In the 1960s and 1970s a series of observations and theoretical developments highlighted the presence of several anomalies which could, in principle, be explained by postulating one of the following two working hypotheses: (i) the existence of dark matter, or (ii) the modification of standard gravitational dynamics in low accelerations. In the years that followed, the dark matter hypothesis as an explanation for dark matter phenomenology attracted far more attention compared to the hypothesis of modified gravity, and the latter is largely regarded today as a non-viable alternative. The present article takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach in order to identify the reasons why the scientific community mainly pursued the dark matter hypothesis in the years that followed, as opposed to modified gravity. A plausible answer is given in terms of three epistemic criteria for the pursuitworthiness of a hypothesis: (a) its problem-solving potential, (b) its compatibility with established theories and the feasibility of incorporation, and (c) its independent testability. A further comparison between the problem of dark matter and the problem of dark energy is also presented, explaining why in the latter case the situation is different, and modified gravity is still considered a viable possibility.
The integration of the history and philosophy of statistics was initiated at least by Hacking (1975) and advanced by Hacking (1990), Mayo (1996), and Zabell (2005), but it has not received sustained follow-up. Yet such integration is more urgent than ever, as the recent success of artificial intelligence has been driven largely by machine learning -- a field historically developed alongside statistics. Today, the boundary between statistics and machine learning is increasingly blurred. What we now need is integration, twice over: of history and philosophy, and of two fields they engage -- statistics and machine learning. I present a case study of a philosophical idea in machine learning (and in formal epistemology) whose root can be traced back to an often under-appreciated insight in Neyman and Pearson's 1936 work (a follow-up to their 1933 classic). This leads to the articulation of an epistemological principle -- largely implicit in, but shared by, the practices of frequentist statistics and machine learning -- which I call achievabilism: the thesis that the correct standard for assessing non-deductive inference methods should not be fixed, but should instead be sensitive to what is achievable in specific problem contexts. Another integration also emerges at the level of methodology, combining two ends of the philosophy of science spectrum: history and philosophy of science on the one hand, and formal epistemology on the other hand.
Hagit Attiya, Michael A. Bender, Martín Farach-Colton
et al.
A history-independent data structure does not reveal the history of operations applied to it, only its current logical state, even if its internal state is examined. This paper studies history-independent concurrent dictionaries, in particular, hash tables, and establishes inherent bounds on their space requirements. This paper shows that there is a lock-free history-independent concurrent hash table, in which each memory cell stores two elements and two bits, based on Robin Hood hashing. Our implementation is linearizable, and uses the shared memory primitive LL/SC. The expected amortized step complexity of the hash table is $O(c)$, where $c$ is an upper bound on the number of concurrent operations that access the same element, assuming the hash table is not overpopulated. We complement this positive result by showing that even if we have only two concurrent processes, no history-independent concurrent dictionary that supports sets of any size, with wait-free membership queries and obstruction-free insertions and deletions, can store only two elements of the set and a constant number of bits in each memory cell. This holds even if the step complexity of operations on the dictionary is unbounded.
The discovery of the Pistiros inscription (SEG 49. 911) in 1990 dramatically changed the interpretation of the nearby ancient settlement at Adzhiyska Vodenitsa. The site came to be identified as the emporion Pistiros, a Greek trading post founded by settlers from the Thasian perea. Based on historical and archaeological arguments, the excavation director Mieczysław Domaradzki proposed that after Thasos lost its continental possessions to Athens in 462 BC, Thasians settled in the interior of Thrace in pursuit of new riches. This foundation narrative and the hypothetical Thasian link have significantly shaped subsequent scholarship not only about the settlement at Adzhiyska Vodenitsa but also about Thracian-Greek relations more widely. This paper examines the alleged role of Thasos as a founder and main commercial partner of Adzhiyska Vodenitsa. A re-evaluation of the key underlying arguments, namely the historical evidence, the fortifications and the foundation date, the coins, and the transport amphoras shows that the idea that Adzhiyska Vodenitsa was a Thasian foundation or that it had a special link with Thasos does not stand up to scrutiny. The settlement was well connected to north Aegean trade networks, and its fortifications followed trends in late 5th and 4th c. BC Greek cities, but there are no grounds to think of these connections in colonial terms, nor to emphasise the role of Thasos. Instead, we see Adzhiyska Vodenitsa as a Thracian city with a mixed population, under Odrysian economic and political control. The idea about a Thasian emporion opened opportunities for research over the past 37 years. We hope that re-evaluating this hypothesis will likewise move our understanding of the site forward, and open new avenues for interpretation.
Traditional imitation learning focuses on modeling the behavioral mechanisms of experts, which requires a large amount of interaction history generated by some fixed expert. However, in many streaming applications, such as streaming recommender systems, online decision-makers typically engage in online learning during the decision-making process, meaning that the interaction history generated by online decision-makers includes their behavioral evolution from novice expert to experienced expert. This poses a new challenge for existing imitation learning approaches that can only utilize data from experienced experts. To address this issue, this paper proposes an inverse batched contextual bandit (IBCB) framework that can efficiently perform estimations of environment reward parameters and learned policy based on the expert's behavioral evolution history. Specifically, IBCB formulates the inverse problem into a simple quadratic programming problem by utilizing the behavioral evolution history of the batched contextual bandit with inaccessible rewards. We demonstrate that IBCB is a unified framework for both deterministic and randomized bandit policies. The experimental results indicate that IBCB outperforms several existing imitation learning algorithms on synthetic and real-world data and significantly reduces running time. Additionally, empirical analyses reveal that IBCB exhibits better out-of-distribution generalization and is highly effective in learning the bandit policy from the interaction history of novice experts.
Apostolos Gerontas, Apostolos Gerontas, Dimitrios Avgerinos
et al.
While the role of Greeks in the development of early western medicine is well-known and appreciated, the contributions of modern Greek medical practitioners are less known and often overlooked. On the occasion of the 200-year anniversary of the Greek War of Independence, this review article sheds light onto the achievements of modern scientists of Greek descent in the development of cardiology, cardiac surgery, and cardiovascular research, through a short history of the development of these fields and of the related institutions in Greece. In the last decades, the Greek cardiology and Cardiac Surgery communities have been active inside and outside Greece and have a remarkable presence internationally, particularly in the United States. This article highlights the ways in which Greek cardiology and cardiovascular research has been enriched by absorbing knowledge produced in international medical centers, academic institutes and pharmaceutical industries in which generations of Greek doctors and researchers trained prior to their return to the homeland; it also highlights the achievements of medical practitioners and researchers of Greek descent who excelled abroad, producing ground-breaking work that has left a permanent imprint on global medicine.
Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system
Athanasia Tsatsarou, Athina Alexopoulou, Nadia Bizoumi Macha
et al.
Textiles and clothing were and still are an important source of culture as well as an indicator of a robust economy and social status. Textile household goods and clothing are important heirlooms, providing valuable information about the standard of living, socio-political events, and cultural influences of the regions from which they originate. This paper presents the preliminary results of a research project dealing with the traditional natural dyes used in Greece for the decoration of garments from the 19th century onwards (from the 19th until the mid-20th century). The research aims to identify and record all the different plants and dyeing techniques used in Greece during this period and also to propose a non-destructive methodology for the study of dyed textiles in order to facilitate their preservation. In this paper, the focus is on the presentation of the classification and identification data of the plants used as the dyeing sources, according to recipes collected in various areas in Greece, as well as the description of their botanical characteristics. The research was based on the study of more than 2000 manuscripts and many interviews with older people who have used these materials. Thus, more than 140 plants have been documented, together with their recipes. The data produced include the phytological characteristics of the plants, as well as the parts of the plant used, the period collected and the areas they were used, together with images of the plants and various details regarding the recipes used in many places around Greece, along with the related documentation. The study also refers to ethics and traditions related to the dyes, the color, or the dyeing procedures used. Woolen samples were prepared based on the data collected in order to investigate how the differences recorded from place to place are reflected in the final result. Through this research, it was possible to identify and replicate some of the non-common recipes which use the Mediterranean strawflower, <i>Helichrysum stoechas</i> (L.) Moench, red algae, <i>Rytiphloea tinctoria</i> (Clemente) C.Agardh, and the common poppy <i>Papaver rhoeas</i> L as dyestuffs.
Dimitrios V. Moysidis, Stylianos Daios, Vasileios Anastasiou
et al.
Abstract Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The majority of patients who suffer an AMI have a history of at least one of the standard modifiable risk factors (SMuRFs): smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. However, emerging scientific evidence recognizes a clinically significant and increasing proportion of patients presenting with AMI without any SMuRF (SMuRF-less patients). To date, there are no adequate data to define specific risk factors or biomarkers associated with the development of AMIs in these patients. Methods The ‘‘Beyond-SMuRFs Study’’ is a prospective, non-interventional cohort trial designed to enroll patients with AMI and no previous coronary intervention history, who undergo coronary angiography in two academic hospitals in Thessaloniki, Greece. The rationale of the study is to investigate potential relations between SMuRF-less AMIs and the clinical, laboratory and imaging profile of patients, by comparing parameters between patients with and without SMuRFs. Complete demographic and comprehensive clinical data will be recorded, Venous blood samples will be collected before coronary angiography and the following parameters will be measured: total blood count, standard biochemistry parameters, coagulation tests, hormone levels, glycosylated hemoglobin, N- terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity troponin T levels- as well as serum levels of novel atherosclerosis indicators and pro-inflammatory biomarkers. Furthermore, all participants will undergo a complete and comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic assessment according to a pre-specified protocol within 24 h from admission. Among others, 2D-speckle-tracking echocardiographic analysis of cardiac chambers and non-invasive calculation of myocardial work indices for the left ventricle will be performed. Moreover, all patients will be assessed for angiographic parameters and the complexity of coronary artery disease using the SYNTAX score. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models will be used to phenotypically characterize SMuRF-less patients and investigate independent clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic and angiographic biomarkers-predictors of SMuRF-less status in AMI.The first patient was enrolled in March 2022 and completion of enrollment is expected until December 2023. Discussion The ‘‘Beyond-SmuRFs’’ study is an ongoing prospective trial aiming to investigate potential clinical, laboratory and imaging biomarkers associated with the occurrence of AMIs in SMuRF-less patients. The configuration of these patients’ profiles could lead to the development of personalized risk-stratification models predicting the occurrence of cardiovascular events in SΜuRF-less individuals. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05535582 / September 10, 2022.
Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system
This article sets out to reconsider the history of curse tablets in the ancient Mediterranean world as the history of a technology, one marked by episodes of innovation and appropriation. Attempts to write a history in terms of diffusion or of the spread of classical ideas or of magic have failed to convince, and most recent studies focus on the particularities of specific tablets or groups of tablets. This article argues that, if human and object agency are taken into account, it is possible to explain both the discontinuities in the history of curse tablets and also the shape of their thousand-year history. Curse tablets emerge as a technology the affordances of which allowed it to be put to many uses in many different social locations formed by the complex and shifting cultural contours of antiquity.
This paper emphasizes the importance of a robot's ability to refer to its task history, especially when it executes a series of pick-and-place manipulations by following language instructions given one by one. The advantage of referring to the manipulation history can be categorized into two folds: (1) the language instructions omitting details but using expressions referring to the past can be interpreted, and (2) the visual information of objects occluded by previous manipulations can be inferred. For this, we introduce a history-dependent manipulation task which objective is to visually ground a series of language instructions for proper pick-and-place manipulations by referring to the past. We also suggest a relevant dataset and model which can be a baseline, and show that our model trained with the proposed dataset can also be applied to the real world based on the CycleGAN. Our dataset and code are publicly available on the project website: https://sites.google.com/view/history-dependent-manipulation.
Mrigank Rochan, Mahesh Kumar Krishna Reddy, Linwei Ye
et al.
Recently, there is an increasing interest in highlight detection research where the goal is to create a short duration video from a longer video by extracting its interesting moments. However, most existing methods ignore the fact that the definition of video highlight is highly subjective. Different users may have different preferences of highlight for the same input video. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective framework that learns to adapt highlight detection to a user by exploiting the user's history in the form of highlights that the user has previously created. Our framework consists of two sub-networks: a fully temporal convolutional highlight detection network $H$ that predicts highlight for an input video and a history encoder network $M$ for user history. We introduce a newly designed temporal-adaptive instance normalization (T-AIN) layer to $H$ where the two sub-networks interact with each other. T-AIN has affine parameters that are predicted from $M$ based on the user history and is responsible for the user-adaptive signal to $H$. Extensive experiments on a large-scale dataset show that our framework can make more accurate and user-specific highlight predictions.
In this paper, we construct a tensor network representation of quantum causal histories, as a step towards directly representing states in quantum gravity via bulk tensor networks. Quantum causal histories are quantum extensions of causal sets in the sense that on each event in a causal set is assigned a Hilbert space of quantum states, and the local causal evolutions between events are modeled by completely positive and trace-preserving maps. Here we utilize the channel-state duality of completely positive and trace-preserving maps to transform the causal evolutions to bipartite entangled states. We construct the matrix product state for a single quantum causal history by projecting the obtained bipartite states onto the physical states on the events. We also construct the two dimensional tensor network states for entangled quantum causal histories in a restricted case with compatible causal orders. The possible holographic tensor networks are explored by mapping the quantum causal histories in a way analogous to the exact holographic mapping. The constructed tensor networks for quantum causal histories are exemplified by the non-unitary local time evolution moves in a quantum system on temporally varying discretizations, and these non-unitary evolution moves are shown to be necessary for defining a bulk causal structure and a quantum black hole. Finally, we comment on the limitations of the constructed tensor networks, and discuss some directions for further studies aiming at applications in quantum gravity.
Michalis Xenos, Catherine Christodoulopoulou, Andreas Mallas
et al.
Future Time Traveller is a European project that aims at transforming career guidance of generation Z through an innovative, games-based scenario approach and to prepare the next generation for the jobs of the future. The pro-ject objective is to foster innovative thinking and future-oriented mindset of young people, through an innovative game-based virtual world environment. This environment helps them explore the future world, understand the trends that shape the future world of work, the emerging jobs, and the skills they will require. The Future Time Traveller project is implemented by a team of experts in 7 European countries (Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, and United Kingdom). The project target groups include young people (genera-tion Z), career guidance practitioners and experts, and policymakers. This paper presents, in brief, the Future Time Traveller project and introduces the reader to the main features and functionalities of the 3-dimensional virtual world and the games developed in this environment.
Nicola Andrea Dondi, Francesco Sannino, Juri Smirnov
We study the thermodynamic history of composite Dark Matter models. We start with classifying the models by means of the symmetries partially protecting the composite Dark Matter decays and constrain their lifetimes. For each model, we determine the impact of number-changing and number-conserving operators on its thermal history. We also develop the analytic formalism to calculate the asymptotic abundance of stable relics. We show how the relative strength between number-changing and number-conserving interactions together with the dark plasma lifetime affect the thermal fate of the various composite models. Additionally, we discover that the final dark relic density of composite particles can be diluted due to an entropy increase stemming from dark plasma decay. Finally, we confront the models with experimental bounds. We find that indirect detection experiments are most promising in testing this large class of models.
Branislav Kveton, Csaba Szepesvari, Mohammad Ghavamzadeh
et al.
We propose an online algorithm for cumulative regret minimization in a stochastic multi-armed bandit. The algorithm adds $O(t)$ i.i.d. pseudo-rewards to its history in round $t$ and then pulls the arm with the highest average reward in its perturbed history. Therefore, we call it perturbed-history exploration (PHE). The pseudo-rewards are carefully designed to offset potentially underestimated mean rewards of arms with a high probability. We derive near-optimal gap-dependent and gap-free bounds on the $n$-round regret of PHE. The key step in our analysis is a novel argument that shows that randomized Bernoulli rewards lead to optimism. Finally, we empirically evaluate PHE and show that it is competitive with state-of-the-art baselines.
We propose a history state formalism for a Dirac particle. By introducing a reference quantum clock system it is first shown that Dirac's equation can be derived by enforcing a timeless Wheeler-DeWitt-like equation for a global state. The Hilbert space of the whole system constitutes a unitary representation of the Lorentz group with respect to a properly defined invariant product, and the proper normalization of global states directly ensures standard Dirac's norm. Moreover, by introducing a second quantum clock, the previous invariant product emerges naturally from a generalized continuity equation. The invariant parameter $τ$ associated with this second clock labels history states for different particles, yielding an observable evolution in the case of an hypothetical superposition of different masses. Analytical expressions for both space-time density and electron-time entanglement are provided for two particular families of electron's states, the former including Pryce localized particles.
The history of the diplomatic struggle for control of Kastellorizo archipelago, a small group of Islands off the southwest coast of Turkey, is examined. It is reported that the establishment of British control over Cyprus (1878), the Italian-Turkish war of 1911-1912 radically changed the balance of power in the Eastern Mediterranean and increased the strategic importance of the archipelago located at the intersection of sea routes from the Aegean sea and the Western Mediterranean to Cyprus and the coast of the Levant. It is noted that Italy, which occupied the rest of the Dodecanese Islands, and Greece, which referred to the ethnic composition of the population of the archipelago, showed special interest in possessing the archipelago of Castellorizo. The article analyzes in detail the policy of Italy and Greece related to the Islands, as well as the role of France and the UK in the diplomatic struggle around the archipelago. The author managed to identify the main stages of the diplomatic struggle around Castellorizo, to show the special interest of Italy to possession of Castellorizo, which was considered by the Italians as “Outpost of Europe in the East.” It is proved that the final establishment of Italian sovereignty over the Islands (1923) led to the fact that the archipelago almost completely disappeared from international relations and was subsequently considered only as part of the Dodecanese Islands. The article is based on Italian and Greek official publications of diplomatic documents.
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
The loggerhead marine turtle, Caretta caretta, is a widely distributed and
endangered species that is facing critical population decline, especially in
Colombian Caribbean rookeries. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data are of
great importance for the description, monitoring, and phylogenetic analyses of
migratory turtle populations. In this study, the first full mitochondrial genome of a
loggerhead turtle nesting in the Colombian Caribbean was sequenced and analyzed.
This mitochondrial genome consists of 16 362 bp with a nucleotide composition of
T: 25.7 %, C: 27 %, A: 35 % and G: 12 %. Sequence annotation of the assembled
molecule revealed an organization and number of coding and functional units
as reported for other vertebrate mitogenomes. This Colombian loggerhead turtle
(Cc-AO-C) showed a novel D-Loop haplotype consisting of thirteen new variable
sites, sharing 99.2 % sequence identity with the previously reported Caribbean
loggerhead CC-A1 D-Loop haplotype. All 13 protein-coding genes in the Cc-AO-C
mitogenome were compared and aligned with those from four other loggerhead
turtles from different locations (Florida, Greece, Peru, and Hawaii). Eleven of
these genes presented moderate genetic diversity levels, and genes COII and ND5
showed the highest diversity, with average numbers of pair-wise differences of 16.6
and 25, respectively. In addition, the first approach related to t-RNAs 2D and 3D
structure analysis in this mitogenome was conducted, leading to observed unique
features in two tRNAs (tRNATrp and tRNALeu). The marine turtle phylogeny
was revisited with the newly generated data. The entire mitogenome provided
phylogenetically informative data, as well as individual genes ND5, ND4, and 16S.
In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of complete mitogenome data
in revealing gene flow processes in natural loggerhead turtle populations, as well as
in understanding the evolutionary history of marine turtles.
Androula Pavli, Paraskevi Smeti, Fotini Antoniadou
et al.
<strong>Introduction:</strong> The number of travellers from Greece who travel to sub-Saharan Africa has increased during the last decade. Our aim in this research was to study vaccination patterns for travellers travelling to sub-Saharan Africa.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2011 until December 2014 in all (57) public health departments in Greece. Travellers over 18 years travelling to sub-Saharan Africa participated in this study. A standard form was used in order to collect data about travellers’ demographics, immunization history and travel information.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> During the study period, 1768 travellers (median age: 39.2 years) travelling to sub-Saharan Africa participated. Among them, 69.2% of them were male and 95.4% of them had a Greek nationality. Nigeria was their most common destination (15.7%). Among all the travellers, 56.7% stayed in urban areas, 57.9% travelled for less than one month, 58.5% for work, 29% for vacation, and 5.8% for visiting friends and relatives. Furthermore, 79.7%, 30.9%, 19.7%, 16.8%, and 14.1% received the yellow fever, typhoid fever, tetanus-diphtheria, hepatitis A, and meningococcal vaccines, respectively. The purpose of travelling was statistically significantly associated with gender, nationality, and the duration of travel. Tetanus, hepatitis A & B, poliomyelitis, rabies and meningococcal vaccines were more commonly recommended for recreational travel, whereas tetanus, hepatitis A, and poliomyelitis vaccines for short-term travellers and typhoid vaccine for long-term travellers.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> It can be concluded that vaccination rrecommendations should be improved for the travellers to sub-Saharan Africa. Individualized and more selective pre-travel recommendations are needed taking in consideration the purpose and duration of travel, the area and place of stay.