Hasil untuk "International relations"

Alina Shevtsova

The development of digital technologies in the context of economic globalization has led to significant changes that have determined the gradual transition from an industrial to a digital economy. This transition is reflected in the digitalization of business processes, the introduction of digital technologies in the activities of industrial enterprises, service organizations, government agencies, and financial institutions. The subject of the article is the process of digitalization of global economic development. The aim is to study the genesis and determinants of the development of the digitalization process by analyzing the publication activity on the conceptualization of the concepts of “digitization”, “digitalization”, “digital transformation”. Methods: the historical method and comparative analysis were used to study the genesis and determinants of the development of the digitalization process; statistical analysis was used to analyze the publication activity on the conceptualization of the concepts of “digitization”, “digitalization”, “digital transformation”; the logical method was used to determine the essence of the process of digitalization of global economic development. The following results are obtained: based on the analysis, it is noted that the genesis of the process of digitalization of global economic development can be considered in several stages: 1) the pre-digital stage; 2) the initial stage of digitization; 3) the stage of digitization of processes; 4) the stage of development of network technologies; 5) the stage of e-commerce and business Internet; 6) the stage of artificial intelligence and data analysis; 7) the stage of the digital transformation boom. Based on the clarification of the essence of the concepts of "“digitization”, “digitalization”, “digital transformation” it was argued that digitization lays the foundation for digitalization, and digitalization provides the possibility of digital transformation. Conclusions: in today's world, digital transformation has become a key aspect that determines the competitiveness of countries and enterprises in international markets. Digital technologies determine the direction of the global economy, acting as a catalyst and tool for dynamic transformation in the economic landscape.

Alexa Morales Hernández

En los últimos años, América Latina ha sido testigo del ascenso de fuerzas de extrema derecha, un fenómeno que parece ser parte de una reacción internacional contra los impactos de la globalización neoliberal y un cuestionamiento a los derechos sociales y políticos de diversas minorías. Sus representantes han utilizado un lenguaje supuestamente innovador, han sacado provecho de las redes sociales y han criticado la política tradicional, lo que sugiere un nuevo escenario regional. Sin embargo, tanto sus propuestas como sus métodos reflejan la continuidad de los intereses de la oligarquía regional y del capital transnacional. La defensa de una sociedad jerarquizada y el recurso a la violencia física y simbólica son atributos que trascienden coyunturas y caracterizan a la derecha latinoamericana. La proyección internacional de estas fuerzas políticas confirma su alineamiento con Estados Unidos y su rechazo a los mecanismos regionales, lo que reafirma sus puntos de contactos con los partidos tradicionales. La influencia de estas fuerzas en los sistemas políticos nacionales, tanto en el poder ejecutivo como en otros ámbitos, incluida la formación de opinión pública a través de los medios y las redes sociales, representa un desafío para la política exterior cubana, las fuerzas progresistas y las aspiraciones de integración latinoamericana.

Grace Angulo-Pico, Menis Mercado-Mejía

Se presenta una aproximación a la revisión de literatura referente a los efectos económicos y de comercio de la covid-19, analizados desde la perspectiva de la economía internacional. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de documentos arbitrados por pares, tomando como fuente principal la base de datos Scopus (Elsevier), complementada con Science Direct, Google Académico yorganismos multilaterales del orden regional e internacional. A partir del software VOSviewer y con el criterio de selección de co-ocurrencia de palabras claves, se documentó, al final, lo citado en 59 trabajos, mismos que se agruparon en 6 segmentos (teoría, efectos de oferta-demanda-comercio, metodologías de análisis, y resiliencia económica de los países), derivados de los clústeres de los términos co-ocurrentes producto de los resultados bibliográficos, y la de la necesidad de hilar un discurso coherente y sostenible. Entre los hallazgos, se destaca que la pandemia por covid-19 es un fenómeno sin precedentes, por lo que requiere un análisis holístico, desde la oferta, la demanda, el comercio y la política económica (fiscal, preferiblemente), en procura de establecer una línea base de herramientas para sopesar futuras disrupciones exógenas.

Ian BROWNE

In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War the borders and the geographical distribution of Central and Eastern Europe’s population changed dramatically, with the forced movement of millions of people. The Treaty of Paris took as one of its aims the creation of independent nation states. The settlement negotiated there lasted barely 25 years and the political geography of Europe after 1945 bears little resemblance to that established by the Treaty of Paris; the human cost of the creation of the borders of modern European states was enormous. In the context of the European Union, which has dramatically reduced the importance of national borders within Europe, nationalism has come to be regarded as backward looking and reactionary, and progressive politics is seen as the overcoming of national identity. Many of the states in Central and Eastern Europe were either new entities, or had new borders. The issue facing them was how to include these new citizens within their new nation states, as the allegiance of these citizens to their new nations was by no means clear. Some were from groups with different languages and traditions, and others, even though they might share the same language and perhaps some of the traditions and culture of the new nation were by no means wholeheartedly committed to membership of their new nation. There is a well-established school of thought within anthropology, based on extensive field work, that ethnic identity is a fluid concept, as much created as given. Building on the idea that national identities are created, and on the ideas of Ernest Renan, the political theorist Professor David Miller of Oxford University takes the view that there is a form of nationalism, based on the real and created differences between peoples, that can be a positive and socially liberal force in the creation of collective identity. However, Miller offers no philosophical guarantees that an inclusive collective identity will be created. The chances are just as great of creating an exclusionary conception of national identity, one which sees some inhabitants of a country as being less than equal citizens or even as not being real members of the national community at all. Since Miller sees nations as moral communities, a locus where the virtue of human solidarity can be given practical expression through political decisions and policies, it raises the possibility of certain conceptions of nationalism serving as the basis for immoral / amoral communities. That is to say, national communities that are the site of exclusion and discrimination, of political ills rather than political good. The interwar period posed the question to many of the new and expanded states of Central and Eastern Europe of what sort of conception of national identity they wanted to create, and the failure of many of these states to establish stable geographical boundaries and stable populations whose ethnic composition survived after the end of the Second World War is indicative of a failure to establish the kind of inclusive conception of national identity which Miller sees as vital if nations are to be moral rather than immoral / amoral communities. In the light of David Miller’s theoretical model of a liberal nationalism that is both substantive and inclusive, I propose to look at what options were available and what went wrong in the aftermath of the decisions taken by the Big Four on national boundaries and ethnic homogeneity in the Treaties of Paris.

Thi Sen Nguyen, Igor Yurevich Aleksanyan, Roman Vakhaevich Mutsaev

The description of the object of research, its properties and characteristics for its industrial processing is given. The current state and prospective directions of intensification of heat storage in the production of dry products and concentrates are analyzed. A rational scheme for radiation-convection drying is recommended for vegetable cut products.

Mariano Mosquera

¿Qué tendencias pueden identificarse en un análisis evolutivo sobre la agenda china en la guerra comercial con los Estados Unidos? La investigación analiza los dos documentos oficiales en la materia del gobierno de la República Popular China (de septiembre de 2018 y de junio de 2019), desde un marco teórico centrado en la racionalidad política china y en los estudios de agenda,  y con herramientas propias del análisis autómatico de textos. Se obtiene como conclusión que el discurso político chino  sostiene —como eje central— la intención de expandir el debate comercial a otros significados económicos, mantiene la crítica al proteccionismo y defiende su posición sobre la propiedad intelectual en China. Sin embargo, en el año 2019 en el discurso político chino adquieren una mayor centralidad los valores y principios cooperativos típicos de la retórica política china. Esto se destaca por sobre la estategia china de deconstrucción del discurso occidental sobre el conflicto comercial, lo cual es predominante, con abundante particularización discursiva, en el año 2018.

Jaime Orlando López de Mesa

D. S. Bobrov, L. G. Zaitseva

The article is devoted to a comprehensive examination of theoretical approaches to the study of the history of Altai in the 18th century, developed by Russian specialists over the past three decades. The relevance of the study is associated with the emerging trend in domestic science towards a holistic understanding of the retrospective of individual regions, including through understanding the interdependent role of various social and administrative factors in the colonization process. Special attention is paid to the conceptual assessment of the nature of the initial development of Altai. The methodological grounds for applying the theories of military colonization, frontier, frontier modernization to the history of the region are outlined. The authors state the presence in the scientific literature of two non-identical approaches to the characterization of the Russian border in the south of Western Siberia. The authors demonstrate the obvious desire of historians to carry out comprehensive studies of regional and local levels of civil and mining management, which has emerged against the background of the preservation of the heuristic significance of microhistorical analysis of the role of individual fortified (fortresses, forts) or production facilities (factories). The diversity and conceptual heterogeneity of modern Russian historiography of the history of Altai in the 18th century is summarized. Some forecasts of the development of the historiographic situation are formulated.

Irawan J.

Tulisan ini memfokuskan pada respon salah satu pokok kajian disiplin Hubungan-Internasional, ekonomi politik internasional dalam hal ini, terhadap pandemi Covid-19 sebagai fenomena global yang terjadi tiba-tiba. Beberapa konsep yang digunakan disini adalah globalisasi, hegemon, dan multilateralisme. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa beberapa konsep yang seringkali digunakan dalam ekonomi politik internasional tersebut  berguna dalam memposisikan pandemic Covid-19, dan sekaligus menekankan arti penting multilateralisme, dalam realitas dunia yang telah menjadi ‘global-village’.  Kata kunci: Covid-19, globalisasi, hegemon, multilateralisme.

Ekaterina S Orlova

The article is devoted to tendencies of development of modern international law and the international justice authorities. Globalization of the modern world and the interaction of States at all levels: political, economic, commercial, educational, and others - determines the relevance of the article. The interaction leads to conflicts and disputes between States, between States, legal and physical persons, between legal and physical persons from different countries, they require resolution at the international level. The increase of number of international contacts is followed by the increase of conflicts between the parties and, respectively, the number of international judicial processes. International law and the international judicial bodies play a special role in solving the problems of the peaceful settlement of international conflicts. Certain trends characterize the current stage of development of international law. These are diversification and fragmentation resulting in the proliferation of international judicial bodies. Strengthening the rule of law in international relations is the main positive point of the main trends in international law. The sphere of international relations, which are not covered by international law, are reduced. The main negative aspect of modern tendencies in the field of international justice is: the possibility of multiple interpretations of international law, especially the regional courts, as well as increasing the risk of issuing conflicting, sometimes inconsistent, decisions of different international judicial bodies. The possibility of finding a forum shopping is a negative consequence as well. This creates a legal conflict, delays, problems with recognition of international judicial bodies, their jurisdiction, for failure to execute court decisions. This leads to a reduction of efficiency of activity of international courts in General. The main task of modern international law is to overcome or mitigate conflicts of jurisdictions of the various international judicial bodies, as well as to set the stable matches between international courts and the enforceability of their decisions. Studies of the leading Russian and foreign lawyers play an important role for overcoming contradictions in the sphere of international law and the activities of international judicial bodies. Scientists note in their works that the modern trends of development (diversification, fragmentation, proliferation, imperativity) is an objective phenomena, they are caused by the development of pluralism of the modern world.

Nicolai S. Orlovsky, Igor S. Zonn

Israel is a country in the Near East consisting for 95% of the arid regions in which 60% of the territory are covered by the Negev Desert. Therefore, the water resources are scant here and formed mostly by atmospheric precipitations. In the period from 1989 to 2005 the average precipitations were 6 billion cu. m, of which 60–70% were evaporated soon after rainfalls, at least 5% run down by rivers into the sea (mostly in winter) and the remaining 25% of precipitations infiltrated into soil from where the greater part of water got into the sea with ground waters. In Israel there are two groups of water resources: surface and underground. Israel is not rich in surface waters. The natural reservoir of surface fresh water is the Kinneret Lake in the northeast of the country. It gets water from the Jordan River and its tributaries. The average annual amount of available water of this lake is around 370 million cu. m, which accounts for one-third of the country’s water needs and still higher share of the drinking water needs. The greater part of fresh waters (37% of water supply of Israel as of 2011) in this country is supplied from ground water sources. Owing to insufficiency of available natural resources, unevenness of precipitations by years and seasons and with the growth of the population and economic development the issues of provision with the quality drinking water of the population as well as agriculture and industry, rehabilitation of natural environment cause permanently growing concern. In view of the water shortage untiring efforts have been taken to improve the irrigation efficiency and to reduce water use by improving the efficacy of irrigation techniques and application of advanced system management approaches. Among the water saving technologies applied in Israel there are: drop irrigation, advanced filtration, up to date methods of water leak detection from networks, rainwater collection and processing systems. At the same time such measures as water flow measurements, policy of water price formation, changeover to cultivation of valuable crops, thermal water recycling, computer-based and remotely controlled irrigation are also applied. The search for new techniques of fresh water production is going on. Water saving is considered the most reliable and less costly method to increase water resources of the country, And this task is being accomplished in all sectors. In 1964 the National Water Carrier of Israel was constructed. The main task of this project is to achieve the reliable compensation of the difference between water income in various regions (north and south), in different seasons (summer and winter) and in different years (with sufficient and insufficient precipitations). In 1999 the Israel government initiated the long-term large-scale program of sea water desalination for production of drinking water for internal use. Reverse osmosis was adopted the basic technique for desalination of brackish and sea water. Currently there are five sea water desalination plants producing about 600 million cu. m of desalinated water per year which is equivalent to approximately 42% of the country’s drinking water needs. Israel adopted the General Plan of Water Economy Development for 2010–2050, which envisages complete coverage of water deficit by way of entire wastewater treatment and construction of additional sea water desalination facilities with a capacity to 1500 million cu. m by 2050. Any additional desalinated water that may become available in these years will be used for replenishing the water supply in Israel.

Monique Sochaczewski Goldfeld

Sérgio Tutikian é um pioneiro por dois motivos: por um lado é dos primeiros diplomatas de origem armênia nos quadros do Ministério das Relações Exteriores e por outro é o primeiro a de fato ter servido nos postos-chave do Oriente Médio, dominando muitas de suas línguas, aspectos culturais e sensibilidades políticas. O depoimento em questão é uma entrevista de História Oral, do tipo história de vida, em que o entrevistado conta sobre a história da chegada da sua família ao Brasil, no contexto das perseguições porque os armênios passaram no Império Otomano em sua fase final, perpassa o estabelecimento da mesma no Rio Grande do Sul, sua escolha não óbvia pela carreira diplomática, e centra-se então em seus testemunhos sobre passagens no Irã, Iraque e Kuwait, entre outras localidades médio-orientais. ABSTRACT Sérgio Tutikian is a pioneer for two reasons: on the one hand, he is one of the first diplomats of Armenian origins in the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and on the other hand he is the first one to have served in the key posts of the Middle East, mastering many local languages, cultural aspects and political sensitivities. The testimony here is an Oral History interview, in which the deponent shares the story of the arrival of his family in Brazil -  in the context of persecutions the Armenians suffered in the last phase of the Ottoman Empire -, their settlement in Rio Grande do Sul, his non obvious choice for the diplomatic career, and then focuses his testimony on events he witnessed in Iran, Iraq and Kuwait, among other Middle Eastern places. Palavras-chave: Diplomacia; Armênios; Diáspora; Oriente Médio. keywords: Diplomacy; Armenians; Diaspora; Middle East. Recebido em 09 de Novembro de 2017 | Aceito em 11 de Novembro de 2017 Received on November 9, 20017 | Accepted on November 11, 2017 DOI: 10.12957/rmi.2016.31421  

Robert Jervis

Николай Николаевич Нечаев

The article deals with methodological problems of the study of laws of the development of activities of the subject as an objective process and the role of training as a socially determined activity focused on the development of the subject of activity (based on a number of speeches by the author on the problem of interrelation between education and development in a number of International and All-Russian conferences in 2012–2015). It is shown that pedagogical treatment of development dominates in Russian psychology; this is reYected in the characteristic of its main stages, which is based on the current structure of the education system, and also in understanding the very process of development as a process of adoption of social experience. Thus, they practically ignore the view on development as a process of self-motion of activity deZned as “ripening” of internal contradictions of its implementation in a concrete socio-historical context, which structure, in turn, depends on a concrete society’s mode of production and basic contradictions of its socio-economic development. Taking into account that each individual entering this society as a person becomes a barrier of certain social dispositions, the “mechanism” of the development of his / her activity is deZned as the resolution of contradictions when taking part in joint activity. From a psychological point of view these contradictions – depending on a stage and period of the development of activity – may be either a contradiction between the formed ways of action and the system of relations emerging in the activity of the subject (in which he / she is objectively involved from birth), or as a contradiction between the formed system of relations and forming modes of action, which in psychological terms are expressed in the di[erentiation of the person’s motivational preferences at each stage of the development of his / her activities. Special attention is paid to the dependence of forms of manifestation of laws of the development process from concrete conditions and the content of the joint activity, when training is its particular form. On the basis of the o[ered understanding of the mechanisms of the development of activities the author concludes that a “developing” nature of training is determined by a stage of the development of the activity of the subject, when either operational resources o[ered by training or his / her entry into a new system of relations may become motivationally signiZcant for him / her.

Alla Y. Yastrebova

The article deals with the modem international legal backgrounds to regulate the status of migrant workers on universal and regional level, some scientific approaches to manage some types of the labour migration and the analysis of the forms of states’ cooperation in the above field. The author examines the particular elements of the acting international legal mechanisms of the labour migration’ regulation relating to the activities of the regional (sub-regional) integration organizations.

Ali Maksum

This paper discusses human security in the context of media threat towards the society in Indonesia. Specifically this paper seeks to explain the development of media liberalization in Indonesia and the impact on civil rights in obtaining the truth information and the quest for true and reliable information. The increasing number of top businessmen owning media companies, following political and economic liberalization has been one of the most important phenomena over the past few years. The acquisition of media companies by businessman and politicians will influence indirectly the content of news reports. Finally, some radical groups have taken advantage of the free press policy to infiltrate Indonesian moderate Muslim society. Overall, media have failed to show their responsibility and seem to be far from the ethics because they are owned by businessmen, politicians and interest groups.

Katarina Ausenius

TRADUÇÃO: DANIELLA KOHNEN ABRAMOVAY.

J. Tickner