Hasil untuk "Latin America. Spanish America"

Isabel Villanueva, Tara Bobinac, Binwei Yao et al.

Despite increasing AI chatbot deployment in public discourse, empirical evidence on their capacity to foster intercultural empathy remains limited. Through a randomized experiment, we assessed how different AI deliberation approaches--cross-cultural deliberation (presenting other-culture perspectives), own-culture deliberation (representing participants' own culture), and non-deliberative control--affect intercultural empathy across American and Latin American participants. Cross-cultural deliberation increased intercultural empathy among American participants through positive emotional engagement, but produced no such effects for Latin American participants, who perceived AI responses as culturally inauthentic despite explicit prompting to represent their cultural perspectives. Our analysis of participant-driven feedback, where users directly flagged and explained culturally inappropriate AI responses, revealed systematic gaps in AI's representation of Latin American contexts that persist despite sophisticated prompt engineering. These findings demonstrate that current approaches to AI cultural alignment--including linguistic adaptation and explicit cultural prompting--cannot fully address deeper representational asymmetries in AI systems. Our work advances both deliberation theory and AI alignment research by revealing how the same AI system can simultaneously promote intercultural understanding for one cultural group while failing for another, with critical implications for designing equitable AI systems for cross-cultural democratic discourse.

Curtis Bright, Amadou Keita, Brett Stevens

A $k$-net($n$) is a combinatorial design equivalent to $k-2$ mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order $n$. A relation in a net is a linear dependency over $\mathbb{F}_2$ in the incidence matrix of the net. A computational enumeration of all orthogonal pairs of Latin squares of order 10 whose corresponding nets have at least two nontrivial relations was achieved by Delisle in 2010 and verified by an independent search of Myrvold. In this paper, we confirm the correctness of their exhaustive enumerations with a satisfiability (SAT) solver approach instead of using custom-written backtracking code. Performing the enumeration using a SAT solver has at least three advantages. First, it reduces the amount of trust necessary, as SAT solvers produce independently-verifiable certificates that their enumerations are complete. These certificates can be checked by formal proof verifiers that are relatively simple pieces of software, and therefore easier to trust. Second, it is typically more straightforward and less error-prone to use a SAT solver over writing search code. Third, it can be more efficient to use a SAT-based approach, as SAT solvers are highly optimized pieces of software incorporating backtracking-with-learning for improving the efficiency of the backtracking search. For example, the SAT solver completely enumerates all orthogonal pairs of Latin squares of order ten with two nontrivial relations in under 2 hours on a desktop machine, while Delisle's 2010 search used 11,700 CPU hours. Although computer hardware was slower in 2010, this alone cannot explain the improvement in the efficiency of our SAT-based search.

Yajuan Zang, Meihui Zheng, Zihong Tian et al.

A quantum Latin square of order $v$, QLS($v$), is a $v\times v$ array in which each of entries is a unit column vector from the Hilbert space $\mathbb{C}^{v}$, such that every row and column forms an orthonormal basis of $\mathbb{C}^{v}$. The cardinality of a QLS($v$) is the number of its vectors distinct up to a global phase, which is the crucial indicator for distinguishing between classical QLSs and non-classical QLSs. In this paper, we investigate the possible cardinalities of a QLS($v$). As a result, we completely resolve the existence of a QLS($v$) with maximal cardinality for any $v\geq 4$. Moreover, based on Wilson's construction and Direct Product construction, we establish some possible cardinality range of a QLS($v$) for any $v\geq 4$.

Gabriel Mordecki, Guillermo Moncecchi, Javier Couto

We revise the definition of clickbait, which lacks current consensus, and argue that the creation of a curiosity gap is the key concept that distinguishes clickbait from other related phenomena such as sensationalism and headlines that do not deliver what they promise or diverge from the article. Therefore, we propose a new definition: clickbait is a technique for generating headlines and teasers that deliberately omit part of the information with the goal of raising the readers' curiosity, capturing their attention and enticing them to click. We introduce a new approach to clickbait detection datasets creation, by refining the concept limits and annotations criteria, minimizing the subjectivity in the decision as much as possible. Following it, we created and release TA1C (for Te Ahorré Un Click, Spanish for Saved You A Click), the first open source dataset for clickbait detection in Spanish. It consists of 3,500 tweets coming from 18 well known media sources, manually annotated and reaching a 0.825 Fleiss' K inter annotator agreement. We implement strong baselines that achieve 0.84 in F1-score.

Lourdes Moreno, Jesus M. Sanchez-Gomez, Marco Antonio Sanchez-Escudero et al.

This paper describes the participation of HULAT-UC3M in CLEARS 2025 Subtask 1: Adaptation of Text to Plain Language (PL) in Spanish. We explored strategies based on models trained on Spanish texts, including a zero-shot configuration using prompt engineering and a fine-tuned version with Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA). Different strategies were evaluated on representative internal subsets of the training data, using the official task metrics, cosine similarity (SIM) and the Fernández-Huerta readability index (FH) to guide the selection of the optimal model and prompt combination. The final system was selected for its balanced and consistent performance, combining normalization steps, the RigoChat-7B-v2 model, and a dedicated PL-oriented prompt. It ranked first in semantic similarity (SIM = 0.75), however, fourth in readability (FH = 69.72). We also discuss key challenges related to training data heterogeneity and the limitations of current evaluation metrics in capturing both linguistic clarity and content preservation.

Pablo Monteagudo-Haro, Juan Jose Prieto-Gutierrez

The current situation of open research data in Spanish university repositories is analyzed by means of twelve indicators that allow us to compare them with each other. The twelve self-developed indicators deal with research datasets and institutional policies linked to open access, as well as some of the key characteristics of the repositories. The methodology used consists of comparing the repositories of the different universities linked to REBIUN. The result has been that datasets in institutional repositories are scarce, and the situation is heterogeneous across the territory. This raises questions about future open access policies for research data in the country's main scientific institutions.

Antonio Moreno-Sandoval, Leonardo Campillos-Llanos, Ana García-Serrano

This work describes the language resources and models developed for automatic simplification of Spanish texts in three domains: Finance, Medicine and History studies. We created several corpora in each domain, annotation and simplification guidelines, a lexicon of technical and simplified medical terms, datasets used in shared tasks for the financial domain, and two simplification tools. The methodology, resources and companion publications are shared publicly on the web-site: https://clara-nlp.uned.es/.

Antonieta Vera

Objetivo: visibilizar, historizar y proponer claves analíticas sobre el trabajo realizado por las misioneras en la Araucanía poscolonial. Este artículo presenta avances de una investigación en curso sobre los discursos y prácticas de misioneras católicas y anglicanas que gestionaron escuelas e internados en la Araucanía entre 1890 y 1950. Metodología: proponemos tanto la problematización de claves de lectura teóricas como la sistematización de un corpus de archivos históricos que serán analizados desde un enfoque epistemológico en los estudios de género. En el primer apartado, expondremos antecedentes históricos y contextuales; luego, presentaremos un corpus de archivos (cartas y revistas) que muestra el trabajo de estas misioneras en un contexto (pos)colonial en el cual la crianza y la educación de los niños/as mapuche se vuelve una cuestión política fundamental; en un tercer apartado, propondremos la figura de “la familia nacional” como clave analítica de las relaciones género-raza involucradas en la construcción de las estrategias paradójicas de estas misioneras. Originalidad: el trabajo pone en evidencia la casi nula atención que ha recibido por parte de las investigaciones especializadas el trabajo y discursos de estas mujeres como creadoras de “ciudadanos morales” para la nación. Conclusiones: concluiremos sugiriendo la noción de “estrategias fronterizas” para problematizar los usos de misioneras católicas y anglicanas de las retóricas del sacrificio, la movilidad y la maternidad.

Grínor Rojo

Archivo histórico de Kipus: Revista Andina de Letras y Estudios Culturales, 2002.

Florence Dravet, Gustavo de Castro

Based on the “Portraits of reading in Brazil” by the Institute Pró-Livro, the relations between orality, scripturality and visuality in Brazilian culture are discussed. We approach the issue of digital reading in the light of initial researches presented by Wolf (2019) and make an assumption of a post-literary culture in formation in Brazil that needs protection for the preservation and development of reading and imagination skills.

Brian Roark, Lawrence Wolf-Sonkin, Christo Kirov et al.

This paper describes the Dakshina dataset, a new resource consisting of text in both the Latin and native scripts for 12 South Asian languages. The dataset includes, for each language: 1) native script Wikipedia text; 2) a romanization lexicon; and 3) full sentence parallel data in both a native script of the language and the basic Latin alphabet. We document the methods used for preparation and selection of the Wikipedia text in each language; collection of attested romanizations for sampled lexicons; and manual romanization of held-out sentences from the native script collections. We additionally provide baseline results on several tasks made possible by the dataset, including single word transliteration, full sentence transliteration, and language modeling of native script and romanized text. Keywords: romanization, transliteration, South Asian languages

Dina Camacho

El ordenamiento de la mano de obra llevado a cabo por Francisco de Toledo en el virreinato del Perú (1574) impuso para los africanos y sus descendientes libres la obligación de asentarse con amos conocidos, bajo subordinación remunerada, con el objetivo de limitar su participación en actividades económicas fuera del marco regulador del amo y el reino. La revisión de un conjunto de escrituras públicas producidas activamente por estos sujetos en la ciudad de La Plata durante el siglo xvii permite reconocer cómo el aprendizaje, la experticia en un oficio y la administración de empresas comerciales vinculadas al arriendo de propiedades y tiendas permitieron generar autonomías económicas que contribuyeron a presentarse, jurídica y públicamente, como personas honorificas, diversificando de tal modo los imaginarios jurídicos que fundamentaban su valía social.

Juan C. Correa, Henry Laverde-Rojas, Camilo A. Martinez et al.

Customer's trust in vendors' reputation is a key factor that facilitates economic transactions in e-commerce platforms. Although the trust-sales relationship is assumed robust and consistent, its empirical evidence remains neglected for Latin American countries. This work aims to provide a data-driven comprehensive framework for extracting valuable knowledge from public data available in the leading Latin American e-commerce platform with commercial operations in 18 countries. Only Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Uruguay, and Venezuela showed the highest trust indexes among all nations analyzed. The trust-sales relationship was statistically inconsistent across nations but worked as the most important predictor of sales, followed by purchase intention and price.

Aline Dias da Silveira

RESUMO Pensar uma história interconectada e entrelaçada pode abrir nossas perspectivas de análise e nos auxiliar no rompimento com uma escrita da história compartimentada. O presente artigo segue essa proposta de análise, pensando o fenômeno dos entrelaçamentos transculturais na corte de Afonso X de Castela (séc. XIII), através da comparação entre um tratado de filosofia e magia, o Picatrix, traduzido na corte desse monarca, e uma de suas obras normativas, o Setenario. Pretende-se analisar como diversas temporalidades se cruzam na formação de novas experiências e como essas experiências são instrumentalizadas para servirem aos interesses políticos do rei Afonso X. Propõe-se, finalmente, o conceito de vórtice histórico como ferramenta para a análise dos entrelaçamentos transculturais.

Prado Martin-Moruno

The era of high precision Cosmology has shown our ignorance about the composition of the Universe. In this context, there has been a renewed interest on Alternative Theories of Gravity. Through the experience of a graviton measured by the LIGO collaboration, we shall understand the conceptual framework of those theories. They provide us with a theoretical construction where we can contrast the predictions of General Relativity and a possible scenario to describe the accelerated expansion of our Universe without assuming the existence of dark components. During the dawn of gravitational wave astronomy, gravitation is already promising to be one of the most fascinating fields of research of the XXI century.

J. M. Sanz-Serna

This article is an abridged and commented translation into Spanish of the 1815 memoir where Gauss introduced the quadrature rules now associated with his name. Gauss' work does not resemble at all the stardard text-book treatment of Gaussian quadrature. The original memoir is an example of mathematical virtuosity, based on a superb use of series, where the problem is reformulated as a problem in functional approximation that is solved by means of continued fractions.

Luís F. Seoane, Xaquín Loredo, Henrique Monteagudo et al.

We study the stability of two coexisting languages (Catalan and Spanish) in Catalonia (North-Eastern Spain), a key European region in political and economic terms. Our analysis relies on recent, abundant empirical data that is studied within an analytic model of population dynamics. This model contemplates the possibilities of long-term language coexistence or extinction. We establish that the most likely scenario is a sustained coexistence. The data needs to be interpreted under different circumstances, some of them leading to the asymptotic extinction of one of the languages involved. We delimit the cases in which this can happen. Asymptotic behavior is often unrealistic as a predictor for complex social systems, hence we make an attempt at forecasting trends of speakers towards $2030$. These also suggest sustained coexistence between both tongues, but some counterintuitive dynamics are unveiled for extreme cases in which Catalan would be likely to lose an important fraction of speakers. As an intermediate step, model parameters are obtained that convey relevant information about the prestige and interlinguistic similarity of the tongues as perceived by the population. This is the first time that these parameters are quantified rigorously for this couple of languages. Remarkably, Spanish is found to have a larger prestige specially in areas which historically had larger communities of Catalan monolingual speakers. Limited, spatially-segregated data allows us to examine more fine grained dynamics, thus better addressing the likely coexistence or extinction. Variation of the model parameters across regions are informative about how the two languages are perceived in more urban or rural environments.

David A. Hague, John R. Buck

This paper experimentally evaluates the Generalized Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated (GSFM) waveform, a generalization of the Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated (SFM) waveform. The Instantaneous Frequency (IF) of the GSFM resembles the time/voltage characteristic of a Linear FM (LFM) chirp waveform. Consequently, the GSFM possesses an Ambiguity Function (AF) that resembles a thumbtack shape. Practical sonar system design must consider two factors beyond the AF. The spectral efficiency (SE), defined as the ratio of energy in an operational frequency band to the total waveform energy, is another important metric for waveform design. The Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR) quantifies how close the waveform is to constant amplitude. These measures predict a waveform's energy efficiency and ability to be accurately replicated on practical piezoelectric transducers, which have limits on both their bandwidth and maximum transmit power. This paper explores these design considerations for the GSFM waveform and evaluates its performance against a host of other well established waveforms using simulated and experimental acoustic data. The GSFM possesses superior SE, PAPR, and overall energy efficiency when compared to thumbtack waveforms.

Carlos Marichal

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Wálisson Clister Lima Martins, Geisa Cristina Batista, Fábio de Farias Soares

Este artigo busca compreender as perspectivas e o ‘querer ser’ docente dos alunos de Licenciatura em História da Ufac como elementos decisivos no estar no curso. Fazendo uso de questionários aplicados nos discentes dos turnos matutinos e noturnos, levando em consideração aspectos como a motivação para a entrada em uma licenciatura e a baixa utilização da prática docente na formação inicial. Como base para as discussões, utilizou-se Vincentini e Lugli (2009), Penin (2009) e Marconi e Lakatos (2017). Por fim, o estudo possibilitou perceber que os licenciandos, em sua maioria, costumam entrar não devido à vontade de exercer a docência, mas por identificação com a disciplina (que vem desde a educação básica), que o querer à docência depende dos valores intrínsecos à profissão, e o não querer, em grande maioria, aos valores extrínsecos, e que a produção acadêmica daqueles que querem atuar na docência é maior do que daqueles que não o querem.