The article is devoted to the transformation of the image of Japanese residents of the United States in the American press after the country’s entry into World War II and before the beginning of their internment. The main sources chosen were the media that influenced the formation of public opinion: the press of the western states, where most Japanese lived, and The New York Times, a national newspaper. The study examined published editorials, speeches by politicians, officials of various ranks, and representatives of public associations and groups. Content analysis of The New York Times publications allowed us to interpret the quantitative characteristics of the articles’ content.
In different editions of the periodical press, the image of the Japanese living in the United States was similar, but, in the West, it had its own specific features. In the western states, the history of interaction between different ethnic groups, including after the beginning of immigration from the Asian region, contained many more contradictions than in the rest of the United States. Japan’s aggressive actions in the Pacific Ocean exacerbated the attitude of coastal residents towards members of the “enemy nation.” Publications took on a form of outright antipathy, which distinguished their tone in the press of the western states and the more moderate The New York Times.
The analysis of the press allowed us to identify a consistent change of the image of Japanese Americans in the pages of newspapers in the period from December 1941 to February 1942. Initially, they were “loyal residents of the country, not associated with the policy of militaristic Japan,” while in February 1942 – “potential subversive elements capable of sabotage and betrayal of U.S. interests.” Based on the research, works of domestic and foreign authors, it was concluded that there was a set of reasons that influenced this transformation of the image of the Japanese living in the country after the entry of the United States into World War II.
The article is devoted to the definition of the role and importance of the participation of the indigenous peoples of the Far East in the formation and development of Russian-Japanese trade during the 18th – 19th centuries. The traditional crafts of the aborigines of the Far Eastern Territory were of undoubted interest to Russian entrepreneurs who sought to expand trade relations with neighboring Japan. Before the conclusion of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855, Russian merchants in need of certain goods resorted to the intermediary services of the Ainu, who exchanged Japanese goods for Russian ones. The article provides concrete facts about the indirect participation of the aborigines of the Far East in Russian-Japanese trade, information about goods, prices, supply channels, etc. It notes the changes in the life of the aboriginal population under the influence of barter trade, their transition to settled life, borrowing of traditions of everyday life from Russians, and their reorientation to new occupations, influenced by the needs of foreign trade. In particular, it discusses the specific features of traditional occupations of the aborigines of the Far East: the Taz, the Negidals, the Oroks, the Nivkh, the Gilyaks, the Tungus, the Goldi, the Orochen, etc., as well as ways of their involvement in barter trade and realization of products of traditional crafts in the Japanese market. The article specifically focuses on the participation of the Ainu subjects of Japan and the Russian Empire in Russian-Japanese trade, notes the peculiarities of the attitude of Russian and Japanese authorities to the Ainu, their interaction with Russian entrepreneurs. It also notes the participation of Koreans and the Chinese residing in the Russian Far East in Russian-Japanese trade. The article emphasizes the importance of Russian entrepreneurs’ selling furs, fish, seafoods, seaweed, ginseng, marine mammals products obtained through barter trade from the Far Eastern aborigines in the Japanese market. It analyzes the bilateral international trade treaties between the Russian Empire and Japan in the studied period. The article uses rare pre-revolutionary archival documents, as well as sources in Russian, English, French, Spanish, and German.
The article highlights the latest trends in the development of Japanese foreign policy towards Afghanistan in the context of the Taliban coming to power. It is shown that Japan participated in addressing the problems of Afghanistan back in the 1990s, and, after the start of the US anti-terrorist operation in 2001, its presence in the region reached a new level. Japan's contribution to post-conflict resolution was multifaceted, and, as a result of it, Japan not only established new formats of interaction with a wide range of actors, but also built stable, trusting relationships with various political forces in Afghanistan. Japan also acquired a benign reputation among the population of this country, becoming one of the main donors of aid in the period of 2002–2021. Japan's experience in assisting Afghanistan in the 1990s – 2020s, as well as its economic power, determine the Taliban's interest. The reconfiguration of political forces in the region as a result of the arrival of a new government in Afghanistan affects the political and economic interests of Japan, despite the geographical remoteness and the absence of investment projects before the regime change. Tokyo continues its dialogue with Kabul both at the official level and with the involvement of non-governmental organizations, but refrains from any significant international initiatives, preferring to exert soft diplomatic pressure with an emphasis on ensuring human rights, combining it with the provision of humanitarian assistance to the country's population. In the face of declining interest in Afghanistan on the part of Washington, Tokyo is looking for new ways of cooperation with the international community on the problems of this country, including establishment of a closer dialogue with the Muslim world.
Natsume Fusanosuke is one of the founding critics of manga that pioneered a style of formal analysis of manga in the 1990s. Natsume’s first important foray into his “theory of expression” (hyōgenron) was seen in the collaborate work, Manga no yomikata (How to read manga) in 1995. He later streamlined those ideas in a twelve-episode series Manga wa naze omoshiroi no ka: sono bunpō to hyōgen (Why is manga so interesting?: Its grammar and expression) for NHK television in 1996. The accompanying expanded book (1997) consists of well-ordered, individual essays on elements of manga such as line, character creation, and panels. In the present translated essay, the eighth chapter of part one, Natsume explores how hand-drawn onomatopoeia—or comic-book interjections—are quite nuanced, conveying additional information about time and space as a part of the larger narrative flow, which Natsume asserts is uniquely characteristic of Japanese comic books. This early essay, representing the beginning of Natsume’s scholarly arc, is important for its examination of how hand-drawn onomatopoeia are vital tools for the manga storyteller. Natsume argues that these graphic giongo, gitaigo, and other mimetic expressions also reveal how Japanese audiences are predisposed to reading and processing verbal information in both as words and as pictures. The translation and introduction make available in English for the first time a part of a key text in the history of manga studies in Japan.
Language and Literature, Japanese language and literature
POETICS OF THE FIRST POLISH TRANSLATION OF GENJI MONOGATARI, OR THE TALE OF GENJI BY MURASAKI SHIKIBU: THE TRANSLATOR’S POINT OF VIEW
The article identifies the most important translation strategies and challenges faced by the translator of the first Polish translation of Genji Monogatari, or The Tale of Genji. The work, written in 1008, is a masterpiece of not only Japanese but also world literature and is widely included in the cultural heritage of humanity. Its author, Murasaki Shikibu (?978-1025 or 1031) is considered a forerunner of modern literary fiction with a profound humanistic approach. The work itself has been translated into modern Japanese and many European languages. Originally written in classical Japanese, it is distinguished by the ambiguity of expression, lexical polysemy, elaborate honorific language, and cultural hermeticism. The author discusses how, in light of the above, the Polish translation will balance the goal of making Murasaki’s work intelligible for the Polish reader with the need of preserving the elements of ‘foreignness’ of the old Japanese culture, for the translation is intended to fulfill not only a mediating and communicative function between Polish and Japanese cultures but also a cognitive one.
This article examines how literati poet-painter Yosa Buson (1716-1783) composed an elegy that transforms the conventional trope of the pheasant as a figure for representing grief and grieving and Confucian moral and social values. I argue that Buson forges a new poetic form, representing feelings of grief and the process of grieving, mourning, and longing through the conventional trope of the pheasant. At the same time, Buson makes the pheasant an object of empirical representation, allowing the sound of the pheasant’s call to reverberate through the rhythm and repetition of poetic form. This reverberation sets into motion multiple lyric events where the poet simultaneously expresses his grief, mourns the deceased, and summons the dead by performing an incantation that enlists the reader to sympathize with the bird and the poet. I show how Buson’s representation of the pheasant is conventional by exploring its allusions to Chinese and Japanese poems that represent the pheasant. I also show how Buson’s poem and representation of the pheasant are products of his present moment in the late eighteenth century, examining how his elegy is informed by late imperial Chinese lyricism, scientific empiricism, philology and the theory of mono no aware (“to sympathize or empathize with the feelings of others”) in kokugaku (Native Studies). The article contends that Buson’s conventional and innovative representation of the pheasant’s call affords the ancient verb toyomu (to reverberate) a new form, mediating sympathy through the reverberation of sound in poetic form.
Language and Literature, Japanese language and literature
This paper argues that translation — especially of works of literature — allows advanced language learners to pursue their intellectual interests, challenge their linguistic knowledge, and explore possibilities for further language learning. Translating literature not only puts their knowledge and repertories to test but also exposes them to the joy of using language for creative activity. Working with classmates through discussion and peer review, learners accustomed to independent work will learn to appreciate collaboration as well. Practice of translanguaging, i.e., a fluid use of two (or more) languages back and forth (García & Wei, 2014), in process of translation, maximizes the accessibility of learners’ semiotic resources in diverse contexts for their meaning-making process. This paper focuses on a case study to demonstrate the positive outcomes of language learning with literature translation and concludes with suggestions for future study.
Language and Literature, Japanese language and literature
Vocabulary is an integral aspect when learning a foreign language. The issue discussed in this research includes learning new vocabularies by Japanese language learners who are competent and the relevance of vocabulary-learning strategy by Oxford (1990) to foreign language learners' current condition. This research aims to elaborate on the relevant vocabulary-learning strategy for foreign learners of the Japanese language. The research methodology is qualitative, with semi-structured interviews by adopting the questionnaire by Saengpakdeejit (2014). The vocabulary-learning strategy is classified based on the taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategy by Oxford (1990), Schmitt (1997), and Churches (2009). The result shows that Japanese language learners who are competent apply the vocabulary learning strategy, as Oxford (1990) stated. The dominant strategy used by the participants is a cognitive strategy, which allows new vocabularies to be stored in the participant's memory. Furthermore, information related to new vocabularies needs to be stored in the participant's memory using vocabularies. Besides, a competent Japanese language learner can use the learning resources, printed materials, and digital application to improve the vocabularies.
Introducing, in the academic year 1998/1999, the Japanese Language and Literature program in the university’s curricula is part of the general strategy adopted by Babeș-Bolyai University, a strategy oriented towards diversifying the university’s academic offer. This initiative aimed to be a response to the necessity of a good academic performance, acutely felt within the Transylvanian area, where there was no previous possibility of studying, systematically and in-depth, Asian languages and literature.
Contemplating all the years that have passed, we celebrated them through an international symposium entitled Nihongo Dekimasu. 20 Years of Japanese Studies at the Babeș-Bolyai University (26.10-25.11.2018). On this occasion, together with the Sembazuru Centre of Japanese Studies, we organized various events, trying to bring Japan closer not only to the Japanese Language and Literature program’s students, but also to the large audience in Cluj-Napoca, to everyone who wishes to understand, in their own country, Japan’s irresistible charm that continues to expand throughout the world.
In this research, the writer explains about paranoid schizophrenia suffered by Kotoko. The purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics and symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia. The data were taken from Kotoko movie created by Shinya Tsukamoto (2011). The method used to analyzed the data is descriptive qualitative. Within modern social society, schizophrenia is a kind of social phenomenon problem. The symptom that usually appear in paranoid schizophrenia is delusions and hallutinations. The results show that becoming a single mother, post traumatic stress, over protective individual trigger the paranoid schizophrenia.
Despite the large amount of research that has taken place with mobile devices for language learning over the years, there are still limited conclusions that can be reached as to what contributes to sustained task engagement. A common problem that has long been seen in the CALL literature is that many tasks and activities that are reported are small scale studies taking place in a single environment with a limited number of subjects, often as a result of teachers investigating the outcomes of their own teaching (see Warschauer, 1997; Hubbard, 2005). Given the nature of the environments in which many teachers find themselves, it is in some way inevitable that studies tend to be of a smaller scale and often undertaken within a single class. It is possible to gain deeper insights into the tasks used through replication studies (Porte, 2012). This paper discusses the potential insights gained from replicating approximately the same basic language learning tasks in varied contexts. Research on vocabulary and listening tasks was carried out in Japan over an 8-year period from 2010 through 2017 for Japanese learners of English. In addition, the same tasks were adapted for Australian learners of Japanese in 2012 and Taiwanese learners of English in 2013, with a total of 420 participants. Data were collected through post-treatment surveys, semi-structured interviews and server logs recording the times spent on the tasks, the scores achieved, and the devices used to engage in the tasks. The same methods of data collection were used in each of the studies, using primarily the same tasks apart from adaptations made for developments in technology and for the different language learning contexts. Carrying out the same tasks in subsequent years with increasingly newer technologies and with teachers and learners from different cultural backgrounds provided insights into the effect of the context, the technology, and role of both teachers and learners in successfully implementing the tasks.
Theory and practice of education, Language acquisition
Nanpō Shishū is a collection of poetry written by Jinbō Kotarō (1905-1990) when he was serving as a member of the Propaganda Division during the Japanese military occupation of Singapore (Shonan) from 1942 to1945. The poems, which describe his feelings during his ten months of duty in Singapore were written in Japanese and self-published in 1944 after Kotarō’s return to Japan. In other words, the target readers of his poems were Japanese only. This study does not delve into the reasons for Jinbō’s involvement in the Asia-Pacific War, since he was known as a romantic poet, but to analyze the characteristic of his poems and how he describes the relationship between Japanese and the multiethnicity of Singaporean people at that time. This study employs a qualitative approach that prioritizes the literary materials, especially Jinbō’s poetry collection, Nanpō Shishū.
Abstract Background Shinrin-yoku (experiencing the forest atmosphere or forest bathing) has received increasing attention from the perspective of preventive medicine in recent years. Some studies have reported that the forest environment decreases blood pressure. However, little is known about the possibility of anti-hypertensive applications of Shinrin-yoku. This study aimed to evaluate preventive or therapeutic effects of the forest environment on blood pressure. Methods We systematically reviewed the medical literature and performed a meta-analysis.Four electronic databases were systematically searched for the period before May 2016 with language restriction of English and Japanese. The review considered all published, randomized, controlled trials, cohort studies, and comparative studies that evaluated the effects of the forest environment on changes in systolic blood pressure. A subsequent meta-analysis was performed. Results Twenty trials involving 732 participants were reviewed. Systolic blood pressure of the forest environment was significantly lower than that of the non-forest environment. Additionally, diastolic blood pressure of the forest environment was significantly lower than that of the non-forest environment. Conclusions This systematic review shows a significant effect of Shinrin-yoku on reduction of blood pressure.
Japan's modernization entailed, amongst other things, a new distribution of the sensible and the privileging of visuality by the state’s regimes of power and knowledge. Larger historical and technological forces demanded the specialization and commodification of the senses: photography and film froze sight and detached it from the totality of experience, while the radio, the phonograph and the telephone separated hearing from seeing.
It is tempting to see literature and especially the modernist movement of Yokomitsu Riichi, Kawabata Yasunari and Kataoka Teppei from the 1920s as a site of resistance against these historical processes and the gradual specularization of experience: after all, they called themselves “shinkankaku-ha”, “New Perceptionists”. Close readings of their fictional and critical texts, however, reveal a much more ambiguous stance. Kankaku (“sensation”, “perception”, “sense impression”) emerges as purified from the fleshy materiality of the body and reduced to the visual only. Regardless of whether they wrote on literature or on film, the modernists emphasized a new sensation that was free from the mediations of the writer’s psyche, in the case of literature, and purged from intertitles and the narration of the benshi, as far as cinema was concerned. Their ideas about sensation and perception resonated with the so-called “pure film movement” (jun’eigageki undō) from the 1910s and with later debates on “absolute cinema” (zettai eiga), which argued for a disembodied, intensely absorbed spectatorship that focused on the visual. The fragmented syntax, distorted temporalities and deinteriorized characters of Kawabata and Yokomitsu owe a lot to technologized visuality. This alienation of the self and its split into pure consciousness and objectified body, motifs that we find in both writers, could be ideologically problematic.
Language and Literature, Japanese language and literature
Dhiar Rachma Diyanthi, Melia Dewi Judiasri, Dianni Risda
This research was motivated by the lack of opportunity to speak Japanese during the class. 50% of the sample stated that they are have a small opportunity to speak Japanese during learning Japanese. Yet, in this time students are required to be able to talk and communicate globally. And the ability to speak is the implementation of Japanese language lessons. To overcome these problems, researcher tested the method of cooperative learning type of inside-outside circle in learning the Japanese language to students XII IPA 2 SMA Pasundan 2 Bandung. The purpose of the implementation of learning with this method is the students are able to speak japanese actively and to test the effectiveness of the method. This research uses a quasi experimental (pre-test and post-test one group). Sampling technique by means of random sampling. The population in this study were all high school students of SMA Pasundan 2 Bandung and the sample was 16 students of class XII IPA 2 as the experimental class. Instruments for this research is a test and questionnaire. From the analysis of obtained data, value t-count of 4,205. And with 15 db at this stage of the 5% significance was obtained t-table by 2.13 and 1% significance obtained t-table by 2.95. Because the value of t count> t-table, then Hk accepted. This means that there are significant differences in their speaking ability before and after the implementation of cooperative learning type of inside-outside circle. This is reinforced by the results of a questionnaire which states that more than half of the respondents feel the effect of the application of cooperative learning type of inside-outside circle of the ability to speak Japanese.
<p>This paper aims to identify the technique translation of directive speech act that used in two Japanese stories of <em>Mahou Hakushi</em> by Iwaya Sazanami and <em>Hashire Merosu</em> by Dazai Osamu. Those stories are two translation works of Japanese literature in the book of Antologi Kesusastraan Anak Jepang (<em>Nihon Jidou bungaku Senshuu</em>). This book contains children’s literature that translated from Japanese to Indonesian by Antonius Pujo. Those two stories selected because there are many speech act in that, and the directive is considered as most interesting speech act than the other ones. This paper used descriptive qualitative method. The total number of the collected data are 50. The result show there are seven types of translation technique with total usage frequency 72 times. Those techniques are as follow : amplification 18 times, linguistic amplification 16 times, estabilsh equivalent 15 times, literal translation 11 times, reduction 5 times, modulation 5 times, transposition 2 times.</p>
This paper analyses Bijutsu no hongi (1885) and Shōsetsu sōron (1886) by Futabatei Shimei (1864–1909) in respect of their roots in the theories of art and literature by Vissarion Belinskij (1811–1848) and in Georg F. Hegel's (1770–1831) philosophy of idealism as well as with regard to their correlation and their role in the emancipation of narrative prose as a form of art in the early phase of modern Japanese literary history.
Language and Literature, Japanese language and literature