Andreas Wagner, Christel Annemieke Romein, Karl Härter
In 2021 the Max-Planck-Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory published the database of the Policeyordnungen der Frühen Neuzeit. It contains information based upon over 200,000 police ordinances (a type of early modern administrative law) in Central Europe leading to a hierarchical categorisation of (multiple) topics that the texts could contain. The Policeymaterien (‘Matters’) were originally developed in the 1990s and can interlink the ordinances based on their topic. In other words, it is possible to search based on the topic throughout the entire database.
The data is contained in a turtle (.ttl) file. The reuse potential includes its use by research projects and databases concerned with other territories that have previously not been included but fall within the same language areas, as well as an application on verdicts rather than on the ‘laws’ themselves, in the understanding of the full scope of the early modern legal system. This dataset is available through Zenodo and GitHub.
This research covers the socialist reform of kindergarten education in the Central and Eastern European macroregion. Within that, it focuses on the specificities of Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The reform started in 1948 had an influence on the public education system and, within that, kindergarten education too in all countries of the Eastern bloc. This was based on adopting the concept devised in the Soviet Union which required the significant transformation of the existing pedagogical traditions. This was shown in the officially published content regulators. The research studying the history of socialist kindergarten education do not really focus on the fifties. The comparative analysis of the Czechoslovakian and Hungarian ‘curricula’ are considered a subject with no lack of interest in. The research examines whether unique specificities were let predominate in the documents of the two countries in scope despite the unification efforts of copying the Soviet model. We are trying to come to conclusion about latent elements behind the manifest content of the official instructions. To understand how this was implemented in Hungary, press articles of the era and reports in the national archives were also used. The objective is to differentiate our knowledge of kindergartens of the fifties on a national and macroregional level. Beside the descriptive source analysis of the interim curricula issued in 1953, the content regulators of the second half of the 1950s are compared using content structuring qualitative content analysis. The category system of the analysis was finalised using deductive reasoning along the translations of the Soviet source literature following the Soviet model and along kindergarten literature. The ‘curricula’ of the two countries considered the spatial dimension of the research show resemblance in several aspects. However, their volume, structure and main content differ. This might be the result of the small, nevertheless existing leeway given to the members of the reform process by kindergarten politics. This leeway created a unique adaptation despite the strong control of principles exercised in Moscow.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents require effective use of historical context to perform sequential navigation tasks. While incorporating past actions and observations can improve decision making, naive use of full history leads to excessive computational overhead and distraction from irrelevant information. To address this, we introduce HiconAgent, a GUI agent trained with History Context-aware Policy Optimization (HCPO) for efficient and effective utilization of historical information. HCPO optimizes history usage in both sampling and policy updates through two complementary components: (1) Dynamic Context Sampling (DCS) presents the agent with variable length histories during sampling, enabling adaptive use of the most relevant context; (2) Anchor-guided History Compression (AHC) refines the policy update phase with a dual branch strategy where the compressed branch removes history observations while keeping history actions as information flow anchors. The compressed and uncompressed branches are coupled through a history-enhanced alignment loss to enforce consistent history usage while maintaining efficiency. Experiments on mainstream GUI navigation benchmarks demonstrate strong performance. Despite being smaller, HiconAgent-3B outperforms GUI-R1-7B by +8.46 percent grounding accuracy and +11.32 percent step success rate on GUI-Odyssey, while achieving comparable results on AndroidControl and AITW with up to 2.47x computational speedup and 60 percent FLOPs reduction.
Predmet ovog članka rasvjetljavanje je odnosa grada Senja i Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te utjecaj znamenitih osoba koji su radili i djelovali u gradu Senju kao i na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu od otvaranja modernog sveučilišta 1874. do 1899. godine. Istraživanje u radu temelji se na neobjavljenoj arhivskoj građi koja se čuva u Arhivu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i na digitalnim platformama na kojima se pronalaze djela iz navedenog razdoblja. Arhivskom građom obuhvaćeno je prvih 25 godina djelovanja Sveučilišta, koji će ukazati na suradnju Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i grada Senja te utjecaj intelektualnog kruga grada Senja na osnivanje i razvoj Sveučilištu u Zagrebu i njihove odnose. U radu ćemo kroz nekoliko poglavlja prikazati utjecaj Senjskog brodarskog društva, tj. dionica navedenog društva u financiranju i osnivanju Zaklade za uboge slušače na Kr. sveučilištu Franje Josipa I. u Zagrebu, zatim poglavlje o značaju prvog propovjednika Kr. sveučilišta Franje Josipa I. u Zagrebu Stjepana Sabljaka, kao i poglavlje o Jurju Posiloviću, prvom dekanu Bogoslovnog fakulteta i biskupu senjsko-modruškom.
Language and Literature, History of Central Europe
Abstract The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are small sternorrhynchan insects, which have the potential to cause significant economic damage to agricultural crops. There is a paucity of knowledge regarding the diversity, disparity, and evolutionary history of these insects, with classification based on the immatures, called puparia. The fossil record of whiteflies is sparse and incomplete, with the majority of fossils representing imaginal forms preserved as inclusions in fossilized resins. In this study, we present the first inclusion in succinite associated with the layers of Lower/Middle Miocene 2nd Lusatian Lignite Seam of Wanninchen in Brandenburg, Germany. The objective of the present study is to elaborate this fossil, and as a consequence, a new fossil genus and species, Pudrica christianottoi gen. et sp. nov., is described. This fossil is a representative of the subfamily Aleyrodinae, and it is the third fossil genus of this whitefly subfamily to be described. The discovery of the fossil inclusion in the succinite from the lignite deposits of Lower Lusatia challenges the current understanding of the character and conditions of formation and deposition of central and east European Paleogene fossil resins. Succinite is a fossil resin that occurs in the Eocene deposits of the Gulf of Gdańsk, belonging to the Prussian Formation, containing a glauconite-rich horizon known as the ‘Blue Earth’. Similarly, glauconite-rich deposits are present in the Lublin area of Poland, where they are associated with the occurrence of succinite. Additionally, succinite has been found in deposits in the Rovno-Zhitomir area of Ukraine, which are alluvial deposits containing glauconite and lignite layers. Succinite was also identified in Eocene strata of Spitsbergen and in Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian Arctic. Succinite has also been discovered in early Miocene deposits in Bitterfeld, Germany, where it occurs alongside lignite deposits (the deposit actually encompasses different fossil resins, so potentially originating from different source plants). Furthermore, it has been identified in younger (Pleistocene) deposits across Europe. The autochthonous (parautochthonous) character of the lignite deposits in Lower Lusatia raises questions regarding the time range of the succinite-producing gymnosperm trees and the autochthonous or allochthonous character of the lignite layers associated fossilized resins.
In this research, we quantify an inflow of women into science in the past three decades. Structured Big Data allow us to estimate the contribution of women scientists to the growth of science by disciplines (N = STEMM 14 disciplines) and over time (1990-2023). A monolithic segment of STEMM science emerges from this research as divided between the disciplines in which the growth was powerfully driven by women - and the disciplines in which the role of women was marginal. There are four disciplines in which 50% of currently publishing scientists are women; and five disciplines in which more than 50% of currently young scientists are women. But there is also a cluster of four highly mathematized disciplines (MATH, COMP, PHYS, and ENG) in which the growth of science is only marginally driven by women. Digital traces left by scientists in their publications indexed in global datasets open two new dimensions in large-scale academic profession studies: time and gender. The growth of science in Europe was accompanied by growth in the number of women scientists, but with powerful cross-disciplinary and cross-generational differentiations. We examined the share of women scientists coming from ten different age cohorts for 32 European and four comparator countries (the USA, Canada, Australia, and Japan). Our study sample was N = 1,740,985 scientists (including 39.40% women scientists). Three critical methodological challenges of using structured Big Data of the bibliometric type were discussed: gender determination, academic age determination, and discipline determination.
As recent scholarship has shown, most of East Central Europe remained at war for several years after the official armistice in November 1918, complicating the transition from empires into nation-states. This article addresses another aspect of the state-building process. As opposed to centralising power emanating from capitals such as Prague, Warsaw and Budapest, I argue that local politicians and village leaders made their own territorial and sovereignty claims. Rather than whole nations, it was small communities that first defined self-determination. Here I present a loose typology of such localities (ethno-linguistic republics, non-Bolshevik workers’ councils, and radical agrarians), and show that conflicts between mini-states and burgeoning nation-states shaped the development of the latter.
Az Európai Bizottság 2014 óta méri a digitális gazdaság és társadalom fejlettségét a DESI mutatóval. A 2020-as DESI jelentés rámutat arra, hogy a Covid-19 járvány hatására még fontosabbak lettek a digitális eszközök az országok gazdasága számára. Hazánk a 28 Európai Uniós tagállam közül a 21. helyen szerepel a digitális gazdaságot és társadalmi fejlettséget mérő mutatón. A magyar vállalatok versenyképességének javulása a nemzetközi piacon nagymértékben függ a digitalizációjuk mértékétől. A kutatás célja egy áttekintést nyújtani a hazai vállalatok emelt szintű digitalizációs rendszerek bevezetését elősegítő pénzügyi eszközökről és forrásokról a mögöttünk álló Európai Uniós költségvetési időszakból. Az emelt szintű digitalizációval összefüggésbe hozhatóan két pályázati felhívás volt elérhető a 2014-2020-as pályázati ciklusban Magyarországon: GINOP 1.2.8-17 és a GINOP 3.2.6-8.2.4-17. A pályázatok közötti regionális összehasonlító elemzés nem volt megvalósítható, mert a támogatási intenzitás az elszámolható költségekre eltérő a két pályázat esetében, ezért a pályázati felhívások értékelése különállóan történt meg. Az elemzés során megállapításra került, hogy az alacsony pályázati hajlandóság okai között feltételezhetően megjelenik a hiányzó gazdasági és társadalmi potenciál a vidéki térségekben, ezek között kiemelve a beruházásra fordítandó saját forrás és a megfelelő digitális készségekkel rendelkező munkaerő hiánya.
History of Central Europe, Social sciences (General)
Európában és a világon a felsőoktatási intézmények korábbi oktatói-kutatói küldetése megváltozott, feladatkörei bővültek, a vele szemben támasztott elvárások nőttek. Jelen kutatásban arra kerestük a választ, hogy nemzetközi benchmark tapasztalatokra alapozva milyen üzleti modellben tud és képes egy hazai felsőoktatási intézmény és stratégiai partnersz ervezetei piacorientált inkubációs tevékenységet végezni. A vizsgálatunk célja egy olyan működő modell felállítása volt, amely képes bemutatni a nemzetközileg versenyképessé válás feltételeit, indikátorait. Módszerként a Canvas üzleti modellt, mint keretrendszert használtuk, mely egy adott piaci szereplő üzleti logikáját, – értékteremtését, – funkcionális elemeit és az azok közötti kapcsolatot írja le.
History of Central Europe, Social sciences (General)
AbstractKlemens von Metternich played an important role as leader of the Austrian bureaucrats and diplomats in supporting construction of the Suez Canal. He participated in many ways, often informal ones, which before 1848 resulted from his political circumspection and afterward from the fact that he was just a private individual. His so-to-speak informal diplomacy is interesting not only because it discloses the high level of interest he and other Austrian dignitaries paid to the issue but also because it reveals how accessible Metternich was to those involved in the project regardless of nationality, political leanings, and religion. Metternich's interest in the Suez Canal brought him into contact with Europeans as well as Ottomans, conservatives as well as liberals, and even Saint-Simonians: in other words, all who wished to cooperate for the benefit of central Europe and beyond.
With the widespread availability of high-speed networks, it becomes feasible to outsource computing to remote providers and to federate resources from many locations. Such observations motivated the development, from the mid-1990s onwards, of a range of innovative Grid technologies, applications, and infrastructures. We review the history, current status, and future prospects for Grid computing.
Based on string theory's framework, the gauge/gravity duality, also known as holography, has the ability to solve practical problems in low energy physical systems like metals and fluids. Holographic applications open a path for conversation and collaboration between the theory-driven, high energy culture of string theory and fields like nuclear and condensed matter physics, which in contrast place great emphasis on the empirical evidence that experiment provides. This paper takes a look at holography's history, from its roots in string theory to its present-day applications that are challenging the cultural identity of the field. I will focus on two of these applications: holographic QCD and holographic superconductivity, highlighting some of the (often incompatible) historical influences, motives, and epistemic values at play, as well as the subcultural shifts that help the collaborations work. The extent to which holographic research -- arguably string theory's most successful and prolific area -- must change its subcultural identity in order to function in fields outside of string theory reflects its changing nature and the field's uncertain future. Does string theory lose its identity in the low-energy applications that holography provides? Does holography still belong under string theory's umbrella, or is it destined to form new subcultures with each of its fields of application? I find that the answers to these questions are dynamic, interconnected, and highly dependent on string theory's relationship with its field of application. In some cases, holography can maintain the goals and values it inherited from string theory. In others, it instead adopts the goals and values of the field in which it is applied. These examples highlight a need for the STS community to expand its treatment of string theory beyond its relationship with empiricism and role as a theory of quantum gravity.
This article revolves around patrimonies for the Templars on the borders of Lubusz, Wielkopolska and Pomerania regions. The author presents the course of these patrimonies in a context of the political actions on the part of Piast dukes in Silesia and Wielkopolska. The article consists of three parts: the first of them presents the invitation of the Templars to Poland, with the (nearly concurrent) contribution made in the third decade of the 13th century by Henry I Bearded and Władysław Odonic. Part two is dedicated to the controversial patrimony of Chwarszczany on the Myśla, the biggest Templars’ commandery on the central Oder and the lower Warta and Wielka Wieś – a dominion located on the Lubusz and Wielkopolska border. In the last part, attention has been drawn to the subsequent patrimonies for the Templars in the area in question from 1234-1261.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
<div>The Lubovna Castle and its annexed Museum of Folk Architecture present a unique site in Central Europe. In the past permanent exhibitions in the castle contained collections of mostly ethnographic character. A significant change in the contents of the expositions occurred after the reconstruction and opening of the main castle tower, followed by the reconstruction of the Renaissance and Baroque palaces. Museum employees are currently taking up a challenge of creating a temporary or permanent exposition in the Lubomirsky Baroque Palace. The article presents the development of the castle exhibitions from 1966 up till now. It is a testimony based on the history of the place and experiences of generations of Stara Lubovna museologists.</div>
The first determination of the surface temperature of stars other than the Sun is due to the Hungarian astrophysicist Béla Harkányi. Prompted by the recent unprecedented increase in the availability of stellar temperature estimates from Gaia, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of Harkányi's birth, this article presents the life and work of this neglected, yet remarkable figure in the context of the history of stellar astrophysics.
One central issue of the current civic-engagement debate is the role of religion in the growth and working of civil society. The fact that the modern concept of civil society emerged in the secular environment of enlightenment era in Europe has put question marks on the role of religious establishments and organizations as a part of civil society. However, history bears the evidence that religion has provided one main motive in the humanitarian, relief and social welfare initiatives around the world. In this context, this paper seeks to explore the role of Islamic faith-based organizations (FBOs) in the history of Pakistan from 1947 to 1977 with particular reference to their relations as a section of civil society with the state of Pakistan. The paper tends first to explore the theoretical underpinnings of the religion, state and civil society interaction and second to study this relationship in the history of Pakistan during the specified time period.