Hasil untuk "English literature"

E. Auerbach, E. Said, Willard R. Trask

Matthias Wjst

The history of the allergy pandemic is well documented, enabling us to put the vitamin D hypothesis into its historical context. The purpose of this study is to compare the prevalence of rickets, vitamin D supply, and allergy prevalence at 50-year intervals by means of a retrospective analysis of the literature since 1880.English cities in 1880 were characterized by an extremely high rickets prevalence, the beginning of commercial cod liver oil production, and the near absence of any allergic diseases. By 1930 hay fever prevalence had risen to about 3% in English-speaking countries where cod liver oil was preferentially used for the treatment of rickets. In 1980 vitamin D was used nation-wide in all industrialized countries as supplement to industrial baby food, thus eradicating nearly all cases of rickets. At the same time the allergy prevalence reached an all-time high, affecting about 30% of the population.Time trends are therefore compatible with the vitamin D hypothesis although direct conclusions cannot be drawn. It is interesting, however, to note that there are at least two earlier research papers linking synthesized vitamin D intake and allergy (Reed 1930 and Selye 1962) published prior to the modern vitamin D hypothesis first proposed in 1999.

Daniela Guitart, C. Pickering, J. Byrne

Globally, rapid urbanisation has substantially reduced the amount of viable agricultural land – a food security issue. Food security is bringing a renewed scholarly interest in community gardens. This paper reviews the extent of English academic literature on community gardens, including: who has undertaken the research, where it has been published, the geographical location of the gardens studied, and the various methods used to undertake the research. The characteristics of the community gardens are summarised, including what types of plants are grown, who is involved in the gardens, and who owns the land. The motivations, benefits and limitations of community gardening are also examined. Finally, potential directions for research into community gardens are highlighted. Academic literature on community gardens is dominated by studies investigating gardens in low-income areas with diverse cultural backgrounds. Research based in cities in the USA also dominates the literature. Scholars from a wide diversity of disciplines have examined community gardens but research is mostly concentrated in the social sciences. The natural sciences are notably under-represented, yet they have much to offer including assessing gardening practices to better understand the agro-biodiversity conservation potential of community gardens.

Ken Hyland

Michael Trimble

Ian McGilchrist oversees the long process from studying English literature to going to medical school and becoming a psychiatrist that led to him concieving and writing 'The Master and His Emissary'

Miha Kovač, Mojca Kovač Šebart, Jasna Mažgon

The article explores the reading habits of Slovenian university students in teacher education and library science programs, comparing data from two cohorts (2017/18 versus 2024/25). Despite being future educators, around 16% of these students reported not having read a single book in the past year. While a slight increase in reading frequency and English-language reading was observed over the seven-year period, the shift toward less demanding genre fiction raises concerns. Students now predominantly read lighter, popular titles, with significantly fewer individuals engaging in complex literary texts. This shift has cognitive implications: studies indicate that the reading of complex literature enhances abstract thinking and attributional complexity, which are traits of high importance for educators. The rise in English-language reading – though intellectually beneficial – may also reduce exposure to syntactically complex Slovenian texts, potentially weakening native language competence. The findings suggest a troubling disconnection between the reading behaviours expected of educators and their actual practices. As reading complexity strongly correlates with critical thinking, the lack of engagement with demanding texts may hinder the cognitive development of students and their future pedagogical effectiveness. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for higher academic standards and stronger encouragement of deep reading within teacher education programs.

Safoora Masoumi, Hossein Amirkhani, Najmeh Sadeghian et al.

Abstract Background Abstract review is a time and labor-consuming step in the systematic and scoping literature review in medicine. Text mining methods, typically natural language processing (NLP), may efficiently replace manual abstract screening. This study applies NLP to a deliberately selected literature review problem, the trend of using NLP in medical research, to demonstrate the performance of this automated abstract review model. Methods Scanning PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases, we identified 22,294 with a final selection of 12,817 English abstracts published between 2000 and 2021. We invented a manual classification of medical fields, three variables, i.e., the context of use (COU), text source (TS), and primary research field (PRF). A training dataset was developed after reviewing 485 abstracts. We used a language model called Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers to classify the abstracts. To evaluate the performance of the trained models, we report a micro f1-score and accuracy. Results The trained models’ micro f1-score for classifying abstracts, into three variables were 77.35% for COU, 76.24% for TS, and 85.64% for PRF. The average annual growth rate (AAGR) of the publications was 20.99% between 2000 and 2020 (72.01 articles (95% CI: 56.80–78.30) yearly increase), with 81.76% of the abstracts published between 2010 and 2020. Studies on neoplasms constituted 27.66% of the entire corpus with an AAGR of 42.41%, followed by studies on mental conditions (AAGR = 39.28%). While electronic health or medical records comprised the highest proportion of text sources (57.12%), omics databases had the highest growth among all text sources with an AAGR of 65.08%. The most common NLP application was clinical decision support (25.45%). Conclusions BioBERT showed an acceptable performance in the abstract review. If future research shows the high performance of this language model, it can reliably replace manual abstract reviews.

M. Taban, A. Behrens, R. Newcomb et al.

Riccardo D’Ambrosi, Srinivas B. S. Kambhampati

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends in publications on ramp lesions of the meniscus in the current literature. We hypothesized that publications on ramp lesions have increased rapidly in recent years due to increased knowledge of both clinical and radiological pathology. Methods A Scopus search performed on 21/01/23 retrieved 171 documents. A similar search strategy was employed to carry out a search for ramp lesions on PubMed with no time filters and only English articles. The articles were downloaded into Excel software, and citations for PubMed articles were determined from the iCite website. Analysis was performed using Excel. Using Orange software, data mining was performed from the titles of all articles. Results There are a total of 126 publications from 2011 to 2022 with a total of 1778 citations in PubMed. Of all publications, 72% were published in the last 3 years, from 2020 to 2022, indicating an exponential increase in interest in this subject in recent years. Similarly, 62% of the citations were aggregated by the years 2017–2020, both years included. When the journals were analyzed according to the number of citations, the American Journal of Sports Medicine (AJSM) topped with 822 citations (46% of all citations) and 25 publications, followed by Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy (KSSTA) with 27 articles and 388 citations (22% of all citations). When analyzed by citations per publication for different types of studies, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were the most cited, with 32 citations per publication, followed by basic science articles with 31.5. Most of the basic science articles were cadaver studies examining anatomy, technique, and biomechanics. Technical notes were the third most cited at 18.64 per publication. While the USA is the country that leads publications, France is in a significant second position contributing to research on this topic, followed by Germany and Luxembourg. Conclusions Global trend analysis suggests that ramp lesion research has significantly increased and that the number of papers on the topic is steadily increasing. We found that the publications and citations presented a rising trend, the majority of the highly cited papers were contributed by a few centers, and the most cited were randomized clinical trials and basic science studies. The long-term outcomes of conservatively and surgically treated ramp lesions have attracted the most research interest.

Noha Maddah, Arpana Verma, Maryam Almashmoum et al.

BackgroundMass gatherings (MGs; eg, religious, sporting, musical, sociocultural, and other occasions that draw large crowds) pose public health challenges and concerns related to global health. A leading global concern regarding MGs is the possible importation and exportation of infectious diseases as they spread from the attendees to the general population, resulting in epidemic outbreaks. Governments and health authorities use technological interventions to support public health surveillance and prevent and control infectious diseases. ObjectiveThis study aims to review the evidence on the effectiveness of public health digital surveillance systems for infectious disease prevention and control at MG events. MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in January 2022 using the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus databases to examine relevant articles published in English up to January 2022. Interventional studies describing or evaluating the effectiveness of public health digital surveillance systems for infectious disease prevention and control at MGs were included in the analysis. Owing to the lack of appraisal tools for interventional studies describing and evaluating public health digital surveillance systems at MGs, a critical appraisal tool was developed and used to assess the quality of the included studies. ResultsIn total, 8 articles were included in the review, and 3 types of MGs were identified: religious (the Hajj and Prayagraj Kumbh), sporting (the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the Federation International Football Association World Cup, and the Micronesian Games), and cultural (the Festival of Pacific Arts) events. In total, 88% (7/8) of the studies described surveillance systems implemented at MG events, and 12% (1/8) of the studies described and evaluated an enhanced surveillance system that was implemented for an event. In total, 4 studies reported the implementation of a surveillance system: 2 (50%) described the enhancement of the system that was implemented for an event, 1 (25%) reported a pilot implementation of a surveillance system, and 1 (25%) reported an evaluation of an enhanced system. The types of systems investigated were 2 syndromic, 1 participatory, 1 syndromic and event-based, 1 indicator- and event-based, and 1 event-based surveillance system. In total, 62% (5/8) of the studies reported timeliness as an outcome generated after implementing or enhancing the system without measuring its effectiveness. Only 12% (1/8) of the studies followed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems and the outcomes of enhanced systems based on the systems’ attributes to measure their effectiveness. ConclusionsOn the basis of the review of the literature and the analysis of the included studies, there is limited evidence of the effectiveness of public health digital surveillance systems for infectious disease prevention and control at MGs because of the absence of evaluation studies.

Fatemeh Jafarlou

Introduction: In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), demyelination occurs frequently in the brainstem and cerebellum. It is therefore not surprising that abnormal vestibular sensations are a frequent feature of the clinical course. True vertigo (the perception of self and/or environmental movement, typically rotational) is estimated to occur in about 20% of MS patients at some time during the illness. True vertigo is estimated to occur in about 20% of MS patients and can be the presenting manifestation of MS in up to 5%. Lesions within the vestibular nuclei and in the root entry zone of cranial nerve VIII represent the most common locations where demyelinating activity can provoke vertigo in patients with MS. However, other causes of vertigo should be explored in MS patients in order to avoid unnecessary treatment with corticosteroids and vestibular suppressants. The aim of this study is report on the most common causes of vertigo in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and emphasizes appropriate diagnostic techniques and treatment interventions. Method and materials: We performed a literature review with the following keywords: multiple sclerosis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, repositioning maneuvers. Four different databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of science and Google Scholar) were independently screened. Publications in English were considered and reviewed from 2021 to 2022. Results: We a total of 20 articles. Results showed that benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (BPPV) to be the most common cause. In this vertigo, episodes of vertigo lasting only seconds, and provoked by movement of the head. All patients diagnosed with BPPV were treated successfully with particle repositioning maneuvers without any need to suppressors of the vestibular system. Conclusion: Empiric treatments with corticosteroids and/or vestibular suppressants should not be employed until all MS patients undergo a careful bedside examination which includes diagnostic positional and, if indicated, particle repositioning maneuvers.

S. Aldana

D. Attridge

Geoff Wilson

Ghader Allahweisiazar, Vahid Gholami, Sadegh Mohammadi Bolbanabad et al.

Since clitics interconnect different modules of the grammar and are hosted by various hosts from different categories, they have attracted the attention of many linguists. Besides, their interaction with their hosts and positioning in the second position seems interesting. Central Kurdish (CK) like some other Iranian languages such as Persian, Vafsi, among others have two sets of Person Agreement Markers (PAM), a Direct set and an Oblique set, sometimes also called Set1 and Set2, respectively. In Mukri Kurdish like other Iranian languages clitics can be found. Mukri clitics are very mobile and can appear in different domains. The previous scholarship on the clitic system of Kurdish have been done by different scholars. A review of the literature on CK reveals that the role of clitic PAMs has been surveyed along four major aspects: (i) the listing of clitic functions; (ii) the grammaticalization of clitic PAMs; (iii) the correlation between clitic PAMs and the nominal case system; (iv) the role of clitic PAMs in the alignment system. The present paper investigates the distribution of Mukri pronominal enclitics using Optimality Theory constraints in the VP. The constraints which play role in clitic placement are NonInitial (cli,VP), Integrity (VP) and LeftMost (cli, L,VP). The VPs under discussion can contain a preverbal, negative maker prefixes (ne-, na-), subjunctive and imperative prefix (bi-) or only a verb. The research method of this study is descriptive – analytic and fieldwork. Competition of the constraints which play role in placing Mukri pronominal clitics in the VP showed that the constraints NonInitial (cli,VP), Integrity (VP) in hierarchy of constraints dominate LeftMost (cli, L,VP) but none of constraints NonInitial (cli,VP), Integrity(VP) dominate each other. The analysis revealed that Mukri Kurdish pronominal clitics are placed in the second position in their VP.

R. Steen

P. Klainin, D. Arthur

Karen Swallow Prior

We have more leisure time today than in any period in history. We also have more options for spending that leisure time. For most people (unless you are an English professor, like me), reading fiction is easily seen as purely a leisure activity. And for many, watching sports, streaming movies, or scrolling Twitter seem like more relaxing, less demanding ways to fill non-working hours. Adding the reading of fiction to already overscheduled and overthinking lives can seem frivolous in a world of hurry, need, and stress. Even the Christian who is an avid reader can be tempted to view time spent on imaginative literature as taking away from more important material such as Scripture, theology, and history. Yet, fiction—and here I will be talking primarily of literary fiction—has much to offer the Christian.

P. Waraich, E. Goldner, J. Somers et al.

D. Lasagabaster, J. Sierra