Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Avinash Agarwal, Manisha J. Nene

Purpose: India has adopted a vertical, sector-led AI governance strategy. While promoting innovation, such a light-touch approach risks policy fragmentation. This paper aims to propose a cohesive "whole-of-government" architecture to mitigate these risks and connect policy goals with a practical implementation plan. Design/methodology/approach: The paper applies an established five-layer conceptual framework to the Indian context. First, it constructs a national architecture for overall governance. Second, it uses a detailed case study on AI incident management to validate and demonstrate the architecture's practical utility in designing a specific, operational system. Findings: The paper develops two actionable architectures. The primary model assigns clear governance roles to India's key institutions. The second is a detailed, federated architecture for national AI Incident Management. It addresses the data silo problem by using a common national standard that allows sector-specific data collection while facilitating cross-sectoral analysis. Practical implications: The proposed architectures offer a clear and predictable roadmap for India's policymakers, regulators and industry to accelerate the national AI governance agenda. Social implications: By providing a systematic path from policy to practice, the architecture builds public trust. This structured approach ensures accountability and aligns AI development with societal values. Originality/value: This paper proposes a detailed operational architecture for India's "whole-of-government" approach to AI. It offers a globally relevant template for any nation pursuing a sector-led governance model, providing a clear implementation plan. Furthermore, the proposed federated architecture demonstrates how adopting common standards can enable cross-border data aggregation and global sectoral risk analysis without centralising control.

Laura State, Salvatore Ruggieri, Franco Turini

Explaining opaque Machine Learning (ML) models has become an increasingly important challenge. However, current eXplanation in AI (XAI) methods suffer several shortcomings, including insufficient abstraction, limited user interactivity, and inadequate integration of symbolic knowledge. We propose ReasonX, an explanation tool based on expressions (or, queries) in a closed algebra of operators over theories of linear constraints. ReasonX provides declarative and interactive explanations for decision trees, which may represent the ML models under analysis or serve as global or local surrogate models for any black-box predictor. Users can express background or common sense knowledge as linear constraints. This allows for reasoning at multiple levels of abstraction, ranging from fully specified examples to under-specified or partially constrained ones. ReasonX leverages Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) to reason over the features of factual and contrastive instances. We present here the architecture of ReasonX, which consists of a Python layer, closer to the user, and a Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) layer, which implements a meta-interpreter of the query algebra. The capabilities of ReasonX are demonstrated through qualitative examples, and compared to other XAI tools through quantitative experiments.

Daisuke Oba, Hiroki Furuta, Naoaki Okazaki

Masked diffusion language models generate by iteratively filling masked tokens over multiple denoising steps, so learning only from a terminal reward on the final completion yields coarse credit assignment over intermediate decisions. We propose DiSPO (Diffusion-State Policy Optimization), a plug-in credit-assignment layer that directly optimizes intermediate filling decisions. At selected intermediate masked states, DiSPO branches by resampling fillings for the currently masked positions from rollout-cached logits, scores the resulting completions, and updates only the newly filled tokens -- without additional multi-step diffusion rollouts. We formalize a fixed-state objective for branched completions and derive a policy-gradient estimator that can be combined with terminal-feedback policy optimization using the same rollouts. On LLaDA-8B-Instruct, DiSPO consistently improves over the terminal-feedback diffu-GRPO baseline on math and planning benchmarks under matched rollout compute and optimizer steps. Our code will be available at https://daioba.github.io/dispo .

Confrontée à des défis socio-économiques importants, à un taux de chômage et à des taux de pauvreté élevés, ainsi qu’à une croissance économique lente, l’Afrique subsaharienne reste vulnérable au changement climatique. Les auteurs examinent les effets des chocs climatiques sur l’emploi des jeunes et l’emploi dans l’agriculture, l’industrie et les services. En utilisant la méthode de la double différence sur des données de panel, ils constatent que la hausse des températures provoque des pertes d’emploi pour les jeunes et dans le secteur agricole. Ils observent également que les températures élevées entraînent une réallocation de la main-d’oeuvre du secteur agricole vers ceux de l’industrie et des services.

Yukun Zhang, Tianyang Zhang

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) represents a fundamental shock to the economics of information production. By asymmetrically collapsing the marginal cost of generating low-quality, synthetic content while leaving high-quality production costly, AI systematically incentivizes information pollution. This paper develops a general equilibrium framework to analyze this challenge. We model the strategic interactions among a monopolistic platform, profit-maximizing producers, and utility-maximizing consumers in a three-stage game. The core of our model is a production technology with differential elasticities of substitution (σ_L > 1 > σ_H), which formalizes the insight that AI is a substitute for labor in low-quality production but a complement in high-quality creation. We prove the existence of a unique "Polluted Information Equilibrium" and demonstrate its inefficiency, which is driven by a threefold market failure: a production externality, a platform governance failure, and an information commons externality. Methodologically, we derive a theoretically-grounded Information Pollution Index (IPI) with endogenous welfare weights to measure ecosystem health. From a policy perspective, we show that a first-best outcome requires a portfolio of instruments targeting each failure. Finally, considering the challenges of deep uncertainty, we advocate for an adaptive governance framework where policy instruments are dynamically adjusted based on real-time IPI readings, offering a robust blueprint for regulating information markets in the age of AI.

Lujun Li, Yiqun Wang, Radu State

Cloud cover in multispectral imagery (MSI) poses significant challenges for early season crop mapping, as it leads to missing or corrupted spectral information. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, which is not affected by cloud interference, offers a complementary solution, but lack sufficient spectral detail for precise crop mapping. To address this, we propose a novel framework, Time-series MSI Image Reconstruction using Vision Transformer (ViT), to reconstruct MSI data in cloud-covered regions by leveraging the temporal coherence of MSI and the complementary information from SAR from the attention mechanism. Comprehensive experiments, using rigorous reconstruction evaluation metrics, demonstrate that Time-series ViT framework significantly outperforms baselines that use non-time-series MSI and SAR or time-series MSI without SAR, effectively enhancing MSI image reconstruction in cloud-covered regions.

Joseph Antonelli, Max Rubinstein, Denis Agniel et al.

Motivated by the study of state opioid policies, we propose a novel approach that uses autoregressive models for causal effect estimation in settings with panel data and staggered treatment adoption. Specifically, we seek to estimate the impact of key opioid-related policies by quantifying the effects of must access prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), naloxone access laws (NALs), and medical marijuana laws on opioid prescribing. Existing methods, such as differences-in-differences and synthetic controls, are challenging to apply in these types of dynamic policy landscapes where multiple policies are implemented over time and sample sizes are small. Autoregressive models are an alternative strategy that have been used to estimate policy effects in similar settings, but until this paper have lacked formal justification. We outline a set of assumptions that tie these models to causal effects, and we study biases of estimates based on this approach when key causal assumptions are violated. In a set of simulation studies that mirror the structure of our application, we show that our proposed estimators frequently outperform existing estimators. In short, we justify the use of autoregressive models to evaluate the effectiveness of four state policies in combating the opioid crisis.

Shuo Yang, Gjergji Kasneci

Wide usage of ChatGPT has highlighted the potential of reinforcement learning from human feedback. However, its training pipeline relies on manual ranking, a resource-intensive process. To reduce labor costs, we propose a self-supervised text ranking approach for applying Proximal-Policy-Optimization to fine-tune language models while eliminating the need for human annotators. Our method begins with probabilistic sampling to encourage a language model to generate diverse responses for each input. We then employ TextRank and ISODATA algorithms to rank and cluster these responses based on their semantics. Subsequently, we construct a reward model to learn the rank and optimize our generative policy. Our experimental results, conducted using two language models on three tasks, demonstrate that the models trained by our method considerably outperform baselines regarding BLEU, GLEU, and METEOR scores. Furthermore, our manual evaluation shows that our ranking results exhibit a remarkably high consistency with that of humans. This research significantly reduces training costs of proximal policy-guided models and demonstrates the potential for self-correction of language models.

Vera Nepomuceno

A presente tese tem como tema central o processo de modificações do trabalho docente nas escolas públicas estaduais, a partir da implementação da reforma do ensino médio (REM) em curso no Brasil. Em face disso, procuramos compreender as relações entre um conjunto de documentos, que, alinhados e complementares à Lei nº. 13.415/2017, repercutiram nas condições de realização desse trabalho, instituindo novas formas de expropriação de direitos dos (as) professores (as) das escolas públicas estaduais. As mudanças vinculadas a esse processo se relacionam e vêm se desenvolvendo, intensificando e se revelando como parte de uma tendência que parece se constituir a partir de uma multiplicidade de causas, processos e aspectos vinculados a modificações no mundo do trabalho no século XXI (ANTUNES, 2018).

Guilherme Christmann, Ying-Sheng Luo, Jonathan Hans Soeseno et al.

This paper proposes the transition-net, a robust transition strategy that expands the versatility of robot locomotion in the real-world setting. To this end, we start by distributing the complexity of different gaits into dedicated locomotion policies applicable to real-world robots. Next, we expand the versatility of the robot by unifying the policies with robust transitions into a single coherent meta-controller by examining the latent state representations. Our approach enables the robot to iteratively expand its skill repertoire and robustly transition between any policy pair in a library. In our framework, adding new skills does not introduce any process that alters the previously learned skills. Moreover, training of a locomotion policy takes less than an hour with a single consumer GPU. Our approach is effective in the real-world and achieves a 19% higher average success rate for the most challenging transition pairs in our experiments compared to existing approaches.

William Fries

Understanding which factors informed pandemic response can help create a more nuanced perspective on how each state of the United States handled the crisis. To this end, we create various networks linking states together based on their similarity in mitigation policies, politics, geographic proximity and COVID-19 case data. We use these networks to analyze the correlation between pandemic policies and politics, location and case-load from January 2020 through March 2022. We show that the best predictors of a state's response is an aggregate political affiliation rather than solely governor affiliation as others have shown. Further, we illustrate that political affiliation is heavily correlated with policy intensity from June 2020 through June 2021, but has little impact on policy after June 2021. In contrast, geographic proximity and daily incidence are not consistently correlated with state's having similar mitigation policies.

Sevilay Şahin Söylemez, Başak Işıl Alpar

Achieving a work–life balance has become essential in modern society, primarily because the capitalist system has significantly affected family life and working life. However, these effects vary across cultures. For example, Japan has a unique capitalist working culture. Although the Japanese government has tried to regulate work–life balance, the established work culture has severely limited the regulatory effectiveness. Because this balance cannot be achieved, individuals, families, and society, in general, are affected. Therefore, using up-to-date data and prominent indicators on work, family, and life, this study examined work–life balance and Japanese work culture to determine how work–life balance in Japan could be achieved. First, a detailed literature review was conducted, after which recent secondary data were analyzed. It was confirmed that the long working hours in Japan have resulted in karoshi and karojisatsu and have had extremely strong, negative effects on family life. To overcome the traditional gender-based inequality and gender roles in Japan, regular and non-regular employment for Japanese women is vital; however, there remain significant disadvantages in terms of income. The life indicators revealed that regardless of employment, Japanese women were more burdened than men. While the Japanese working life can be aligned with spillover (overflow) theory, family and private life are more aligned with conflict theory.

N. V. Kazantseva, G. P. Kharchilava

The state, due to its socio-economic nature, must regulate and control the most important social processes. Migration is an important part of these processes, since the attraction of additional labor resources will give a certain impetus to the sustainable development of the country and ensure long-term economic growth. However, the implementation of migration policy is associated with a whole range of problems. The problems of social and digital adaptation of migrants, social and territorial disunity are among them. Added to this is the lack of effective interaction between public authorities and municipalities with civil society institutions, as well as the presence of a clear bias in ensuring equal opportunities in obtaining public services, depending on the level of income, migration status and other factors. The weak role of civil institutions in social and cultural adaptation and the language barrier also exacerbate the situation. The dominance of unskilled personnel in the structure of migration flows aggravates their digital adaptation. The digitalisation of many processes could have a signifcant impact in solving these problems. With its help, an effective institutional environment would gradually form. This article examines the social aspects of migrants’ adaptation in the context of digitalization. In the course of the research, the author conducted a comprehensive analysis, including observations, expert interviews and analysis of regulatory documents. The paper considers various aspects of the adaptation of migrants within the framework of political, socio-economic, psychological, national and demographic problems. As the study showed, in the context of digitalization it is necessary to form a fundamentally new institutional environment in the feld of adaptation of migrants in the host country. A qualitatively different regulatory framework, new institutions that harmonize the interests of the state, civil society, business and migrants should become a part of this environment.

Patricia Gallo Cariddi

Los flujos migratorios son un rasgo estructural del orden mundial impuesto por la globalización. En América Latina estos movimientos no se producen solo y necesariamente hacia las regiones más desarrolladas —por ejemplo, USA—, sino que muchos migrantes cruzan las fronteras hacia países limítrofes, en el intento de mejorar sus condiciones de vida. Existen dos casos emblemáticos de este fenómeno: el flujo de ciudadanos paraguayos que se insertan en la industria de la construcción y el de los ciudadanos bolivianos, que lo hacen en la producción textil, ambos en Argentina. Se trata de los sectores con mayor informalidad y precariedad laboral que muchas veces generan situaciones abarcadas por el Derecho penal: tanto por riesgos graves laborales no permitidos, que ponen en peligro grave la vida y salud de los migrantes paraguayos, en el sector de la construcción; como de explotación laboral, en la industria textil, afectando la libertad y dignidad de los migrantes bolivianos.

Lia Tiriba, Jacqueline Botelho, Regis Argüelles da Costa et al.

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S. Mamontova, Magomed Malsagov

Relevance. The active introduction of digital technologies increases competition in the labor market, increasing the requirements for employees and employers, their professional competencies. The use of Internet resources and digital technologies provides ample opportunities in the process of activity, but with all the advantages, there are also disadvantages concerning the risks of social and labor relations that require research on remote employment. The purpose is to identify the problems, more precisely, advantages and disadvantages associated with new forms of employment caused by the transformation of the economic system on the basis of the conducted research. Objectives: To analyze the modernization of employment in the conditions of the current economic situation, to study the factors of the development of the remote form of employment of the labor market, to consider the policy in the field of non-standard employment, as well as the mechanisms of its regulation. Methodology: content analysis of leading specialists and the legislative framework in the field of employment, systematic and logical analysis, processing and description of the research results. Results. The article studies the development of non-standard forms of employment, considers changes in labor legislation, problems that characterize social and labor relations, methods of organizing remote labor. A comparative analysis of the transformation of employment of the population, including the problems of social and labor relations, is given. Conclusions. In the process of globalization of the economic system that is at a transformational stage of development, when we are witnessing the transition to post-industrialism, informatization and globalization, the formation of a unified world information and communication system using Internet resources, the content of work that requires in – depth analysis and study is radically changing.

Natália Silva Pereira

Neste trabalho buscaremos explicitar o incipiente processo de construção e regulamentação da Reforma do Ensino Médio e da Base Nacional Comum Curricular na rede estadual do Rio de Janeiro. Assim como, demonstrar o processo de reformulação administrativa e pedagógica, em curso há mais de 10 anos no Ensino Médio do Rio de Janeiro. Para tanto, partiremos do materialismo histórico-dialético por entender que esse processo deve ser compreendido, a partir do âmbito concreto da realidade educacional, inserida numa totalidade de múltiplas determinações. Palavras-chave: Reforma do Ensino Médio, Rede Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Privatização.

Sandy Coelho, Cristiane Lopes de Sousa

Ronaldo Marcos de Lima Araújo, educador brasileiro, formado em Pedagogia, é Doutor em Educação pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), com Pós-Doutoramento no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Políticas Públicas e Formação Humana da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (PPFH-UERJ). Sua produção bibliográfica é ampla, com foco na área de Trabalho e Educação e, em particular, no Ensino Médio e na Educação Profissional. Atualmente, é professor titular do Núcleo de Estudos Transdisciplinares em Educação Básica da Universidade Federal do Pará (NEB/UFPA), coordenador do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Trabalho e Educação (GEPTE) e superintendente da Superintendência de Assistência Estudantil (SAEST/UFPA).

بن عمر عواج, محمد لعربي

In light of the recent trends of employment policies and the multiplicity of the current challenges of the labor market, The aim of this study was to search for ways to integrate entrepreneurial thinking within the priorities of employment policy-making in Algeria by highlighting the role of the state as the main actor directed to those policies with the participation of all actors, such as the contributions of civil society institutions and the private sector, to draw up effective employment policies that deal with all measures to support entrepreneurship In order to adjust labor market balances.

N. Djuraeva

The article examines women's problems - the status of women in the family and society, protection of their legitimate interests, employment, protection of motherhood and childhood, increasing the status of women in society in the years of independence, protection of their rights and interests. , labor. and improving living conditions has become one of the priorities and goals of public policy, and it is scientifically based that the problem of treating women has risen to the level of public policy and strategy. The factors determining the relevance of the topic are analyzed. The article highlights the attitude towards women in the renewed Uzbekistan, the essence of the state policy in the field of guardianship, aimed at comprehensive support of women. It is known that in recent years in the field of history, social philosophy, law, economics, pedagogy, such issues as treatment of women, gender equality, protection of the rights and interests of women, ensuring their social protection and employment, participation of women in internal and external migration have been considered. The scope of special research work is expanding. Problem-chronological, comparative-analytical methods of the occurrence of socio-historical events are based on a methodological approach that allows the synthesis of objectivity, accuracy and development, linking history and modernity, ensuring the unity of theory and practice, a theoretical and methodological basis. research based on the formation of such scientific principles as interdependence, structure, development in development.