Jaime Junyent, Gabriel Muñoz Cordal, Francisca Jimena Junyent Echenique
El trabajo pretende exponer sobre la inteligencia artificial y sus sesgos relacionados con la salud y particularmente con las listas de espera en Chile. Los hallazgos apuntan a ciertos desafíos regulatorios y vacíos existentes, mostrando algunas propuestas para intentar abordar coherentemente la complejidad de sus problemas.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
El propósito del presente artículo es visibilizar los derechos de las comunidades campesinas víctimas en el marco del conflicto armado en la subregión de Urabá (Colombia). En ese sentido, se propone desde la academia y desde la prevención y protección de los derechos humanos a escala regional levantar la voz, reconociendo y destacando el valioso papel de las comunidades campesinas
en el marco del conflicto armado, en particular la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó, la cual se encuentra de modo persistente en un escenario de riesgo de vulneraciones a los derechos humanos, esta también aporta en forma paralela un legado
de paz y resistencia no violenta. Convertida en un símbolo de esperanza, dicha comunidad ha demostrado que se puede resistir de forma pacífica a pesar de las circunstancias, subrayando su valentía y determinación por encontrar una solución pacífica a este conflicto.
The Gauge Theory Bootstrap [arXiv:2309.12402, arXiv:2403.10772] computes the strongly coupled pion dynamics by considering the most general scattering matrix, form factors and spectral densities and matching them with perturbative QCD at high energy and with weakly coupled pions at low energy. In this work, we show that further constraints on the spectral densities significantly reduce the possible solutions to a small set of qualitatively similar ones. Quantitatively, the precise solution is controlled by the asymptotic value of the form factors and SVZ sum rules. We also introduce an iterative procedure that, starting from a generic feasible point, converges to a unique solution parameterized by the UV input. For the converged solution we compute masses and widths of resonances that appear, scattering lengths and effective ranges of partial waves, low energy coefficients in the effective action. Additionally, we use these results to discuss the thermodynamics of a pion gas including pair correlations of pions with same and opposite charge.
La Inteligencia Artificial tiene implicaciones significativas para los derechos humanos, tanto en términos de desafíos como de oportunidades. Por eso los derechos están presentes en las declaraciones y propuestas sobre su regulación. Sin embargo, esta presencia tiene que enfrentarse a algunos problemas. Uno de ellos es el de la determinación de qué significa el enfoque de derechos humanos. Este trabajo pretende dar luz sobre esta cuestión.
Lorenzo de Carpena Ferreira Corrêa de Barros, Enrico de Carpena Ferreira Correa de Barros
Este artigo propõe-se a um estudo de Direito e Literatura no seu viés representacional. Mediante metodologia analítica-dialética e assumindo os pressupostos do constructo teórico de Paul Ricoeur, suscita-se a seguinte indagação: a atividade jurídica da Defensoria Pública brasileira pode ser considerada “quixotesca” a partir dos conceitos apreensíveis do clássico literário de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra? Por meio desse questionamento inicial, procura-se demonstrar que a forma como D. Quixote busca concretizar a justiça não pode ser considerada uma representação das funções e dos objetivos institucionais da Defensoria Pública: embora certos valores jurídicos inerentes à Defensoria Pública estejam representados nas ações e intenções de D. Quixote na diegese, a personagem cervantina ilustra problemas institucionais que a Defensoria Pública visa a corrigir.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Research in cybersecurity may seem reactive, specific, ephemeral, and indeed ineffective. Despite decades of innovation in defense, even the most critical software systems turn out to be vulnerable to attacks. Time and again. Offense and defense forever on repeat. Even provable security, meant to provide an indubitable guarantee of security, does not stop attackers from finding security flaws. As we reflect on our achievements, we are left wondering: Can security be solved once and for all? In this paper, we take a philosophical perspective and develop the first theory of cybersecurity that explains what precisely and *fundamentally* prevents us from making reliable statements about the security of a software system. We substantiate each argument by demonstrating how the corresponding challenge is routinely exploited to attack a system despite credible assurances about the absence of security flaws. To make meaningful progress in the presence of these challenges, we introduce a philosophy of cybersecurity.
One justification for preregistering research hypotheses, methods, and analyses is that it improves the transparent evaluation of the severity of hypothesis tests. In this article, I consider two cases in which preregistration does not improve this evaluation. First, I argue that, although preregistration may facilitate the transparent evaluation of severity in Mayo's error statistical philosophy of science, it does not facilitate this evaluation in Popper's theory-centric approach. To illustrate, I show that associated concerns about Type I error rate inflation are only relevant in the error statistical approach and not in a theory-centric approach. Second, I argue that a test procedure that is preregistered but that also allows deviations in its implementation (i.e., "a plan, not a prison") does not provide a more transparent evaluation of Mayoian severity than a non-preregistered procedure. In particular, I argue that sample-based validity-enhancing deviations cause an unknown inflation of the test procedure's Type I error rate and, consequently, an unknown reduction in its capability to license inferences severely. I conclude that preregistration does not improve the transparent evaluation of severity (a) in Popper's philosophy of science or (b) in Mayo's approach when deviations are allowed.
La atención a la literatura como instrumento de educación del jurista, como lenguaje que permite transmitir lo que está en el núcleo del derecho es uno de los rasgos característicos de la obra del profesor Javier de Lucas. En este trabajo se identifican cuatro novelas evocadas en sus clases y en sus escritos para iluminar problemas tales como la desobediencia al derecho, la movilidad humana, la ciudadanía y el reconocimiento del otro. A modo de cláusula de cierre la referencia a un poema condensa el compromiso del profesor De Lucas en la lucha contra la exclusión social.
Este artículo se centra en las estrategias desplegadas por las asociaciones de inmigrantes en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID19. Se analiza la capacidad de agencia de los migrantes para solventar las constricciones estructurales de su inserción en las sociedades de destino, y concluye que estas estrategias se han consolidado y suponen un cambio cualitativo en las dinámicas del asociacionismo migrante.
În articol autorul dezvăluie caracteristicile contractelor independente - distribuție și dealer. Separat, s-a ajuns la concluzia că aceste contracte în știința juridică sunt adesea identificate, dar în cadrul studiului au fost dovedite și evidențiate principalele trăsături distinctive ale acestor structuri contractuale, ceea ce a făcut posibilă eliminarea tuturor contradicțiilor existente anterior pe această problemă. De remarcat mai ales că aceste contracte diferă semnificativ unele de altele, însă în știința de astăzi nu există un consens cu privire la natura juridică a acestor structuri contractuale, ceea ce duce la calificarea și individualizarea incorectă a acestor două contracte. În sprijinul poziției științifice, autorii furnizează trăsături distinctive specifice ale unui acord de distribuție de un acord de dealer, ceea ce a permis autorilor să dovedească independența și individualitatea acestor acorduri, ceea ce indică subiectul, conținutul și domeniul de aplicare al acestora.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Matteo Tuveri, Daniela Fadda, Viviana Fanti
et al.
Gravity is, by far, one of the scientific themes that have most piqued the curiosity of scientists and philosophers over the centuries. The history of science tells us that when the creative effort of physicists and philosophers to solve the main puzzles of the understanding of our universe met, a new conceptual revolution has started. However, since Einstein's relativistic theories and the subsequent advent of quantum mechanics, physicists and philosophers have taken different paths, both kidnapped by the intrinsic conceptual and mathematical difficulties inherited by their studies. Is it possible to restore a unitary vision of knowledge, overcoming the scientific-humanistic dichotomy that has established itself over time? The answer is certainly not trivial, but we can start from school to experience a new vision of a unified knowledge. From this need, the Gravitas project has born. Gravitas is a multidisciplinary outreach and educational program devoted to high school students (17-19 years old) that mixes contemporary physics and the philosophy of science. Coordinated by the Cagliari Section of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics, in Italy, Gravitas has started on December 2021 with an unconventional online format: two researchers coming from different fields of research meet a moderator and informally discuss about gravity and related phenomena. The public can chat and indirectly interact with them during the YouTube live. The project involved about 250 students from 16 high schools in Sardinia, Italy. Students should also create posts thought for social media whose content is based on the seminars they attended during the project. We present the project and discuss its possible outcomings concerning the introduction of a multidisciplinary approach in teaching physics, philosophy, and the history of contemporary physics in high schools.
A contemporary interpretation of Adam Smith's work on jurisprudence, revealing Smith's belief that progress emerges from cooperation and a commitment to justice. In Smith's theory, the tension between self–interest and the interests of others is mediated by law, so that the common interest of the community can be promoted. Moreover, Smith informs us that successful societies do at least three things well. They promote the common interest, advance justice through the rule of law, and they facilitate our natural desire to truck, barter, and exchange. In this process, law functions as an invisible force that holds society together and keeps it operating smoothly and productively. Law enhances social cooperation, facilitates trade, and extends the market. In these ways, law functions like Adams Smith's invisible hand, guiding and facilitating the progress of humankind.
La Pandemia causada por la COVID-19 provocó que muchos de los procesos educativos que se desarrollaban de forma presencial fueran continuados, de forma inmediata, por medio de la virtualidad informática, siendo estos implementados, en su mayoría, a través de actividades sincrónicas que buscaban simular el aula presencial. En muchos lugares urbanos dicha migra- ción era posible pero no en las poblaciones que tienen poco acceso a internet, sobre todo en el interior del país. El presente ensayo presenta dos herramientas que responden a la atención de las y los estudiantes que sufren las consecuencias de la brecha digital para continuar con regularidad sus estudios, pero que necesitan que las instituciones educativas respondan de forma creativa y efectiva para lograr continuar de forma regular con su formación profesional en el ámbito universitario. La apuesta del presente texto es mostrar cómo los procesos asincrónicos, bien planificados y orientados, pueden responder a las necesidades ya descritas y garantizar el aprendizaje significativo. También se desea exponer, como el uso del WhatsApp puede ser mediado por procesos pedagógicos para que se utilice con fines educativos de forma sincrónica o asincrónica.
This survey provides an exposition of a suite of techniques based on the theory of polynomials, collectively referred to as polynomial methods, which have recently been applied to address several challenging problems in statistical inference successfully. Topics including polynomial approximation, polynomial interpolation and majorization, moment space and positive polynomials, orthogonal polynomials and Gaussian quadrature are discussed, with their major probabilistic and statistical applications in property estimation on large domains and learning mixture models. These techniques provide useful tools not only for the design of highly practical algorithms with provable optimality, but also for establishing the fundamental limits of the inference problems through the method of moment matching. The effectiveness of the polynomial method is demonstrated in concrete problems such as entropy and support size estimation, distinct elements problem, and learning Gaussian mixture models.
En 2012, casi 4500 personas murieron en Estados Unidos mientras esperaban trasplantes de riñón. En el transcurso de 2013, 4100 pacientes murieron en la Unión Europea mientras se encontraban oficialmente en listas de espera. Para solucionar este problema, esencialmente hay dos soluciones éticamente aceptables; pero ambas tienen, en su estado actual, desventajas. La primera solución es la de los incentivos económicos a la cesión de órganos entre vivos. La segunda solución es adoptar un modelo que denominaré «altruista impuro», como el croata o el español.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Manuel Vilariño, Bárbara G Amado, Javier Martin-Peña
et al.
Una casuística de intervención de la psicología forense es el acoso laboral. Con la intención de contribuir al desarrollo de las técnicas existentes, se analizó la utilidad del LIPT-60 para la evaluación psicológica forense del acoso laboral. Una muestra de 90 trabajadores, mitad hombres y mitad mujeres, cumplimentó en un diseño de simulación el LIPT-60 en dos condiciones: primero, con instrucciones estándar/realidad y, a continuación, con instrucciones de simulación. Los resultados revelaron que la muestra fue capaz de simular el padecimiento del acoso en el LIPT-60, que acudieron a dos estrategias de simulación, la exageración en el padecimiento y la agrupación indiscriminada de conductas de acoso, que los puntos de corte del NEAP e IMAP, sugeridos para la sospecha de simulación, no son válidos para la práctica forense y que no había diferencias en la simulación en función del género. En el trabajo se discuten las implicaciones para la práctica forense.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Psychology
Raffaella Mulas, Rubén J. Sánchez-García, Ben D. MacArthur
Complex systems of intracellular biochemical reactions have a central role in regulating cell identities and functions. Biochemical reaction systems are typically studied using the language and tools of graph theory. However, graph representations only describe pairwise interactions between molecular species, and so are not well suited to modelling complex sets of reactions that may involve numerous reactants and/or products. Here we make use of a recently-developed hypergraph theory of chemical reactions that naturally allows for higher-order interactions to explore the geometry and quantify functional redundancy in biochemical reactions systems. Our results constitute a general theory of automorphisms for oriented hypergraphs and describe the effect of automorphism group structure on hypergraph Laplacian spectra.
Resumen: En este texto, desde una perspectiva personal, se destacan y comentan brevemente algunas de las aportaciones científicas del profesor Mario Ruiz,, catedrático acreditado en filosofía del derecho, en el marco de las jornadas que se celebraron en su recuerdo en las Universidades de Valencia y Rovira i Virgili (18 de octubre de 2018 y 14 de novienbre de 2018, respectivamente).
Abstract: In this text, from a personal perspective, shares some of the scientific contributions of Professor Mario Ruiz that were highlighted and briefly commented within the framework of the conferences that were held in his memory at the Universities of Valencia and Rovira i Virgili (October 18, 2018 and November 14, 2018, respectively).