf's law co-occurs with the maximization of the diversity of the component sizes. The law ruling the increase of such diversity with the total dimension of the system is derived and its relation with Heaps' law is discussed. As an example, we show that our analytical results compare very well with linguistics datasets.
Este artículo aborda la cuestión prejudicial como instrumento procesal para reforzar el diálogo entre el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y los órganos jurisdiccionales nacionales. En concreto, se parte de la noción de diálogo judicial y de los mecanismos reconocidos en el Derecho primario de la Unión, de entre los cuales la cuestión prejudicial ocupa una posición privilegiada en la actuación eficaz y uniforme de las disposiciones de la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea.
Access to justice for all in South Africa, as most clearly set out in sections 34 and 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, is necessary to realise various other fundamental rights and to improve living standards. There are insufficient free legal services available to the indigent in South Africa, especially in civil matters, thereby often making meaningful access to justice unattainable. This study considers possible approaches, challenges and opportunities for law graduate community service in South Africa (hereinafter "community service") to expand the ambit and impact of free legal services to the indigent. This would promote the constitutional imperative of access to justice, focussing on civil matters. This study concentrates on the access to justice potential of and challenges to such community service. Such challenges will be shown to include its proper utilisation and control through the adequate supervision of graduates. This paper argues that graduate community service has the capacity to promote better access to justice and hence that steps should be taken for its introduction in some form.
Community service and means for law graduates to perform this as a necessary part of vocational training before entering the legal profession are provided for in section 29 of the Legal Practice Act 28 of 2014 (LPA). But despite parts of the Act being operative, community service is neither in operation nor do regulations yet exist for its implementation.
The specific vocational training element(s) for law graduates is worthy of separate study and is not the focus of this paper. Such a separate study would include opportunity creation - such as gaining the necessary practical experience and the establishment of employment opportunities - and training challenges for graduates during community service.
In the pre-LPA era it would have been necessary to focus more on whether community service for law graduates should be included in legislation or not as part of graduates' vocational training and as a key component of free legal service delivery. Some such arguments are alluded to as community service has yet to be implemented and its implementation is not a fait accompli. But because it is now included in the LPA as a legal aid service delivery possibility, this study instead focusses on the need for the effective and appropriate implementation and operation of community service to turn the requirements and encouraging promise of the LPA on community service into reality. The paper explores issues such as the necessary and appropriate supervision and placement of law graduates completing community service. The research very briefly touches on whether community service would best be compulsory for graduates as part of their vocational training or merely one possible route towards admission to the legal profession. Lessons are sought for legal community service in South Africa from existing medical post-study community service schemes as to the role which such schemes have played in expanded service provision and impediments experienced in reaching such goals. These lessons are applied to proposals for the implementation and operation of law graduate community service.
This study considers how community service could and should be a key component of a multi-faceted and co-ordinated approach to expand and improve free legal services for the indigent in civil matters in South Africa with its gross inequality, unemployment and poverty. For this goal to be realised, there must be mechanisms for its effective roll-out and operation.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El presente comentario de jurisprudencia tiene por objeto analizar una sentencia emanada de la ilustrísima Corte de Apelaciones de Concepción, en ella los sentenciadores de dicho tribunal conociendo de un caso en el que se deduce una acción reivindicatoria por parte del dueño no poseedor en contra del poseedor no dueño, deciden no dar lugar a la acción reivindicatoria y fallan a favor del poseedor material del predio, cambiando de esa forma el criterio imperante en nuestra jurisprudencia la que en antaño prefería al poseedor inscrito por sobre el poseedor material.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence