Orientation: The well-being of employees is essential for the sustainability of an organisation; however, current models frequently neglect the significant connection between individual resources and organisational culture. The SALCOR framework integrates the salutogenic model with conservation of resources (COR) theory to effectively address these limitations through a comprehensive, resilience-focused approach.
Research purpose: The purpose of this research is to present and evaluate the theoretical foundations of the SALCOR framework, illustrating its capacity to integrate disparate well-being strategies and improve organisational outcomes.
Motivation for the study: The ongoing fragmentation in workplace well-being models, along with the lack of adequate integration between personal and organisational dynamics, calls for a comprehensive framework. The SALCOR framework effectively addresses these gaps by aligning health resources with the organisational culture.
Research approach/design and method: A conceptual framework development methodology, incorporating systematic theoretical analysis, was applied to explore the dynamic interaction between salutogenesis and COR theory in optimising employee well-being.
Main findings: The SALCOR framework demonstrates that combining COR theory’s resource optimisation with salutogenesis’s sense of coherence significantly enhances resilience and overall well-being, particularly in resource-intensive or high-stress organisational environments.
Practical/managerial implications: The framework offers actionable insights for organisations to develop integrated strategies that enhance resource alignment and coherence, promoting sustainable employee resilience in various workplace environments.
Contribution/value-add: This study presents a new framework in Industrial and Organisational Psychology, addressing significant theoretical and practical gaps by promoting a comprehensive and adaptable approach to employee well-being.
Zheng Yang, Cuixiang Shao, Chen Tang Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Chen Tang, Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214122, People’s Republic of China, Email 15852766902@163.comBackground: Maternal anxiety or depression in the perinatal period has a high prevalence. The negative emotion during the puerpera is unfavorable to the process of childbirth and also affects the recovery and the quality of life in postpartum patients significantly. The present study aimed to elucidate the risk factors of negative emotion in perinatal women and its influence on prognosis to provide a reference for improving maternal prognosis.Methods: Initially, 350 expectant mothers were randomly enrolled in the present study between August 2021 and August 2022. Among these, after applying the established inclusion and exclusion criteria, 314 patients were eventually selected. The independent risk factors of negative emotion and poor prognosis were analyzed through binary logistics regression and multiple linear regression. Follow-up was conducted via telephone, email, and a follow-up visit one month after discharge.Results: Among the included patients, 18 (5.7%) had prenatal anxiety, 16 (5.1%) had prenatal depression, 31 (9.9%) had postnatal anxiety, and 28 (8.9%) had postnatal depression. Perinatal negative emotional risk factors include age, marital relationship, regular prenatal examination, E2 level, 5-HT level before and after delivery, family monthly income, neonatal health, breastfeeding time, intrapartum hemorrhage, constipation and other complications. The development of postpartum negative emotions is a risk factor for maternal prognosis.Conclusion: The results showed that the risk factors of perinatal depression and anxiety were complex. In order to improve the quality of life of pregnant women, maintain their long-term emotional stability, and promote their postpartum recovery, it may be considered to promote the use of screening tools to identify women at risk of anxiety and depression before and after delivery, and timely psychological counseling for patients with high risk factors to promote their mental health.Keywords: anxiety, depression, puerpera, perinatal period, negative emotions
Niher Tabassum Snigdha, Rumesa Batul, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
et al.
Conclusion: This study evaluated the performance of ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4 in answering questions related to endodontics and operative dentistry. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the two versions, indicating comparable response accuracy. The consistency between reviewers further validated the reliability of the assessment process.
Damian Czarnecki,1 Marcin Ziółkowski,1 Jan Chodkiewicz,2 Marta Gorzkiewicz,3 Napoleon Waszkiewicz,4 Anna Długosz,5 Jacek Budzyński,6 Anna Junkiert-Czarnecka,7 Agnieszka Kułak-Bejda4 1Department of Preventive Nursing, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland; 2Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology, Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; 3Department of Molecular Genetics and Justice, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland; 4Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Białystok, Poland; 5University of Technology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz, Poland; 6Department of Vascular and Internal Diseases, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland; 7Department of Clinical Genetics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, PolandCorrespondence: Damian Czarnecki, Email czarneckidamian@cm.umk.plPurpose: The aim of this study was to assess changes in the severity of alcohol craving according to allelic variants of the 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism during hospitalisation and their association with selected clinical variables in alcohol-dependent patients.Patients and Methods: The study is exploratory. Participants were investigated at the 2nd and 6th week of alcohol-dependence therapy in the addiction treatment unit. Recruitment was conducted among alcohol-dependent patients from several Polish drug treatment centres. The total sample size was 130 persons (12 females and 118 males). Study subjects’ mean age was 43.0 years. Patients were investigated twice by using the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and once by using Short Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire (SADD) and taking a swab for genetic testing. The polymorphism of the gene encoding the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR (SLC6A4) was determined from isolated DNA and its homozygous variants of short/short or long/long alleles and heterozygous short/long alleles were analysed.Results: At 6th week of the follow-up, there was a decrease in the severity of alcohol craving in half of subjects with the short/short allele (p = 0.033) and in one-fifth of subjects with the long/short allele (p = 0.002) of the 5-HTTLPR gene. In subjects with long/long allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene, there was no change in the severity of alcohol craving between 2nd and 6th weeks of the study (p = 0.242).Conclusion: There was no statistical influence of the homozygous long allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene on severity of alcohol craving during 6 weeks of rehab hospitalisation in comparison to not homozygous and homozygous short alleles. The s-allele was associated with decrease of alcohol craving. It may point on the potential need for differentiated rehabilitation methods depending on the genetic diversity of addicted patients and its role in the severity of alcohol craving.Keywords: 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, alcohol craving, alcohol dependence
The advancement of e-wallet systems, including Alipay, has led consumers to embrace digital payment with financial technologies. Yet, limited research focused on the usage of e-wallets in the context of emerging economies. This research is aimed at investigating the predictors of consumers’ use behavior of the Alipay e-wallet system in an emerging market and moderating role of perceived trust and perceived service quality on this relationship. The technology acceptance model (TAM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) were applied as the guiding principle. Data gathered via online surveys among 378 Malaysian Alipay users were analyzed using the partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The results reveal that all hypotheses were significant towards consumers’ intention to use Alipay in an emerging market except for the moderating role of perceived trust. Perceived usefulness was the strongest predictor factor towards consumers’ intention to use Alipay in an emerging market. This is followed by perceived ease of use. They heavily emphasize the superiorities of Alipay over other e-wallet systems such as efficiency and convenience for conducting financial activities. This study contributes to the existing literature by proposing a comprehensive integrated research model. The research outcome can serve as a guideline for service providers towards enhancing consumers’ adoption of e-wallets for digital payment with financial technologies.
The present study aimed to design and test a structural model for the effect of positive leadership on proactive work behavior and psychological empowerment via the mediation of organizational resilience. The sample consisted of 140 employees from a port company who were selected by random sampling method. They completed four questionnaires related to their positive leadership, proactive work behavior, psychological empowerment and organizational resilience. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for analyzing the data. The results showed that the proposed model fit the data very well. In addition, the results indicated an indirect effect of positive leadership on proactive work behavior and psychological empowerment through the mediation of organizational resilience. Based on the findings of this study, it can be mentioned that positive leadership has an effective role in increasing organizational resilience and psychological empowerment. It is suggested that specific attention be paid to the concept of organizational resilience due to its applications in today's workplace and competitive advantage for organizations.IntroductionPositive leadership involves the implementation of multiple positive practices that help individuals and organizations to achieve their highest production and performance, generate positive deviant results, and create remarkable vitality in the workplace. The primary objectives of positive leadership are to flourish at work, to experience elevating energy, and to reach levels of effectiveness difficult to attain otherwise (Cameron, 2012). Arakawa and Greenberg (2007) reported that positive leadership can increase job satisfaction, attachment and organizational commitment. Moreover, organizational resilience, in the broad sense, is understood as the ability of an organization to adapt, to return to normal activities following shocks or threats, and to use lessons learned as a driving force to bounce-forward. It focuses on the permanent adaptive changes in organizations. Organizational resilience is also characterized by the intrinsic ability to maintain and regain a dynamically stable state that enables organizations to continue their activities after various shocks and work effectively (Burnard et al., 2018).In addition, proactive work behavior is defined as taking initiative in improving current circumstances or creating new ones. It involves challenging the status quo rather than passively adapting to the present conditions (Crant, 2000). As this definition suggests, there are three main characteristics of proactive work behaviors: self-initiation, future-focus, and change-orientation. Proactive employees do not just react to a situation but they respond to needs or problems at work in an anticipatory manner, without being told or required to do so. Proactive behavior is future-focused and proactive individuals are driven to take actions based on the foresight about future occurrences before they actually happen (Parker & Collins, 2010).Furthermore, psychological empowerment has been defined by (Spreitzer, 1995) as the psychological process or state that is manifested in four cognitions, i.e., competence, impact, self- determination, and meaning. The main question of this present study was whether positive leadership could affect psychological empowerment and proactive work behavior through organizational resilience. Based on this question, a model of effect of positive leadership on proactive work behavior and psychological empowerment with mediating role of organizational resilience was developed and tested. MethodThe statistical population of the study included employees of a port service and maritime transport company of Imam Khomeini Port, Iran. After coordination with human resource management, 180 participations were selected by simple random sampling method and completed four questionnaires including Positive Leadership Questionnaire (a = .85), Proactive Job Behavior Questionnaire (a= .86), Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (a=.91), and Organizational resilience Questionnaire (a= .82). After excluding the questionnaires with missing and screening the data from the study, the sample included 42 females (30%) and 98 males (70%), and the average age of the sample was 31.48. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted via AMOS Version 24 as the main data analysis test of the study. ResultsTable 1. illustrates the descriptive indexes and correlation coefficients for the variables in the study. Table 1. Descriptive Indexes and Correlation Coefficients of Research Variables 4321MaximumMinimumStd. deviationMVariables 12584/1120/90Positive leadership 10/346 ⃰ ⃰20143/1017/48Organizational resilience 10/623 ⃰ ⃰0/15920123/7015/26Psychological empowerment 10/752 ⃰ ⃰0/811 ⃰ ⃰0/306 ⃰ ⃰3094/8825/55Proactive work behaviorp<0.01** p<0.05 * Table 2. The Goodness of Fit Measures for the Proposed and Final ModelRMSEANFICFITLIIFI AGFIGFIc2/dfDfc2Fitting0/3350/8250/910/6640/8340/5680/87016/626349/877hypothesized model0/0350/9920/9990/960/9990/9920/971/17423/349final modelAs shown in the final model findings (Table 2), the fit index results indicate that the final model have a satisfactory fit to the data and provides a significantly better fit than suggested model Organizational resilience0/35 psychological empowermentProactive work behaviorPositive leadership0/65000/800/030/06 Figure 1. Final structural model of the studyAccording to Figure 1, positive leadership had a significant direct effect on organizational resilience (β= 0/35, p=0/001), but it did not have significant direct effect on psychological empowerment (β= -0/19, p=0/06) and proactive work behavior (β =0/03, p=0/42). Furthermore, the direct paths from organizational resilience to empowerment (β = 0/65, p=0/001) and proactive work behavior (β = 0/80, p=0/002) were significant.Finally Bootstrap method was used to determine the indirect effects of positive leadership on psychological empowerment and proactive work through organizational resilience (Table 3). Table 3. The Indirect EffectsPUpper boundLower boundIndirecteffectIntermediate path0.0010.3120.1330.223Positive leadership → Organizational resilience → Psychological empowerment0.0010.3740.1670.277Positive leadership → Organizational resilience → Proactive work behaviorThe bootstrap method with 95% confidence intervals showed that the distances between the down bound and the upper bound of organizational resilience did not not cross zero. The absence of zero at this distance ensures the significance of indirect paths. Therefore, indirect effect results of the mediation analysis in Table 3 confirmed that organizational resilience exerted a significant mediating role in the relation between positive leadership with psychological empowerment and proactive work behavior.ConclusionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of positive leadership on psychological empowerment and proactive job behavior via the mediating role of organizational resilience. The results showed that positive leadership was not directly related to proactive work behavior and psychological empowerment, while positive leadership was significantly related to proactive work behavior and psychological empowerment through organizational resilience. Positive leaders in challenging situations can create deep differences in understanding challenges. Such leaders are able to help their followers see threats as an opportunity to thrive and to believe that everyone is responsible for their success.The work environment in which the strengths of the employees are optimized and the recognition of participation and their contribution will lead to the feeling of self-control and experience, consequently, the employees will receive more energy to do their work. It is vital for managers to focus on the strengths of individuals as a way to achieve organizational goals because strengths lead to increased job involvement (Samba et al., 2017). According to the results, it is suggested that positive leadership style is taught through holding training courses for all managers of the company and it is supported as the dominant leadership style in the organization. Taking actions such as delegation of authority and increased autonomy of employees in organizational decision making can provide the ground for increasing psychological empowerment of employees. This will be possible through the implementation of positive leadership style. Ethical ConsiderationCompliance with Ethical Guidelines: All ethical issues such as informed consent and confidentiality of participants' identity were respectedFunding: This study was conducted with financial support shahid Chamran Univversity of Ahvaz. Ahvaz. Iran (SCU.EP1401)Acknowledgment: The author thanks all participants in the study. *. Corresponding author
Lara Martin-Vicario, Javier Bustos Díaz, Ruben Nicolas-Sans
Mobile applications for weight loss have arisen the interest of private companies and developers, who have put great efforts on the development of this kind of apps. This topic has attracted the interest of the scientific community, both in terms of usability and design. Two main issues have, however, arisen: firstly, research focus has been on the apps themselves, but little attention has been paid to how they are presented in the application stores, and secondly, current literature focuses solely on applications in English. The study objective is to observe how the most popular weight loss applications for the Spanish market are presented in the stores. Using thematic analysis, this study is aimed at discovering the themes featured in the store descriptions and to observe what functionalities are highlighted in these descriptions. The initial sample was based on 247 weight loss applications, which after revision was reduced to 7 applications. Our results show that they focused on efficacy, speed, and, to a much lesser degree, safety in weight loss. Among the main results, we found that app descriptors analyzed did not employ a scientific language and demonstrate technical expertise, or user testimonials. On the other hand, the claims made by the apps about weight loss were mainly based on effectiveness. This sometimes included the concept of quick results and, to a lesser extent, health and safety. Lastly, we observed that there is room for improvement in the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the texts of these application descriptions. Regarding the study limitations, the reduced number of the sample is because our study focuses on applications with features that follow international weight loss guidelines, which most of them did not follow.
Ying Liu,1,* Yu Wang,2,* Ru-De Liu,3 Yi Ding,4 Jia Wang,5 Xinyi Mu1 1School of Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China; 2Faculty of Education, Hui Hua College of Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China; 3Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Graduate School of Education, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA; 5Teachers’ College, Beijing Union University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ru-De Liu, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Email rdliu@bnu.edu.cnPurpose: Substantial literature has documented the influence of classroom environment on academic enjoyment. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship. Based on the control-value theory and the individual-context interaction model, a moderated mediation model was constructed in this study to further examine whether academic self-concept mediated the relation between classroom environment and enjoyment in mathematics and whether this mediating effect was moderated by academic achievement.Methods: We recruited 750 Chinese middle school students and they completed the classroom environment, academic self-concept, and academic enjoyment questionnaires.Results: After controlling for gender and grade, the results of structural equation modeling showed that academic self-concept partially mediated the association between classroom environment and enjoyment in mathematics. The mediating path from classroom environment to academic self-concept was moderated by academic achievement. Classroom environment positively predicted academic self-concept for the higher achieving students. However, the effect of classroom environment on academic self-concept was not significant for the lower achieving students.Conclusion: These findings highlight that classroom environment has a more salient impact on academic self-concept and enjoyment for higher achieving students than for lower achieving students. The study results provide guidelines for educators regarding effective interventions for fostering positive academic emotions.Keywords: academic enjoyment, classroom environment, academic self-concept, academic achievement
Background: More so than face-to-face counseling, users of online text-based services might drop out from a session before establishing a clear closure or expressing the intention to leave. Such premature departure may be indicative of heightened risk or dissatisfaction with the service or counselor. However, there is no systematic way to identify this understudied phenomenon. Purpose: This study has two objectives. First, we developed a set of rules and used logic-based pattern matching techniques to systematically identify premature departures in an online text-based counseling service. Second, we validated the importance of premature departure by examining its association with user satisfaction. We hypothesized that the users who rated the session as less helpful were more likely to have departed prematurely. Method: We developed and tested a classification model using a sample of 575 human-annotated sessions from an online text-based counseling platform. We used 80% of the dataset to train and develop the model and 20% of the dataset to evaluate the model performance. We further applied the model to the full dataset (34,821 sessions). We compared user satisfaction between premature departure and completed sessions based on data from a post-session survey. Results: The resulting model achieved 97% and 92% F1 score in detecting premature departure cases in the training and test sets, respectively, suggesting it is highly consistent with the judgment of human coders. When applied to the full dataset, the model classified 15,150 (43.5%) sessions as premature departure and the remaining 19,671 (56.5%) as completed sessions. Completed cases (15.2%) were more likely to fill the post-chat survey than premature departure cases (4.0%). Premature departure was significantly associated with lower perceived helpfulness and effectiveness in distress reduction. Conclusions: The model is the first that systematically and accurately identifies premature departure in online text-based counseling. It can be readily modified and transferred to other contexts for the purpose of risk mitigation and service evaluation and improvement.
Orientation: The purpose of this editorial was to provide an introduction and a general overview of the special issue on Open Science Practices: A Vision for the Future of SAJIP, as hosted in the 45th edition of the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology (SAJIP). Specifically, the aim was to provide a viable, practical and implementable strategy for enhancing the scientific credibility, transparency and international stature of SAJIP.
Elisa Pedroli, Pietro Cipresso, Pietro Cipresso
et al.
Frailty is a pre-clinical condition that worsens physical health and quality of life. One of the most frequent symptoms of frailty is an increased risk of falling. In order to reduce this risk, we propose an innovative virtual reality motor rehabilitation program based on an immersive tool. All exercises will take place in the CAVE, a four-screen room with a stationary bike. The protocol will include two types of exercises for the improvement of balance: “Positive Bike” and “Avoid the Rocks.” We will choose evaluation scales related to the functional aspects and subjective perception of balance. Our aim is to prove that our innovative motor rehabilitation protocol is as effective as or more effective than classical rehabilitation.
Orientation: The study explored how ethnicity affects the expected relationships among human resources management practice (HRMP), job satisfaction and affective organisational commitment.
Research purpose: To establish how ethnicity affects the interpretation of organisationally provided HRMP, and how this interpretation affects the relationships among the study variables.
Motivation for the study: Interest has moved from HRMP outcomes to how employees attribute meaning to existing HRMP. Hence, there is a need to study the variables that affect the attribution process and their effects on the effectiveness of HRMP.
Research approach/design and method: The study was quantitative and utilised cross-sectional research design. Participants consisted of 450 employees from eight organisations in Nigeria.
Main findings: Results indicated that HRMP is positively related to job satisfaction and organisational commitment, and ethnicity is negatively related to job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Ethnicity moderated the relationships among HRMP, job satisfaction and organisational commitment.
Practical/managerial implications: Ethnicity affected the relationships among HRMP, job satisfaction and affective organisational commitment; hence, organisations may not be deriving the full anticipated benefits of HRMP. It was suggested that organisations should train managers to adopt positive behaviours that would enhance the management of ethnic diversity and reduce the negative effects of ethnicity.
Contribution/value-add: Ethnic similarity has cultural significance in Nigeria and is known to affect managers’ and employees’ behaviour and the sharing of organisational benefits in the workplace. However, studies involving its role in HRMP attribution process are lacking. Hence, this study makes a valuable contribution to how ethnicity affects attribution in HRMP studies.
Peter De Cuyper, Hanne Vandermeerschen, Damini Purkayastha
Despite numerous labour market interventions to address the large unemployment gap, migrants struggle to find work in their host societies. In an effort to address this, an alternative and innovative intervention is ‘mentoring to work’. This paper attempts to create a sense of conceptual clarity on mentoring to work by delineating a clear definition of the field and its scope as a policy tool for migrant employment. This concept analysis is based on scientific literature and further refined in consultation with practitioners through an iterative process of consultation and adaptation. The definition also provides a solid starting point for further empirical research in this field.
Special aspects of education, Industrial psychology
Shao-Hsi Chung,1 Kuo-Chih Cheng2 1Department of Business Administration, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan; 2Department of Accounting, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua City, Taiwan Background: The sunk cost effect is the scenario when individuals are willing to continue to invest capital in a failing project. The purpose of this study was to explain such irrational behavior by exploring how sunk costs affect individuals’ willingness to continue investing in an unfavorable project and to understand the role of cognitive dissonance on the sunk cost effect. Methods: This study used an experimental questionnaire survey on managers of firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange and Over-The-Counter. Results: The empirical results show that cognitive dissonance does not mediate the relationship between sunk costs and willingness to continue an unfavorable investment project. However, cognitive dissonance has a moderating effect, and only when the level of cognitive dissonance is high does the sunk cost have significantly positive impacts on willingness to continue on with an unfavorable investment. Conclusion: This study offers psychological mechanisms to explain the sunk cost effect based on the theory of cognitive dissonance, and it also provides some recommendations for corporate management. Keywords: sunk costs, sunk cost effect, cognitive dissonance, behavior, unfavorable investment
Korifanny Petrisia, Rose Mini Agoes Salim, Luh SuriniYulia Savitri
The increasing number of children as offenders shows that children need empathy as buffer for their behavior. Empathy understanding will help children to have perspectives of what other people feel, hence children will have some consideration before act. The aim of this research is to test the effectiveness dialogic reading to develop empathy understanding of children age 3-4 years old. The effectiveness of dialogic reading is measured using Empathy Scale for Children (ESC). The Research design is one group pre-test-post-test design. This research using dialogic reading, which is interactive reading method between the storyteller and children. The dialogic reading uses 4 picture storybooks each about happy, sad, anger and scare that conducted for 4 days at XY Kindergarten, Payakumbuh, West Sumatra. The statistical results demonstrate that there is significant difference at children’s empathy understanding score before and after the dialogic reading. For further research, can do the behavior checklist before and after the intervention or do one to one book reading with teacher or parent.
This paper presents findings from a proof of concept pilot study that explored the usefulness of a new Salutogenic model in coaching practice. The model aligns with the positive mindset inculcated in coaching, health, and wellbeing initiatives, and was developed and tested by three coaches who work in executive coaching, eco-coaching and life coaching. The study enabled the study coaches to test whether the Salutogenic model could contribute to the wellbeing of the study coachees, and was generic enough to be of use in different coaching areas of expertise. In order to ascertain this the study coaches ran a triangulated study, using not only the three areas of coaching expertise but also multiple sources of data collection and both individual and team coaching; all of which implies robustness of the study findings. The model was developed and refined through reflective iterative cycles, during which the study coaches identified ways the model could be used in practice. The model proved to be adaptable for use by each of the study coaches, and produced positive outcomes for the study coachees.
Special aspects of education, Industrial psychology