Hasil untuk "Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature"

Joana Catarina Mestre da Costa

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Katharina Braun, Leoni Janssen

B. Dan

As part of editorial actions we have been undertaking to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion, we have also placed emphasis on languages. With help from both authors and societies, we have been able to publish excellent translations of abstracts and manuscripts into the languages of their varied communities (https://www.macke ith.co.uk/journ al/trans lated mater ial/). We also have podcasts in several languages, which are being watched by many viewers from all over the world. We have adapted our Author Guidelines to require authors of systematic literature reviews to attempt to identify and assess for eligibility all possibly relevant articles (irrespective of language of publication) to optimize applicability and usefulness of the reviews. In line with the JBI, Cochrane Collaboration, and Campbell Collaboration, we think that limiting searching to databases that contain only or predominantly English language records, even without language restrictions, may miss relevant studies, overlook meaningful cultural contexts, and enhance existing bias. In agreement with editorial colleagues at other journals, we consider using a machine translation engine to translate nonEnglish papers as acceptable practice for screening and assessing suitability, as well as translation through dedicated platforms (full translation is often unnecessary for this purpose). Our authors' compliance and feedback have been very good so far. But their effort and rigour in looking for research published in any language has yielded dramatically few more eligible primary studies. Similarly, among 128 metaanalyses within the Cochrane Child Health register that searched for nonEnglish language studies, these were included in only 12% of reviews, representing less than 5% of included studies. Multiple factors can account for the apparent predominance of Englishlanguage research papers in our field. English has arguably become the ultimate language for research communication in many fields; there are relative exceptions, such as applied sciences and the humanities, and closer to us psychiatry and orthopaedics, but these too have been aligning to the same trend. This is perhaps not due to inherent qualities of this language but to some historical developments. Other idioms served as lingua franca in the past, including Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Chinese, enabling scholars from different places and cultures to exchange findings and ideas, produce and share knowledge. By the end of the 20th century, English emerged as a major tongue of science in an international context of multilingualism, gradually surpassing German and French, and distancing Russian and Japanese, to achieve an unrivalled position for peerreviewed papers. This implies that most researchers who are not native Englishspeakers publish in English. 4 Doing so has become indispensable for recognition both internationally and locally, because bibliometric indicators that are heavily if indirectly influenced by language of publication are being used to evaluate individuals, projects, departments, and institutions. Many periodicals that originally published papers in other languages have now commuted to English only. The authors of the Cochrane Child Health register mentioned above suggested that including nonEnglish language studies rarely impacted the results and conclusions of systematic reviews, but also admitted to some limitations of their methodology, leading to lack of consideration of the clinical significance of reported change, and of studies that escaped reviewers' search strategy. There remain challenges with indexing some nonEnglish language papers in databases that are supposed to offer comprehensive indexing to serve the research community. For example, many journals meeting the Latindex editorial quality criteria are not indexed in global databases, which reduces the international discoverability of their articles. Admittedly, a proportion of journals do not comply with requirements relating to editorial management, content (including scientific quality), and presentation. As members of a research community, we will keep encouraging and monitoring progress in this respect, keenly aware of the importance of multiplicity of perspectives, including cultural and languagerelated ideas, to move the field of paediatric neurology and childhoodonset disability forward.

João Manuel Nunes Torrão

Chiara Rover, CR

Il presente contributo mira a presentare e discutere in chiave critica alcuni dei nove saggi contenuti nella raccolta Axiological Confusion and Its Causes («ΠΗΓΗ / FONS Revista de estudios sobre la civilización clásica y su recepción» 5, Special Issue, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Instituto de Estudios Clásicos “Lucio Anneo Séneca”, Madrid 2020), curata da E. Malaspina e J. Wildberger. La nota rivolge un’attenzione particolare ad alcune problematiche di epistemologia epicurea toccate dagli Autori, con l’intento di tornare a riflettere, ancora una volta, su temi assai controversi quali l’ἐπιβολή e la πρόληψις, la cui comprensione si rivela fondamentale al fine di spiegare il darsi dell’errore, sia gnoseologico che, per conseguenza, etico.

Katrin Stöppelkamp

Aggelos Kapellos

Kevin Kambo

Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings employ traditional races from fairy tales: elves, men and dwarves.  These peoples are differentiated principally by their dominant desires, but also by their speech, diet, and realms.  I argue that these three races are significantly inspired by the three aspects that characterize the Republic’s tripartite soul—logistikon, thumoeides, and epithumetikon—along with their respective principal desires: desire for truth, greatness, and material goods.  For Tolkien, therefore, these races have a corporate or political psychology that explains who they are as peoples in the history of Middle-earth.  I offer a comprehensive view of the major races, connecting the dwarves with the appetitive artisans of the Republic, humans with the honour- and glory-seeking auxiliaries, and elves with the ruling guardians.  This treatment explains the artisanal dwarves, as well as the battle-loving men (and women) of Rohan and Gondor, and the nostalgic, ‘anamnetic’ condition of exile that distinguishes the elves.  Indeed, the condition of elves in many descriptions recalls a Platonic philosopher returned to the Cave, as well as the Neo-Platonic sagacity pictured in the biographies of Plotinus and Proclus.

L. Skoryna

The article outlines the intertextual field parameters in the novel "Andrii Lahovskyi" by Ahatanhel Krymskyi. In the process of research the active use of quotations and allusions by the writer was found out. Quotations are organically embedded in the speech of all characters, it is especially true of the main character (71 example found). The novel is dominated by quotations with partial attribution - indicating the author of the prototext (37 quotations) or the whole work (4 quotations). There are 6 quotations with full attribution, 4 quotations with “allusive” attribution and 10 quotations with unspecified attribution. Unattributed quotes are most taken from the reading-books. Ukrainian, Old Slavic, Russian, Ancient Greek, Latin, German, French, English, Italian, and Turkish languages appear in these intertextual inclusions. Allusions to works of Ukrainian and foreign authors, the Bible, myths, numerous historical and philosophical reminiscences (Ptolemy, Strabo, Xenophon, Plato, Max Stirner) are actively used in the novel. Other types and forms of intertextual relations in the novel include: 1) paratextuality (the title of the third part of the novel "Following St. Ephrem the Syrian" emphasizes the prototext, which played an important role in the spiritual evolution of the main character); 2) hyperintertextuality — paraphrases used to establish a dialogue with other literary works in terms of saving text space; 3) metatextuality (Lahovskyi's reflections on Ivan Franko's "Parable of Beauty", Volodymyr Shmidt's discourse of Heine's poetry "Der Asra"); 4) autointertextuality (citing the other poetic works of Ahatanhel Krymskyi in the novel). The novel also reveals examples of apocryphal intertextuality (a fictional "quote" from the biblical book of Jesus Sirach) and intermediality (references to the opera "Faust", "Siciliana" from "Cavalleria Rusticana", Rubinstein's music to Heine's "Der Asra", Ophelia's song, a Japanese song about a goldfish, Wagner’s operas). The list of key prototexts of the analysed novel includes: 1) the Bible; 2) ancient literature and mythology; 3) Ukrainian literature; 4) Russian literature; 5) German literature. Episodic references to English, French, Italian literature, Eastern poetry and folklore appear in the novel. Taking into account the variety of types and forms of intertextuality in the novel and the significant fleshing out of the intertextual field with textual inclusions from the works of Ukrainian and foreign writers, we can consider the novel "Andrii Lahovskyi" to be one of the first examples of an intellectual novel in Ukrainian literature.

David Withun

As W. E. B. Du Bois’s knowledge of the history of Africa increased, his engagement with the history of Africa shifted to an appreciation of African history on its own terms rather than merely in relation to the history of the classical civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean. Du Bois’s turn toward cosmopolitanism represents a turning point in the history of African American engagement with the classics. With Du Bois, African American thinkers began to turn away from a focus on the knowledge of Latin and Greek languages and literatures as well as attempts to associate modern African Americans with ancient Nilotic civilizations as a means of race vindication. Instead, Du Bois now turned toward a greater focus on the history of non-European peoples. In so doing, Du Bois presents these non-European civilizations as worthy of appreciation, thereby undermining ideas of racial inferiority.

N. Golovnina

The article examines the issue of collecting and translating ascetic literature into Slavic and Russian languages in the 18–19 centuries using the example of the Pakhomian corpus of texts. Comparative analysis of the composition of the Greek Philokalia and the Russian Philokalia – the latter is considered not just as an ascetic five-volume book prepared for publication by st. Feofan the Recluse, but as a systematic translation activity that united several generations, and thanks to which there was a flourishing of monasticism and the resumption of eldrship in Russia. The reasons for the differences in the composition of Greek and Russian Philokalia are also considered, in particular, the interest not only in Hesychast literature, but also in monastic statutes, primarily in the tradition of Egyptian cenobitic monasticism, which was initiated by st. Pachomium. Based on the correspondence of the participants, the circumstances of the work on the texts of the Pachomian circle are traced: Pachomius the Great, his predecessor Orsicius and John Cassian the Roman. The collected material and analysis of individual translation principles of this period allows us to speak about the wide interest in Russia in the history of monasticism, about the good knowledge of European patristic publications when choosing texts for translation, about the high level of Latin language proficiency and the exceptional importance of the results achieved, which will never lose their significance, as they serve as evidence of the time of flowering on Russian soil translation activities.

Virgínia Soares Pereira

Ana Bembič

Julijan Odpadnik je bil rimski cesar, ki je v četrtem stoletju, ko se je krščanstvo pod Konstantinom že uveljavilo, skušal preobrniti zgodovino nazaj v čas poganstva. Njegova vladavina je bila kratka in nepričakovana, zanjo pa so bile značilne verske reforme in vojaški pohod nad Perzijo. Krščanski pisci ga prikazujejo negativno, za poganskega zgodovinopisca Amijana Marcelina pa je predstavljal podobo idealnega vladarja. V svojem zgodovinopisnem delu Res gestae je Julijana prikazal kot izbranca bogov. Kljub občudovanju mu ni prizanesel s kritiko, je pa načrtno zmanjševal pomen verskih in drugih zadev, ki bi lahko škodovale njegovi podobi. Da bi mu povečal veljavo, ga je primerjal z mnogimi slavnimi osebami iz grške in rimske preteklosti, prejšnjega cesarja Konstancija in Julijanovega brata Gala pa je prikazal izrazito negativno. Kljub naklonjenosti bogov pa je Julijan na pohodu proti Perziji zavrnil vsa svarilna znamenja, kar ga je stalo življenja. Njegovo smrt Amijan vzporeja s Sokratovo smrtjo in ga s tem prikaže kot vladarja filozofa, kar se ujema z Julijanovim lastnim idealom.

Gusso, Massimo

The Gallo-Roman imperial accession of Avitus, following the Vandal plunder, is presented by Sidonius Apollinaris (Carm. 7) as an effective opportunity for the revival of the Western empire in a utopian and mythical-historical perspective, which uses repertoires of Roman Republican History. An neglected tradition of that same history is thus revived, incidentally, with precedents ranging from the Gallic siege to civil wars and beyond. In this context, some senatorial ateliers where communications functional to the idea of a senate “free from the emperor” were experimented, could have made use of a certain “republican” modality of the use of prodigies in the most unscrupulous way, with recourse to even very complex propaganda paradigms.

Gary Vos

Mattia Vitelli Casella

This article aims at investigating the administration, the economic activities and the evolution of an imperial estate epigraphically attested in ancient Mursa, in Pannonia inferior, along the Drava river. Particularly, there are evidences of imperial slaves engaged in business management as well as many stamped bricks with different inscriptions. By matching these two types of epigraphs, it can be sketched that the property began its activities between the 1st and 2nd century AD, reached its maximum bricks production under Hadrian, in connection with the establishment of the colony, and went on until a sudden stop due to the Marcomannic invasion. Now, we are quite sure that the production resumed under the Severian dynasty, even if we do not know for how long it continued in the 3rd century, as is the case of neighboring provinces.

Samaresh Mondal

In this modernized world, scientific invention may breathe life into poetry and poetry, along with myth will recreate and redefine literature. Like the way, we collect myths; we create and intrude into myths as well. Language and the world consist of myths and finally it gives birth to life. Etymologically myth came from the Greek word 'muthos' which was later adopted by Latin. Though nowadays the word may signify something else, originally it used to refer to the combination of poetry and music. If we consider myth to be an amalgamation of poetry and music, we can easily state that myth is an imaginative creation of an entire community. This creation is also a process of knowledge production which is explained through the various sensuous colours and forms of different experiences one gathers in one's life. In this process, language as well as the colours and forms change simultaneously and with them, the experiences are re-explained. Thus, the function of myth is to turn experience into knowledge and knowledge into colours and forms. The poet uses myth to achieve a universal truth, which is a general purpose of using myth in any form of verbal arts. Because, it is myth through which the deeper truth can express itself easily and it can expand the horizon beyond the day-to-day notion of beauty. The noted journalist and author, Italo Calvino from Italy opined, Myth is the hidden part of every story, the buried part the region that is still unexplored because there are as yet no words to enable us to get them. Myth is nourished silence as well as by words. The novel Hanshuli Banker Upakathaby Tara Shankar Bandyopadhyay, which is centred on Indian freedom movement, starts with a particular myth of a whistling sound of semi-divine origin that comes from the forest at night and frightens the kahars. The use of myth along with modernity makes the novel truly polyphonic. The author portrayed the ups and downs of the residents of an insignificant and remote village called 'banshbadi', whose lives revolved around the river kopai. He described how the local beliefs, local myths and folklores were gradually changing and giving way to the modern lores and tales and creating a space for heteroglossia and polyphony. In this context, I have cited few indigenous and foreign authors, not only to strengthen my points, but also to show how myth crosses the spatio-temporal boundaries.

Melanid Banken

Carlos Morais

Depois de escrever, em 1930, Antígona. Drama em três actos, uma recriação do mito sofocliano que não era mais do que um texto panfletário contra a ditadura militar, Sérgio voltaria ao tema, para reescrever, cerca de 1950, uma invetiva contra a ditadura salazarista. A partir deste texto inédito, o autor publicaria, em finais de 1958, Pátio das Comédias, das Palestras e das Pregações: Jornada Sexta e também tinha a intenção de publicar de forma autónoma o Diálogo de Creonte e Antígona, provavelmente em 1959.

Zrinka Blažević