Smittevern og biopolitikk i barnehagens hverdagsliv
Anne Greve, Øystein Skundberg, Solveig Østrem
Artikkelen omhandler barnehagens hverdagsliv under covid-19-pandemien. Oppmerksomheten rettes mot hvordan barna ble berørt av de nasjonale smitteverntiltakene barnehagene ble pålagt. Det empiriske materialet som ligger til grunn for artikkelen, er dagboknotater fra barnehageansatte nedtegnet i april, mai og juni 2020. I diskusjonen av de empiriske funnene trekker vi veksler på Foucaults teori om biopolitikk, der hygiene betraktes som verktøy for sosial kontroll, og Nadesans forståelse av biopolitikk-begrepet, der barndom og oppvekst vies spesiell oppmerksomhet. Smitteverntiltakene i barnehagene ble innført «ovenfra», men måtte forvaltes og praktiseres «nedenfra». Resultatene viser at tiltakene både var disiplinerende (fjerning av leker, forbud mot å leke med bestemte andre) og selvdisiplinerende (barna ble opplært til å passe på egen og andres håndvask). Vi ser også hvordan en institusjon som er regulert i tid og rom, under pandemien i enda større grad ble regulert gjennom krav om «redusert kontakthyppighet» og segregering av barnegruppene. Tiltak som var motivert ut fra helse og sikkerhet for alle landets innbyggere, satte preg på barns hverdagsliv både gjennom konkrete begrensninger og ved at de måtte forholde seg til ekstraordinære hygienekrav og frykt for smitte.
English abstract
Infection Control, Biopolitics and Early Childhood Education and Care. How Children Were Directly Affected by Infection Prevention Measures in Kindergartens During Spring 2020
The article concerns everyday life in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Attention is focused on how children were affected by the infection control measures that kindergartens were required to implement. The empirical data that forms the basis of the article are diary notes from kindergarten staff recorded in April, May, and June 2020. In the discussion of the empirical findings, we draw on Foucault’s theory of biopolitics, where hygiene is considered as a tool for social control. The infection control measures in the kindergartens were introduced “from above”, but had to be managed and practiced “from below”. The measures were both about discipline (removal of toys, restrictions on allowed playmates) and dissemination of knowledge and self-discipline (the children were taught to take responsibility for their own hand-washing, as well as that of the other children). We also consider how an institution regulated in time and space was regulated to an even greater extent during the pandemic through requirements for reduced frequency of contact and segregation of smaller groups of children. Measures motivated by the protection of public health and safety affected children’s everyday lives, both through specific restrictions and due to the fact that they had to deal with extraordinary hygiene requirements and fear of infection.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social sciences (General)
Sihkru tara: celebrando la unidad más allá de las fronteras. Solidaridad indígena en la Moskitia
Jaye Renold
El Sihkru Tara es un rito festivo binacional que cada año lo realizan conjuntamente las poblaciones miskitas de Nicaragua y Honduras. Hacen esto para celebrar y fortalecer su identidad indígena en un intercambio cultural entre generaciones. También para comunicarse con los espíritus de los ancestros, generar cercanía y solidaridad y analizar las amenazas que como pueblo enfrentan actualmente. La autora de este artículo registra todo esto a través de una crónica iluminada también por el flash de su cámara fotográfica durante los cinco días que duró este evento a finales del año pasado.
Social Sciences, Education (General)
Survey and analysis on fertility status of female employees aged 22-35 years by industries
Changyan YU, Jiarui XIN, Ming XU
et al.
BackgroundAs the population ages, there has been a growing focus on the decline in fertility. Research has identified age and fertility history as the primary influencing factors. Nevertheless, there is a deficiency in fundamental data regarding the fertility status among different industries. ObjectiveTo investigate the fertility status and influencing factors among female workers aged 22-35 years in different industries. MethodsFrom July 2020 to February 2021, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using a staged sampling approach. This survey specifically targeted 22-35-year-old married female workers with a history of pregnancy in industries such as education, healthcare, finance, and telecommunications, totaling 22903 participants. The survey encompassed industry, demographic characteristics, pregnancy history, time to pregnancy (TTP), and other influencing factors. The influencing factors of decline in fertility were identified by chi-square test and Cox proportional hazards regression. Subsequent industry-specific Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to compared fertility decline patterns across a spectrum of industries after selected influencing factors were adjusted. ResultsAmong the 22903 respondents, 19194 valid questionnaires were collected, with a valid recovery rate of 83.8%. The cumulative pregnancy rates (CRP) of 1-6 months and 1-12 months for the 22-35-year-old female workers were 67.23% and 91.33% respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that region, age, education level, personal annual income, housework time, coping style, gravidity, parity, and spontaneous abortion were influencing factors of fertility decline (P<0.05). Female workers with ≥3 gravidities and ≥2 spontaneous abortions had a higher risk of fertility decline, with hazard ratios (HR) and associated 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of 0.633 (0.582, 0.688) and 0.785 (0.670, 0.921) respectively (P<0.01). Compared to the education industry, the healthcare and finance industries showed a higher risk of fertility decline, with HR (95%CI) values of 0.876 (0.834, 0.920) and 0.909 (0.866, 0.954), respectively (P<0.05). These two HR (95%CI) values remained statistically significant [0.899 (0.852, 0.948) and 0.882 (0.833, 0.934) respectively, P<0.05)] after further adjustment with nine influencing factors such as region and age. ConclusionRegions, age, education level, personal annual income, housework time, coping style, pregnancy and childbirth times, and natural abortion times are influencing factors of fertility decline in female workers. Compared to the education industry, the healthcare and finance industries have a higher risk of declining fertility.
Medicine (General), Toxicology. Poisons