Hasil untuk "Folklore"

Bartosz Hlebowicz

Cheyenne Madonna (2010), opowiadania Eddie’ego Chuculate’a, pisarza, w którego żyłach płynie krew Krików i Czirokezów, oraz jego autobiograficzna powieść This Indian Kid (2023), są z pozoru mocno osadzone w indiańskim świecie Oklahomy, Nowego Meksyku i Arizony. Nie są jednak peanem na cześć tubylczych wspólnot. Te praktycznie u Chuculate’a nie występują, jego indiańscy bohaterowie zamieszkują raczej małomiasteczkowy i podmiejski wariant amerykańskiego świata. Nie ma tu rozpamiętywania krzywd kolonizacji i zanurzania się w „tubylczą traumę”, rozterek dotyczących tożsamości indiańskich bohaterów, ich zawieszenia między światem rdzennych Amerykanów i białych. Chuculate pokazuje, że o współczesnych Indianach można opowiadać świeżym językiem, unikając balastu „historii”, „dziedzictwa” i „tradycji”. Jego znaki rozpoznawcze to ironia i dystans (choć zdarza się gorzka zaduma), a nie cierpienie, bohaterstwo i mitologizowanie przeszłości. Jeśli próbuje rozliczać się z przeszłością, to jest to przeszłość jego własnej rodziny, a nie tubylczego narodu, do którego należy. To właśnie próba zrozumienia relacji z najbliższymi osobami i przechowania o nich pamięci stanowi esencję dotychczasowej twórczości Chuculate’a, zakorzenionej w tradycjach zarówno indiańskiej, jak i amerykańskiej prozy. Chuculate jest przede wszystkim znakomitym, zajmującym opowiadaczem, który podtrzymuje świetne tradycje tubylczoamerykańskiej prozy z Oklahomy, by wspomnieć znanych u nas Navarre’a Scotta Momadaya i Brandona Hobsona.

Cailin Zhuang, Ailin Huang, Yaoqi Hu et al.

Story visualization aims to generate coherent image sequences that faithfully represent a narrative and match given character references. Despite progress in generative models, existing benchmarks remain narrow in scope, often limited to short prompts, lacking character references, or single-image cases, failing to reflect real-world narrative complexity and obscuring true model performance.We introduce ViStoryBench, a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate story visualization models across varied narrative structures, visual styles, and character settings. It features richly annotated multi-shot scripts derived from curated stories spanning literature, film, and folklore. Large language models assist in story summarization and script generation, with all outputs verified by humans for coherence and fidelity. Character references are carefully curated to maintain consistency across different artistic styles. ViStoryBench proposes a suite of multi-dimensional automated metrics to evaluate character consistency, style similarity, prompt alignment, aesthetic quality, and artifacts like copy-paste behavior. These metrics are validated through human studies and used to assess a broad range of open-source and commercial models, enabling systematic analysis and encouraging advances in visual storytelling.

Mario Garcia-Fernandez, Andres J. Moreno, Alec Payne et al.

We introduce a geometric flow of conformally coclosed $G_2$-structures, whose fixed points are large volume solutions of the heterotic $G_2$ system, with vanishing scalar torsion class $τ_0 = 0$. After conformal rescaling, it becomes a flow of coclosed $G_2$-structures, related to Grigorian's modified $G_2$ coflow, which is coupled to a flow for a dilaton function. Our main results establish fundamental short-time existence and Shi-type smoothing properties of this flow, as well as a classification of its fixed points. By a classical rigidity result in the string theory literature, the fixed points on a compact manifold correspond to torsion-free $G_2$-structures, that is, to metrics with holonomy contained in $G_2$. Thus, we establish in the affirmative a folklore question in the special holonomy community, about the existence of a well-posed flow for coclosed $G_2$-structures with fixed points given by torsion-free $G_2$-structures. The flow also satisfies a monotonicity formula for the $G_2$-dilaton functional (volume scale in string theory), which allows us to strengthen the rigidity result with an alternative proof. The monotonicity of the $G_2$-dilaton functional, combined with the Shi-type estimates, leads to a general result on the convergence of nonsingular solutions. A dimension reduction analysis reveals an interesting link with natural flows for $SU(3)$-structures, previously introduced in the literature.

Semen S. Makarov, Tanzila M. Khadzhieva

The article explores the parallels in the structure of character systems of the Karachay-Balkarian version of the Nartiada and Yakut heroic epos Olonkho. The main focus is on the typical attributes and plot functions of such groups of characters as celestial demiurges and protectors of epic heroes and their demonic antagonists. The research aims to assess the degree of typological proximity of the studied traditions based on the analysis of one of the levels of the system of epic characters. The article reveals the close connection of the plots of the Karachay-Balkarian Nartiada and the Yakut epic Olonkho with the ritual and mythological context. In both traditions, a similar circle of characters in structure and functions is revealed — the patrons of the hero, attributed as deities (тейри, айыы таҥара) and also represented in the real religious and mythological practice of the bearers of traditions. Noticeable coincidences in the plots of the Karachay-Balkarian and Yakut epics are also found in the field of demonological conceptions. They have such common features as the chthonic kind and monstrous appearance of the antagonists of the hero, the presence in the plots of an expressive image of the mother of epic demons. These features stem from the general typological properties of the archaic heroic epic. At the same time, such features as the serpentomorphism of the chthonic demoness and the ‘landscape’ semantics of tropes applied to antagonists can be considered as genetically related elements, possibly dating back to the proto-Turkic mythological worldview.

Olena Burda-Lassen, Aman Chadha, Shashank Goswami et al.

An image is often considered worth a thousand words, and certain images can tell rich and insightful stories. Can these stories be told via image captioning? Images from folklore genres, such as mythology, folk dance, cultural signs, and symbols, are vital to every culture. Our research compares the performance of four popular vision-language models (GPT-4V, Gemini Pro Vision, LLaVA, and OpenFlamingo) in identifying culturally specific information in such images and creating accurate and culturally sensitive image captions. We also propose a new evaluation metric, the Cultural Awareness Score (CAS), which measures the degree of cultural awareness in image captions. We provide a dataset MOSAIC-1.5k labeled with ground truth for images containing cultural background and context and a labeled dataset with assigned Cultural Awareness Scores that can be used with unseen data. Creating culturally appropriate image captions is valuable for scientific research and can be beneficial for many practical applications. We envision our work will promote a deeper integration of cultural sensitivity in AI applications worldwide. By making the dataset and Cultural Awareness Score available to the public, we aim to facilitate further research in this area, encouraging the development of more culturally aware AI systems that respect and celebrate global diversity.

Khashayar Gatmiry, Zhiyuan Li, Sashank J. Reddi et al.

The remarkable generalization ability of neural networks is usually attributed to the implicit bias of SGD, which often yields models with lower complexity using simpler (e.g. linear) and low-rank features. Recent works have provided empirical and theoretical evidence for the bias of particular variants of SGD (such as label noise SGD) toward flatter regions of the loss landscape. Despite the folklore intuition that flat solutions are 'simple', the connection with the simplicity of the final trained model (e.g. low-rank) is not well understood. In this work, we take a step toward bridging this gap by studying the simplicity structure that arises from minimizers of the sharpness for a class of two-layer neural networks. We show that, for any high dimensional training data and certain activations, with small enough step size, label noise SGD always converges to a network that replicates a single linear feature across all neurons; thereby, implying a simple rank one feature matrix. To obtain this result, our main technical contribution is to show that label noise SGD always minimizes the sharpness on the manifold of models with zero loss for two-layer networks. Along the way, we discover a novel property -- a local geodesic convexity -- of the trace of Hessian of the loss at approximate stationary points on the manifold of zero loss, which links sharpness to the geometry of the manifold. This tool may be of independent interest.

Noel Arteche, Erfan Khaniki, Ján Pich et al.

Folklore in complexity theory suspects that circuit lower bounds against $\mathbf{NC}^1$ or $\mathbf{P}/\operatorname{poly}$, currently out of reach, are a necessary step towards proving strong proof complexity lower bounds for systems like Frege or Extended Frege. Establishing such a connection formally, however, is already daunting, as it would imply the breakthrough separation $\mathbf{NEXP} \not\subseteq \mathbf{P}/\operatorname{poly}$, as recently observed by Pich and Santhanam (2023). We show such a connection conditionally for the Implicit Extended Frege proof system ($\mathsf{iEF}$) introduced by Krajíček (The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 2004), capable of formalizing most of contemporary complexity theory. In particular, we show that if $\mathsf{iEF}$ proves efficiently the standard derandomization assumption that a concrete Boolean function is hard on average for subexponential-size circuits, then any superpolynomial lower bound on the length of $\mathsf{iEF}$ proofs implies $\#\mathbf{P} \not\subseteq \mathbf{FP}/\operatorname{poly}$ (which would in turn imply, for example, $\mathbf{PSPACE} \not\subseteq \mathbf{P}/\operatorname{poly}$). Our proof exploits the formalization inside $\mathsf{iEF}$ of the soundness of the sum-check protocol of Lund, Fortnow, Karloff, and Nisan (Journal of the ACM, 1992). This has consequences for the self-provability of circuit upper bounds in $\mathsf{iEF}$. Interestingly, further improving our result seems to require progress in constructing interactive proof systems with more efficient provers.

Aekkhaluck Intharuksa, Jessada Denduangboripant, Sunee Chansakaow et al.

Aphrodisiac herbal products originated from various plants including Mucuna species. In Thai folklore, Mucuna macrocarpa Wall. and M. pruriens (L.) DC. have long been consumed and utilized for their aphrodisiac properties. Consumption of these plants can lead to serious adverse effects caused by l-dopa. The plants have been legally banned for use as foods, dietary supplements, or nutraceuticals by the FDA of several countries. To protect consumers, methods for the identification of illicit plants or herbal products are needed. This study aimed to identify the selected twelve Mucuna species and examine the aphrodisiac herbal products containing M. macrocarpa and M. pruriens by using HPLC analysis of l-dopa coupled with DNA barcoding profiles of ITS, matK, rbcL, and trnH-psbA. The results showed that l-dopa could be found not only in the seeds of M. macrocarpa and M. pruriens but also in associated allied Mucuna species. Then, a DNA barcode was introduced to support in HPLC profiling to identify the plants. DNA barcodes of twelve Mucuna species found in Thailand were established and used to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree. In this study, ITS2 sequences showed the highest interspecific variability and could be used to differentiate all Mucuna species. The results of ITS2 sequence coupled with HPLC analysis revealed that all the purchased aphrodisiac products originated from M. pruriens only. Therefore, the integration of HPLC analysis and DNA barcoding profile was an efficient method for the identification of prohibited Mucuna species for safety monitoring of herbal supplements and protecting customer safety. Regulatory agencies should raise awareness and restrain the use of these commercial products.

Damian Kasprzyk

Oleksandr Dobrzhanskyi

The article analyzes the figure of Hryhorii Kupchanko, the Bukovynian ethnographer, journalist, publisher, and public figure. The author dwelled on some aspects of his biography, publishing, and journalistic activities, scientific research in ethnography, local history, and history that were unknown to the public. It is noted that H. Kupchanko quite often submitted false information about himself, which caused a lot of errors in the work of his researchers in the memoirs and autobiography. The source base of research was rather narrow. Major attention is paid to understanding the changes in the social and political views of H. Kupchanko, his evolution from old Russophilia to radical Moscophilia, as well as propaganda activities. The article confirms that since the late 1880s H. Kupchanko moved to the positions of the most consistent supporters of the Russian idea, in his numerous newspaper articles, brochures, he sought to impose Russian identity on the Rusyns of Bukovyna, Galicia and Transcarpathia, to convince them that they were the part of the «single Russian people», and that their language was a Great Russian dialect. This is evidenced by his numerous publications in the newspapers Russka Pravda, Prosvieshchieniye, various brochures, which were published in mass circulation and distributed free of charge to peasants of the Western Ukraine lands. The desire to justify H. Kupchanko by the fact that he made a certain contribution to the study of the customs, rituals, folklore of the Rusyns of Bukovyna and seems to be only a Russophile and not a radical Moscophile, does not hold waterand is refuted by numerous facts on his public and propaganda activities.

Paolo Aluffi, Leonardo C. Mihalcea, Jörg Schürmann et al.

The equivariant motivic Chern class of a Schubert cell in a `complete' flag manifold $X=G/B$ is an element in the equivariant K theory ring of $X$ to which one adjoins a formal parameter $y$. In this paper we prove several `folklore results' about the motivic Chern classes, including finding specializations at $y=-1$ and $y=0$; the coefficient of the top power of $y$; how to obtain Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson (CSM) classes as leading terms of motivic classes; divisibility properties of the Schubert expansion of motivic Chern classes. We collect several conjectures about the positivity, unimodality, and log concavity of CSM and motivic Chern classes of Schubert cells, including a conjectural positivity of structure constants of the multiplication of Poincaré duals of CSM classes. In addition, we prove a `star duality' for the motivic Chern classes. We utilize the motivic Chern transformation to define two equivariant variants of the Hirzebruch transformation, which appear naturally in the Grothendieck-Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formalism. We utilize the Demazure-Lusztig recursions from the motivic Chern class theory to find similar recursions giving the Hirzebruch classes of Schubert cells, their Poincar{é} duals, and their Segre versions. We explain the functoriality properties needed to extend the results to `partial' flag manifolds $G/P$.

Gianluca Curzi, Anupam Das

Cyclic and non-wellfounded proofs are now increasingly employed to establish metalogical results in a variety of settings, in particular for type systems with forms of (co)induction. Under the Curry-Howard correspondence, a cyclic proof can be seen as a typing derivation 'with loops', closer to low-level machine models, and so comprise a highly expressive computational model that nonetheless enjoys excellent metalogical properties. In recent work, we showed how the cyclic proof setting can be further employed to model computational complexity, yielding characterisations of the polynomial time and elementary computable functions. These characterisations are 'implicit', inspired by Bellantoni and Cook's famous algebra of safe recursion, but exhibit greater expressivity thanks to the looping capacity of cyclic proofs. In this work we investigate the capacity for non-wellfounded proofs, where finite presentability is relaxed, to model non-uniformity in complexity theory. In particular, we present a characterisation of the class $\mathsf{FP/poly}$ of functions computed by polynomial-size circuits. While relating non-wellfoundedness to non-uniformity is a natural idea, the precise amount of irregularity, informally speaking, required to capture $\mathsf{FP/poly}$ is given by proof-level conditions novel to cyclic proof theory. Along the way, we formalise some (presumably) folklore techniques for characterising non-uniform classes in relativised function algebras with appropriate oracles.

Mohak Goyal, Geoffrey Ramseyer, Ashish Goel et al.

Constant Function Market Makers (CFMMs) are a tool for creating exchange markets, have been deployed effectively in prediction markets, and are now especially prominent in the Decentralized Finance ecosystem. We show that for any set of beliefs about future asset prices, an optimal CFMM trading function exists that maximizes the fraction of trades that a CFMM can settle. We formulate a convex program to compute this optimal trading function. This program, therefore, gives a tractable framework for market-makers to compile their belief function on the future prices of the underlying assets into the trading function of a maximally capital-efficient CFMM. Our convex optimization framework further extends to capture the tradeoffs between fee revenue, arbitrage loss, and opportunity costs of liquidity providers. Analyzing the program shows how the consideration of profit and loss leads to a qualitatively different optimal trading function. Our model additionally explains the diversity of CFMM designs that appear in practice. We show that careful analysis of our convex program enables inference of a market-maker's beliefs about future asset prices, and show that these beliefs mirror the folklore intuition for several widely used CFMMs. Developing the program requires a new notion of the liquidity of a CFMM, and the core technical challenge is in the analysis of the KKT conditions of an optimization over an infinite-dimensional Banach space.

Michael Sidorov, Dan Vilenchik

It's by now folklore that to understand the activity pattern of a user in an online social network (OSN) platform, one needs to look at his friends or the ones he follows. The common perception is that these friends exert influence on the user, effecting his decision whether to re-share content or not. Hinging upon this intuition, a variety of models were developed to predict how information propagates in OSN, similar to the way infection spreads in the population. In this paper, we revisit this world view and arrive at new conclusions. Given a set of users $V$, we study the task of predicting whether a user $u \in V$ will re-share content by some $v \in V$ at the following time window given the activity of all the users in $V$ in the previous time window. We design several algorithms for this task, ranging from a simple greedy algorithm that only learns $u$'s conditional probability distribution, ignoring the rest of $V$, to a convolutional neural network-based algorithm that receives the activity of all of $V$, but does not receive explicitly the social link structure. We tested our algorithms on four datasets that we collected from Twitter, each revolving around a different popular topic in 2020. The best performance, average F1-score of 0.86 over the four datasets, was achieved by the convolutional neural network. The simple, social-link ignorant, algorithm achieved an average F1-score of 0.78.

Antonina Tymchenko

The article considers the ways of realization of the motif of the riddle in the works by Lesya Ukrainka such as the poem "One word" and the fantasy "Polar Night". The artistic means of creating a mystery are analyzed at the level of metrics, syntax, vocabulary, phonics as well as at the semantic level. Lesya Ukrainka's lyrical heritage is rich in images of exotic loci, an interesting attempt was taken to recreate the topos of the north as a place inherently alien to the Ukrainians both psychologically (opposition "warm-cold", "near-far", "day-night") and socio-historically (the north as a place of exile of the intelligentsia, a point of no return, a hostile wasteland, which took away strength, health, deprived of life). In the poem "One Word" the author not only outlines this locus, but also speaks on behalf of its inhabitant. Recitative manner, folklore formulae introduce a fairy-tale context to the reader, syntactic constructions emphasize the mysterious context of the story. The phonics of the poem also gives the key to understanding the work: if at the beginning of the poem, which tells about the appearance of "strangers" in the settlement, close sounds of high rise like "y", "i" prevail, later we can see that rounded, "harmonious" "o" often appears to characterize the "stranger". Lesya Ukrainka is concluded to be a genius in mastering the word: the author subtextually emphasizes that, having a phantom freedom, a man dies because of the restriction of his freedom, existential inability to reach it neither at home nor in prison. In the fantasy "Polar Night" a phantasmagoric depiction of the meeting of an old man, a young fellow, a woman, a child in a mysterious locus, their conversation about darkness and light, day and night, the motives of the feast and spilled wine reflect the biblical context of the afterlife or the level of existential search for human existence, ability or inability to experience the joy, to wake up to a new life. All things considered, in the poetic works of Lesya Ukrainka there are still many unsolved mysteries, finding the key to which will allow us to read the hidden meanings of modern culture of the turn of XIX and XX centuries.

Tatiana V. Voldina

Introduction. In the traditional culture of the Ob Ugrians, certain types of mushrooms have received a special mythological “status” that reveals their place in the traditional picture of the world and explains the power of their impact on humans. The purpose of the study is to present the role of mushrooms in folk medicine and ritual practices of the Khanty and Mansi. These interconnected areas have not been sufficiently studied at the moment, which reflects the relevance of the work. Materials and Methods. The article uses the published data and field materials of the author, as well as folklore sources. The study was carried out on the basis of an interdisciplinary and systematic approach using the structural-functional method. Results and Discussion. In the treatment and cleansing rituals of the Khanty and Mansi, the use of birch tinder fungi has become widespread. Their healing properties have been known since antiquity, since image of the Tree of Life was associated with this tree. Another representative of the mushroom kingdom, the fly agaric, was used sporadically, primarily as a hallucinogenic agent used in ritual practices. The properties of this mushroom allow researchers to make an ambiguous conclusion that the secret of soma, the drink of the gods, lies in the portion made from the fly agaric. Conclusion. Changes in living conditions led to the gradual disappearance of the traditions of folk medicine and ritual practices of the Ob Ugrians, which significantly complicates their study at the present period.

Yıldız Deveci Bozkuş

In this study, the book of Armenian priest Kevork V. Terzibaşyan which was written in 1928, titled the Sample or Fuzuli Commentary from the Mystical Poem of the Orient was examined. It is valuable in terms of being the first and only in this genre where Fuzuli’s life, works and philosophical world are comprehensively examined. In such an important work written by Terzibaşyan, the author also wrote a section titled “Selam Mustafa Kemal Pasha”. For this reason, this text, which is the subject of this study, is evaluated in terms of history and literature. Unfortunately, the work of Terzibaşyan, written in Western Armenian, has not yet been translated into Turkish. In the study, firstly, the life of Terzibaşyan and its importance in terms of Turkish language and literature was focused on. Then, the content of the section about Mustafa Kemal Pasha was evaluated. In this part, the language used by the priest Terzibaşyan, through his style and words, the perspective of the Ottoman Empire and the Republican period is tried to be understood

Mohammadreza Heydari, MARYAM KHALILI JAHANTIGH, Mohammad Barani

Parody" or "contradiction" is an artistic trick in which a humorous imitation of a serious literary work takes place. In this research, the most important tool of "Kharestan"; AdibGhasemiKermani's satirical parody (1308-1238 Hijri / 1849-1929 AD) has been studied in two levels of surface structure and deep structure by comparative analysis using library tools, that is, word, form, and meaning.AdibKermani is one of the authors and poets in the field of critical and folklore literature. And his book "Kharestan" is written with the following of GolestanSaadi and he has used special words and phrases and non-natural and mostly comparative and critical words in response to the stable, original and literary words and serious issues raised in Golestan. Answer the main research question; That is, how to use the most important tools of controversy in the work and the degree of success of Ghasemi in it, is the goal of the authors. The results of the research show that the author has been able to use the local and slang words, interpretations and terms of Weaver's scarf class, specific allusions and proverbs of people in the streets and bazaars, in the structural form of Golestan, alternately, all three types of verbal, formal and content contradictions. Include in your work and achieve relative success in forming a humorous contradiction on GolestanSaadi.

André Belotto da Silva, Lorenzo Fantini, Anne Pichon

We undertake a systematic study of Lipschitz Normally Embedded normal complex surface germs. We prove in particular that the topological type of such a germ determines the combinatorics of its minimal resolution which factors through the blowup of its maximal ideal and through its Nash transform, as well as the polar curve and the discriminant curve of a generic plane projection, thus generalizing results of Spivakovsky and Bondil that were known for minimal surface singularities. In an appendix, we give a new example of a Lipschitz Normally Embedded surface singularity.

Dimitris Karakostas, Aggelos Kiayias, Christos Nasikas et al.

Since the invention of Bitcoin one decade ago, numerous cryptocurrencies have sprung into existence. Among these, proof-of-work is the most common mechanism for achieving consensus, whilst a number of coins have adopted "ASIC-resistance" as a desirable property, claiming to be more "egalitarian,"S where egalitarianism refers to the power of each coin to participate in the creation of new coins. While proof-of-work consensus dominates the space, several new cryptocurrencies employ alternative consensus, such as proof-of-stake in which block minting opportunities are based on monetary ownership. A core criticism of proof-of-stake revolves around it being less egalitarian by making the rich richer, as opposed to proof-of-work in which everyone can contribute equally according to their computational power. In this paper, we give the first quantitative definition of a cryptocurrency's \emph{egalitarianism}. Based on our definition, we measure the egalitarianism of popular cryptocurrencies that (may or may not) employ ASIC-resistance, among them Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Monero. Our simulations show, as expected, that ASIC-resistance increases a cryptocurrency's egalitarianism. We also measure the egalitarianism of a stake-based protocol, Ouroboros, and a hybrid proof-of-stake/proof-of-work cryptocurrency, Decred. We show that stake-based cryptocurrencies, under correctly selected parameters, can be perfectly egalitarian, perhaps contradicting folklore belief.