Hasil untuk "Environmental protection"

Allen Ferrell, Hao Liang, L. Renneboog

N. Simon-Delso, V. Amaral-Rogers, Luc P. Belzunces et al.

Since their discovery in the late 1980s, neonicotinoid pesticides have become the most widely used class of insecticides worldwide, with large-scale applications ranging from plant protection (crops, vegetables, fruits), veterinary products, and biocides to invertebrate pest control in fish farming. In this review, we address the phenyl-pyrazole fipronil together with neonicotinoids because of similarities in their toxicity, physicochemical profiles, and presence in the environment. Neonicotinoids and fipronil currently account for approximately one third of the world insecticide market; the annual world production of the archetype neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, was estimated to be ca. 20,000 tonnes active substance in 2010. There were several reasons for the initial success of neonicotinoids and fipronil: (1) there was no known pesticide resistance in target pests, mainly because of their recent development, (2) their physicochemical properties included many advantages over previous generations of insecticides (i.e., organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, etc.), and (3) they shared an assumed reduced operator and consumer risk. Due to their systemic nature, they are taken up by the roots or leaves and translocated to all parts of the plant, which, in turn, makes them effectively toxic to herbivorous insects. The toxicity persists for a variable period of time—depending on the plant, its growth stage, and the amount of pesticide applied. A wide variety of applications are available, including the most common prophylactic non-Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) application by seed coating. As a result of their extensive use and physicochemical properties, these substances can be found in all environmental compartments including soil, water, and air. Neonicotinoids and fipronil operate by disrupting neural transmission in the central nervous system of invertebrates. Neonicotinoids mimic the action of neurotransmitters, while fipronil inhibits neuronal receptors. In doing so, they continuously stimulate neurons leading ultimately to death of target invertebrates. Like virtually all insecticides, they can also have lethal and sublethal impacts on non-target organisms, including insect predators and vertebrates. Furthermore, a range of synergistic effects with other stressors have been documented. Here, we review extensively their metabolic pathways, showing how they form both compound-specific and common metabolites which can themselves be toxic. These may result in prolonged toxicity. Considering their wide commercial expansion, mode of action, the systemic properties in plants, persistence and environmental fate, coupled with limited information about the toxicity profiles of these compounds and their metabolites, neonicotinoids and fipronil may entail significant risks to the environment. A global evaluation of the potential collateral effects of their use is therefore timely. The present paper and subsequent chapters in this review of the global literature explore these risks and show a growing body of evidence that persistent, low concentrations of these insecticides pose serious risks of undesirable environmental impacts.

S. Dutta, Bramha Gupta, S. K. Srivastava et al.

The rapid increase of toxic dye wastewater generated from various industries remains a severe public health problem and of prime environmental protection concern. Therefore, it has imposed a major challenge...

H. Blanco‐Canqui, T. Shaver, J. Lindquist et al.

2449 Enhancing ecosystem services of current cropping systems is a priority for sustaining crop and livestock production, developing biofuel industries, and maintaining or improving soil and environmental quality. Integrating CCs with existing cropping systems has the potential to enhance ecosystem services such as: (i) food, feed, fi ber, and fuel production, (ii) C and other nutrient and water cycling, and (iii) soil, water, and air quality improvement. Th is is particularly important with increased concerns about the following challenges to agriculture: high production costs, environmental degradation, food security, and climate change. According to the Soil Science Society of America Glossary of Terms, CCs are defi ned as a “close-growing crop that provides soil protection, seeding protection, and soil improvement between periods of normal crop production, or between trees in orchards and vines in vineyards. When plowed under and incorporated into the soil, CCs may be referred to as green manure crops” (SSSA, 2008). While the use of CCs is not a new concept, the implications of their re-emerging importance and impacts on ecosystem services such as crop and livestock production and soil and environmental quality deserve further discussion. Historically, CCs have been used to meet a few specifi c needs (i.e., soil conservation, N2 fi xation, and weed and pest management), but now CC management questions increasingly revolve around the potential multi-functionality of CCs including soil C sequestration, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, benefi ts to “soil health,” feed for livestock, biofuel production, farm economics, and others. Th ere are many studies on CCs assessing soil and crop production, but few have attempted to discuss or integrate all the multiple ecosystem services that CCs provide (Dabney et al., 2001; Snapp et al., 2005). Th us, a summarization of the existing knowledge about potential multiple CC benefi ts is needed for a broader understanding of CC impacts on soil and agricultural production and identifi cation of knowledge gaps that deserve further research. Th is summarization will help answer the following question: Can CCs provide multiple ecosystem services to address the current challenges in soil and environmental quality, crop and livestock production, biofuel production, among others? review & interpretation

Yao Zheng, Jian Liu, Ji Liang et al.

T. Fletcher, H. Andrieu, P. Hamel

Zhaohui Wu, Mark Pagell

Kaman Lee

K. Brauman, G. Daily, T. Duarte et al.

R. Dunlap, A. McCright, Jerrod H. Yarosh

A. Cortese

A. Jaffe

P. Gleick

Scott Campbell

M. Rutter

Paige West, J. Igoe, D. Brockington

N. Becker, D. Petrić, C. Boase et al.

J. Campos-Martín, G. Blanco-Brieva, J. Fierro

Yang Chen, Chien‐Chiang Lee

Abstract Based on the data of BP Statistical Review of World Energy, KOF Globalization Index, and the World Development Indicators, this paper explores the impact of technological innovation on CO2 emissions in a panel of 96 countries over the period 1996–2018 with spatial econometric models. First, both CO2 emissions and RD the “pollution haven” in economic globalization and the guidance of environmental protection awareness in social globalization deserve more attention. Therefore, countries should pay attention to the spillover effects of technological innovation, improve the corresponding level of globalization according to their own characteristics, and ultimately enhance environmental quality through international cooperation.

Betelhem Zemenu, Ephrem Getahun, Sisay Alemayehu et al.

Rapid urban expansion in developing countries has intensified land use and land cover (LULC) changes, resulting in significant environmental impacts that challenge sustainable urban development. Although Arba Minch City is one of the fastest-growing urban centers in southern Ethiopia, comprehensive studies integrating advanced geospatial techniques and quantitative models to assess urban expansion patterns and their environmental implications remain limited. This study analyzed urban expansion in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia, between 2013 and 2023 using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and the Shannon entropy model. The supervised classification, utilizing the maximum likelihood algorithm on Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery, achieved high overall accuracies of 93% in 2013 and 94% in 2023. Additionally, Kappa coefficients of 0.91 for both years indicate a strong level of classification reliability. LULC change analysis revealed a notable increase in built-up areas by 1262.34 hectares, primarily at the expense of vegetation (-929.34 ha) and bare land (-359.19 ha). During 2013–2023, vegetation indices (NDVI) declined from an average of 0.31 to 0.2, while built-up index (NDBI) values increased from a mean of -0.17 to -0.09. Land Surface Temperature (LST) rose from 18.7 °C - 35.6 °C in 2013 to 19.6 °C - 44.0 °C in 2023, reflecting intensification of the urban heat island effect. The Shannon entropy analysis indicates dispersed patterns of urban growth, particularly toward the northwest (NW) and northeast (NE) directions. Furthermore, the urban expansion intensity index (UEII) uncovered a high level of urban growth intensity (UEII=1.64). The findings indicate substantial spatio-temporal changes in LULC and urban growth during 2013–2023. The study concludes that rapid and dispersed urban growth in Arba Minch City has led to considerable environmental degradation. It recommends the implementation of sustainable urban planning strategies, protection of remaining vegetation, and integration of geospatial tools into urban management policies to balance future urban development with environmental conservation.