Hasil untuk "History of Law"

Artem Kosheliev

This article is devoted to the attitudes of U.S. citizens toward new residents in the context of the migration crisis of 2022–2024. Understanding the socio-political views of Americans provides deeper insights into the intense confrontation between Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. Congress, which began in late 2023 and continued into early 2024. The study aims to clarify how public sentiments changed following the surge in illegal immigration and to identify the reasons behind these changes in public perception. Therefore, the goal of the research was to determine American citizens’ attitudes toward immigration into the U.S., and to identify the causes of their concerns and changes in attitudes during the migration crisis of 2022–2024. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the introduction and analysis of new sources on the history of the American migration crisis of 2022–2024. Based on empirical data, it has been proven that the surge in illegal immigration, rather than migration in general, led to significant shifts in public attitudes toward migrants, and subsequently, to a political crisis in the country. The methodological foundation of the article is the principle of historicism, widely applied in contemporary historical research practices. To accomplish the research objective, a positivist approach was employed, according to which the study must be based on empirical data derived from sources. The comparative method was used in the analysis of source materials, allowing for a detailed observation of changes in public sentiments over a specific period. Conclusions. The migration crisis of 2022–2024, which the U.S. faced, became the country’s greatest humanitarian challenge in decades. It exacerbated internal political strife due to widespread public dissatisfaction with the influx of illegal migrants. This dissatisfaction is clearly traceable through statistical data from government bodies and public opinion surveys conducted by major U.S. research centers such as Pew Research Center and Gallup. The highest percentage of citizens, since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, expressing a desire to reduce immigration levels is a clear indication of the crisis that has engulfed the country.

Yu. S. Sulaberidze

Introduction. The modern history of Georgian-Russian relations is marked by relapses of the Cold war. The dividing line between nations has passed, with a centuries-old history of relationships. The article analyzes a complex of reasons causing mutual misunderstanding between states and peoples, who made a significant contribution to the development of world civilization. It is noted that the modern process of Georgian-Russian relations is significantly influenced by the legacy of the past, its interpretation by representatives of the intellectual community and the ruling elites. It is shown that in addition to this, deep culture, which preserves the civilizational and cultural layers of centuries-old interactions, also has a significant influence on the Georgian-Russian dialogue. Materials and Methods. The work is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, scientific character, a comparative-historical, cultural-civilizational approach to the analysis of Georgian-Russian relations was used. The article is written on the basis of archival materials from the Central Historical Archive of Georgia, which preserves the historical memory of the origin and development of Georgian-Russian relations. Criticism of modern interpretations in the studies of Georgian historians is also given. Analysis. The analysis of modern research shows that the history of Georgian-Russian relations has undergone revision and transformation, the ideologeme of negativism dominates in the perception of relations. The emphasis is on the imperial, colonialist policy of the Russian Empire, the period of the USSR, as well as modern Russia in relation to Georgia. Political myths are created; the politicization of history highlights the negative aspects of relationships and creates obstacles to the search for a dialogue of cultures. Thus, those civilizational and cultural layers that were created over centuries of relationships are ignored. Results. The author argues that overcoming political myths will create conditions that will ensure the normalization of relations between countries, return Russia to the role of spiritual mediator in the Caucasus region, and Georgia to its worthy place in the community of democratic states of the Caucasus.

A. Balbi, C. Grimaldi

The probability of detecting technosignatures (i.e. evidence of technological activity beyond Earth) increases with their longevity, or the time interval over which they manifest. Therefore, the assumed distribution of longevities has some bearing on the chances of success of technosignature searches, as well as on the inferred age of technosignatures following a first contact. Here, we investigate the possibility that the longevity of technosignatures conforms to the so-called Lindy's law, whereby, at any time, their remaining life expectancy is roughly proportional to their age. We show that, if Lindy's law applies, the general tenet that the first detected technosignature ought to be very long lived may be overruled. We conclude by discussing the number of emitters that had to appear, over the history of the Galaxy, in order for one of them to be detectable today from Earth.

Se-eun Yoon, Ahmad Bin Rabiah, Zaid Alibadi et al.

Customers reach out to online live chat agents with various intents, such as asking about product details or requesting a return. In this paper, we propose the problem of predicting user intent from browsing history and address it through a two-stage approach. The first stage classifies a user's browsing history into high-level intent categories. Here, we represent each browsing history as a text sequence of page attributes and use the ground-truth class labels to fine-tune pretrained Transformers. The second stage provides a large language model (LLM) with the browsing history and predicted intent class to generate fine-grained intents. For automatic evaluation, we use a separate LLM to judge the similarity between generated and ground-truth intents, which closely aligns with human judgments. Our two-stage approach yields significant performance gains compared to generating intents without the classification stage.

Jelena Nikčević

This paper focuses on a scientific analysis of the genesis and historical development of the good faith principle as a doctrinal interpretation of Latvian regulations. It is about the evolution of attitudes toward the principle of bona fides in modern legal science and case law, starting with its origins in archaic Roman law and its rediscovery by Justinian’s Corpus Juris Civilis through its application in the Western medieval ius commune and its continental renaissance in the early twentieth century, considering its limited position in the Code of Civil Laws of the Baltic Provinces to its triumph in Latvian civil law. This comparative historical study shows that a clear definition of good faith can be found through a system-historical interpretation of the good faith rule. This should help to determine the nature of subjective rights and obligations under any legal rule governing specific legal relationships.

Gavrilenkov A.F.

The article discusses the features of the economic activity of the sect of the Scopians in the conditions of exile in the Yakut region of Siberia of the Russian Empire. It is noted that the religious norms of the faith of the Scopians provoked the peculiarities of their economic activity. Castration, especially the "royal seal", created conditions for the isolation of the Scopians from Russian society. The economic activity of the Scopians, on the contrary, allowed them to return to society. The Scopians could not count on full loyalty to themselves from society, since society rejected the rite of castration. Nevertheless, in the conditions of exile, the Scopians introduced capitalist relations, exploiting the local population (Yakuts) and their less well-off co-religionists. The working day of agricultural salaried workers at the Skoptsy lasted 19-20 hours a day. It should be borne in mind that the process of enrichment among the Scopians was significantly different from the similar process among European Protestants and Russian Old Believers. Protestants created religious norms, which then influenced the process of enrichment, forming a specific economic ethics of capitalist relations. The Old Believers, through enrichment, created conditions for achieving a righteous life. The Scopians sought to get out of isolation and return to society through the enrichment and development of capitalist relations.

Jacob Carlson, Tom Bryan, Melissa Dell

Thousands of users consult digital archives daily, but the information they can access is unrepresentative of the diversity of documentary history. The sequence-to-sequence architecture typically used for optical character recognition (OCR) - which jointly learns a vision and language model - is poorly extensible to low-resource document collections, as learning a language-vision model requires extensive labeled sequences and compute. This study models OCR as a character level image retrieval problem, using a contrastively trained vision encoder. Because the model only learns characters' visual features, it is more sample efficient and extensible than existing architectures, enabling accurate OCR in settings where existing solutions fail. Crucially, the model opens new avenues for community engagement in making digital history more representative of documentary history.

Teppei Minoda, Shintaro Yoshiura, Tomo Takahashi

We argue that observations of the reionization history can be used as a probe of primordial density fluctuations, particularly on small scales. Although the primordial curvature perturbations are well constrained from measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies and large-scale structure, these observational data probe the curvature perturbations only on large scales, and hence its information on smaller scales will give us further insight on primordial fluctuations. Since the formation of early galaxies is sensitive to the amplitude of small-scale perturbations, and then, in turn, gives an impact on the reionization history, one can probe the primordial power spectrum on small scales through observations of reionization. In this work, we focus on the running spectral indices of the primordial power spectrum to characterize the small-scale perturbations, and investigate their impact on the reionization history using the numerical code \texttt{21cmFAST}, which adopts a simple but commonly used reionization model. We also derive the constraints on the running spectral indices from observations of the reionization history indicated by the luminosity function of the Lyman-$α$ emitters. We show that the reionization history, in combination with large-scale observations such as CMB, would be a useful tool to investigate primordial density fluctuations.

V. Z. Akopyan

The article is devoted to the activities of national divisions in the power structures of the Tersk province, which was transformed into a district that was part of the North-Caucasus Region in 1924. The administrative center of the Tersk province (district) was the city of Pyatigorsk. The article examines the system of power in this region of the North Caucasus and the place occupied in it by national units that resolved issues on the problems of national minorities: national party sections, councils of national minorities under the departments of public education, commissioners for national minorities, and others.During the years of the new economic policy, the Soviet government was forced to use, without officially recognizing, the idea of cultural and national autonomy, which the ideologists of Bolshevism considered incompatible with the idea of «proletarian internationalism». The most important element of this extraterritorial autonomy was the system of representation of national minorities in government bodies. National structures were called upon to take into account the cultural and everyday characteristics of representatives of dispersed ethnic groups living in the region, to assist the authorities in carrying out measures to involve them in Soviet, cultural and economic construction.The most active on the Terek were district and province Armenian sections. They worked among the 25,000 Armenian population of the district, which was second only to Russians and Ukrainians in number. The reasons for the creation, forms and methods of work of national sections, the reasons for their liquidation are analyzed. At that time, the Armenian sects were assigned the tasks to neutralize religious organizations and national parties that operated in the pre-Soviet period, to reorient the Armenian population from «bourgeois organizations» towards the Bolsheviks and the Soviet government. It is analyzed how the abolition of the Tersk District and the liquidation of national sections coincided in an amazing way, not only in the Terek and the North Caucasus, but also throughout the country.

Kateryna Vakarchuk

The article considers the main directions of EU cooperation between Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. It was proved that Latin American countries will increasingly be involved in the search for a new model of interaction between the world community in the context of changes in the international order. This is especially true for resource potential and deeper cooperation with EU countries. The agreement on a common trade area only strengthened these processes and enabled the leading countries of Latin America to enter new international markets. The aim of the article is to consider the evolution of relations between the EU and the leading states of the Latin America region. Research methods. Using the case study method helped to focus on the shared main and problematic areas of cooperation between the EU, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. This method is used to study individual countries, political systems, and specific political phenomena. Such methods as analysis and synthesis and the comparative approach made it possible to draw parallels between the countries and the scope of cooperation between relationship participants. The scientific novelty consists in the systematization and consideration of new research areas in the bilateral relations of the European Union countries and the leading countries of Latin America. The international actors’ cooperation in the economic and political sphere of the EU countries with Brazil, Argentina and Mexico was analyzed through the prism of transatlantic relations. In the conclusions of the work, the positive dynamics of cooperation between the EU and the leading countries of the Latin American region are indicated. It is emphasized that active collaboration and the development of economic and political directions of cooperation may lead to the creation of the world’s largest trade zone between the EU and MERCOSUR in the future. It is noted that the formation of the Latin American policy vector in the EU’s foreign policy strategy led to the deepening of relations with Brazil, Argentina and Mexico.

A. P. Belikov, A. I. Cherkasov

The article examines the problem of the border along the Liris as a factor that determined the confrontational nature of the Roman-Samnite relations. Special studies on this topic are still missing in both domestic and foreign historiography. However, a consistent study of the evolution of Roman-Samnite relations allows us to single out the Liris border as the main factor that determined the nature of the interaction of the parties over the course of 50 years. To confirm this thesis, we trace and analyze the main stages of the diplomatic and military solution of the territorial problem. Delimitation of spheres of influence along the Liris and the conclusion of a defensive alliance under the treaty of 354 Bc laid the foundations for further interaction between the two peoples. At the first stage in 354-343 Bc the Liris was a kind of detente factor in relations between the two sides expanding in the same direction. However, the turning point came in connection with the outbreak of the First Samnite War of 343-341 Bc, begun through the fault of Rome. In the second stage, 341-328 Bc the official nature of the relationship between the parties was determined by the peace treaty of 341 Bc, according to which a legal border was established along the Middle Liris with the concomitant refusal of the Samnites from demarcation along the Lower Liris. Despite the apparent settlement of contradictions, in fact, between the two peoples established a state of mutual mistrust, which every year acquired an increasingly pronounced character. Once again, the Liris Valley was at the center of the confrontation. All this found its expression in the diplomatic struggle of the 330s Bc, which by the beginning of the 320s Bc showed the actual superiority of the forces of Rome due to the stabilization of the militarypolitical situation near its borders, as well as due to the weakening of the Samnites after the war with Alexander of Epirus. The third stage 327-304 Bc marked the final transition of the parties to a military solution to the « Liris problem», the first step towards which, again, was made by Rome. The turning point in hostilities in 313 Bc allowed the Quirites to establish control on both sides of the Lower and Middle Liris, which was then legally enshrined in the peace treaty of 304 Bc. In the future, of course, there were still military clashes between the parties in this region, but after 304 Bc the Liris Valley ceased to play the key role in Roman-Samnite relations. The problem of the border along the Liris was finally solved in favor of Rome.

Xuan Long Do, Bowei Zou, Liangming Pan et al.

Conversational question generation (CQG) serves as a vital task for machines to assist humans, such as interactive reading comprehension, through conversations. Compared to traditional single-turn question generation (SQG), CQG is more challenging in the sense that the generated question is required not only to be meaningful, but also to align with the occurred conversation history. While previous studies mainly focus on how to model the flow and alignment of the conversation, there has been no thorough study to date on which parts of the context and history are necessary for the model. We argue that shortening the context and history is crucial as it can help the model to optimise more on the conversational alignment property. To this end, we propose CoHS-CQG, a two-stage CQG framework, which adopts a CoHS module to shorten the context and history of the input. In particular, CoHS selects contiguous sentences and history turns according to their relevance scores by a top-p strategy. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performances on CoQA in both the answer-aware and answer-unaware settings.

Lan Cao

Popovych Mykola, Levkulych Vasyl, Khodanych Yuriy et al.

Humanism as a principle for sustainable development of society, a model for the management of education and public education, is recognized as a fundamental principle by proponents of various schools of thought, social science, management and philosophy, and pedagogy. In their view, the philosophy of education and upbringing should clearly delineate the range of humanistic and moral values, define the social institutions designed to form an orientation towards these values, justify the relationship between the individual and the social qualities of the individual that could contribute to the “spirit of democracy” in society. However, addressing these important issues requires an exploration of morality identifying its nature, its functions in cognizing the world, and how it differs from other forms of cognition. According to the proponents of this socially-oriented direction of the management and educational philosophy, an important aim of education and upbringing is to develop the individual’s ability to reflect on moral topics; and this, they argue, is achieved mainly through the “language of morality” logic.

Nikolay Sudavtsov

The article studies the opposition of the people of the USSR and the Red Army to the troops of fascist Germany and its allies in battles for the Caucasus in days of the Great Patriotic War. It shows courage and mass heroism of the Soviet people in fight against the general enemy in the longest fight of World War II. The leadership of Germany put before the troops attacking the Caucasus a task to break in Transcaucasia on the coast of the Black and Caspian seas, through the Caucasian passes. It was supposed to occupy food areas of the North Caucasus, oil fields in Kuban, Grozny and Baku, thus providing the armed forces with fuel and depriving the Soviet troops of it. At the same time they planned to put pressure upon Turkey for the purpose of her introduction in war against the USSR and also to threaten the Middle East and through Iran, Afghanistan to break to India, the colony of the British Empire. The research shows that the German command underestimated the power of the USSR and overestimated its own forces that led not only to defeat in the Caucasus, but also in the war against the USSR.

Denis Alexandrovich Lyapin

The article is devoted to social unrest in Russia in 1648-1650, the Author makes the generalization of the accumulated results of their research unrest. He discusses the most relevant aspects of this problem: history, social structure, geography, the conceptual apparatus

Damian Clarke, Manuel Llorca Jaña, Daniel Pailañir

Quantile regression and quantile treatment effect methods are powerful econometric tools for considering economic impacts of events or variables of interest beyond the mean. The use of quantile methods allows for an examination of impacts of some independent variable over the entire distribution of continuous dependent variables. Measurement in many quantative settings in economic history have as a key input continuous outcome variables of interest. Among many other cases, human height and demographics, economic growth, earnings and wages, and crop production are generally recorded as continuous measures, and are collected and studied by economic historians. In this paper we describe and discuss the broad utility of quantile regression for use in research in economic history, review recent quantitive literature in the field, and provide an illustrative example of the use of these methods based on 20,000 records of human height measured across 50-plus years in the 19th and 20th centuries. We suggest that there is considerably more room in the literature on economic history to convincingly and productively apply quantile regression methods.

Jan Zapletal, Raphael Watschinger, Günther Of et al.

The presented paper concentrates on the boundary element method (BEM) for the heat equation in three spatial dimensions. In particular, we deal with tensor product space-time meshes allowing for quadrature schemes analytic in time and numerical in space. The spatial integrals can be treated by standard BEM techniques known from three dimensional stationary problems. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, we provide temporal antiderivatives of the heat kernel necessary for the assembly of BEM matrices and the evaluation of the representation formula. Secondly, the presented approach has been implemented in a publicly available library besthea allowing researchers to reuse the formulae and BEM routines straightaway. The results are validated by numerical experiments in an HPC environment.

Theresa P. Ginley, Stephanie Law

Layered van der Waals (vdW) materials grown by physical vapor deposition techniques are generally assumed to have a weak interaction with the substrate during growth. This leads to films with relatively small domains that are usually triangular and a terraced morphology. In this paper, we demonstrate that Bi2Se3, a prototypical vdW material, will form a nano-column morphology when grown on GaAs(001) substrates. This morphology is explained by a relatively strong film/substrate interaction, long adatom diffusion lengths, and a high reactive selenium flux. This discovery paves the way toward growth of self-assembled vdW structures even in the absence of strain.

M. Mamdani